Neuro 2011 - Quiz One

Front 1

Location of dendritic zone for a GSA

Back 1

Only in the PNS

Front 2

Location of dendritic zone for a UMN

Back 2

Only in the CNS

Front 3

Location of dendritic zone for a GSE

Back 3

Only in the CNS

Front 4

Location of dendritic zone for a GVE- parasymapathetic post-ganglionic

Back 4

Only in the PNS

Front 5

Location of dendritic zone for a GSA

Back 5

Only in the PNS

Front 6

Location of dendritic zone for a UMN

Back 6

Only in the CNS

Front 7

Location of dendritic zone for a GSE

Back 7

Only in the CNS

Front 8

Location of dendritic zone for a GVE- parasymapathetic post-ganglionic

Back 8

Only in the PNS

Front 9

Location of the cell body of a GSA

Back 9

Only in the PNS

Front 10

Location of the cell body of a UMN

Back 10

Only in the CNS

Front 11

Location of the cell body of a GSE

Back 11

Only in the CNS

Front 12

Location of the cell body of a GVE - parasympathetic post-ganglionic

Back 12

Only in the PNS

Front 13

Location of the axon of a GSA

Back 13

Is in both the CNS and PNS

Front 14

Location of the axon of a UMN

Back 14

Only in the CNS

Front 15

Location of the axon of a GSE

Back 15

Is in both the CNS and PNS

Front 16

Location of the axon of a GVE- parasympathetic post-ganglionic

Back 16

Only in the PNS

Front 17

Location of the telodendritic zone of a GSA

Back 17

Only in the CNS

Front 18

Location of the telodendritic zone of a UMN

Back 18

Only in the CNS

Front 19

Location of the telodendritic zone of a GSE

Back 19

Only in the PNS

Front 20

Location of the telodendritic zone of a GVE- parasympathetic post-ganglionic

Back 20

Only in the PNS

Front 21

What is the common name for the prosencephalon

Back 21

Forebrain

Front 22

What is the commion name for the mesencephalon

Back 22

Midbrain

Front 23

What is the common name for the metencephalon

Back 23

Pons

Front 24

What is the common name for the myelencephalon

Back 24

Medulla oblongata (medulla)

Front 25

Of the 5 anatomic regions of the spinal cord, which one(s) display(s) variation from species to species among our domestic animals?

Back 25

Thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

Front 26

List a spinal nerve that innervates the omotransversarius muscle in the horse

Back 26

C1-C5 (any of those would be an acceptable answer)

Front 27

Which specific spinal cord segments contain the GVE preganglionic parasympathetic neuron cell bodies that supply the urinary bladder?

Back 27

S1-S3

Front 28

What is the specific peripheral nerve that carries GVE parasympathetic fibers to the urinary bladder?

Back 28

Pelvic N.

Front 29

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

Back 29

CNS + PNS (These are just anatomical divisions, as one part cannot funcion normally without the other)

Front 30

What makes up the CNS?

Back 30

Brain + Spinal Cord

Front 31

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

Back 31

Neuron

Front 32

What are the the four parts of a neuron?

Back 32

Dendritic zone + Cell Body + Axon + Telodendria

Front 33

What and where is the dendritic zone?

Back 33

It is the receptor segment and can be in the PNS or CNS depending on the type of neuron (BUT NEVER BOTH AT SAME TIME)

Front 34

Where can cell bodies be located?

Back 34

Can be in the CNS (gray matter, nucleus) or in the PNS (ganglia) depending on the type of neuron (BUT NEVER IN BOTH IN SAME TIME FOR THE SAME NEURON)

Front 35

Where can axons be located?

Back 35

Can be in the CNS (white matter, tract, pathway) or in the PNS (nerve-cranial, spinal, peripheral) or both CNS and PNS at the same time depending on the neuron type

Front 36

Where can the telodendria (synapse) be located?

Back 36

In the CNS (gray matter) of in the PNS (effector organ or ganglia) depending on type of neuron (NEVER IN BOTH AT THE SAME TIME FOR THE SAME NEURON)

Front 37

What are the 3 types of neurons/functional systems within the nervous system?

Back 37

1. Sensory or Afferent System
2. Integration System
3. Motor or Efferent System

Front 38

What system consists of neurons that relay sensory information from PNS to CNS?

Back 38

Afferent System

Front 39

Where are the receptors, cell bodies, axons, and telodendria located for sensory neurons (afferent system)?

Back 39

Receptors are peripheral (PNS); cell bodies are always in a ganglion (PNS); axon carried in a nerve (PNS), but enters and terminate in CNS

Front 40

4 classifications of afferent neurons

Back 40

GSA or GVA in all spinal/peripheral nerves and some cranial nerces (V,VII, IX, X)

SSA (CN II & III) or SVA (CN I, VII, IX, and X)

Front 41

What happens when the receptor zone of an afferent neuron recieves a signal?

Back 41

The receptor zone transforms some type of energy (mechanical, thermal, chemical, electromagnetic, etc.) into electrical signals (receptor potential) which, if strong enough or repetitive, generate an action potential which is propagated over the axon to the CNS.

Front 42

Are afferent neurons excititory or inhibitory.

Back 42

ONLY excititory - they turn ON other neurons in the CNS

Front 43

What system consists of neurons totally confined to the CNS the receive sensory input from multiple sources, integrate that information, and pass it on to other neurons somewhere in the CNS?

Back 43

Integration System

Front 44

3 types of neurons that make up the integration system

Back 44

1. Interneurons
2. Ascending (sensory) projection neurons AKA long tracts
3. Descending projection neurons AKA upper motor neurons

*All four parts of these neurons are confined within the CNS

Front 45

What is an interneuron?

Back 45

Short neurons in the brain or spinal cord thar receive info from afferent neurons, projection neurons, or other interneurons and project to other interneurons, projection neurons or motor neurons closely related

Front 46

What is an ascending (sensory) projection neuron?

Back 46

They are long interneurons with dendritic zones and cell borders in the spinal cord gray matter the receive info from afferent interneurons and whose axons ascend in the spinal cord white matter to multiple regions of the brain passing on sensory information

Front 47

Are UMN excititory or inhibitory?

Back 47

Can excite or inhibit other neurons with which they communicate

Front 48

What do UMN initate, control, and regulate?

Back 48

They initiate, control, or regulate all CNS functions (voluntary motor actions, gait, tone, posture, balance, & reflex movement); but since they don't leave the CNS, they depeend on the next type of neuron to be defined (the LMN) to actually carry out the functions

Front 49

Which system consists of neurons that project to muscle and glands and cause (excite) muscle movement or glandular activity?

Back 49

Motor or Efferent System

Front 50

What are the two types lower motor neurons?

Back 50

*GSE somatic in all spinal nerves, most peripheral nerves, and CN III, IV, V, VII, IX, X, XI, & XII

*GVE autonomic in all spinal/peripheral and CN III, VII, IX, X

Front 51

Cell body and dendritic zone of all GSE neurons and preganglionic GVE neurons are always in the _________ (CNS or PNS)

Back 51

CNS

Front 52

Where do GSE axons extend to?

Back 52

Skeletal muscle

Front 53

Where do GVE preganglionic axons extend to?

Back 53

autonomic neurons in ganglia

Front 54

Where do the postganglionic LMN axons extend to?

Back 54

to smooth/cardiac muscle or glands

Front 55

Are LMN excititory or inhibitory?

Back 55

ONLY excititory! Turn ON

*These neurons receive info from afferent neurons, interneurons, UMN, and project effector organs

Front 56

What are the two types of motor neurons?

Back 56

*UMN (Not really a motor neuron- totally reside in CNS)

*LMN- always have their cell body in the CNS (except for post-gamglionic neuron), but send their axon into the PNS

Front 57

What part of the CNS are the cell bodies and dendritic zone located?

Back 57

Brain

*axons extend from cell bodies in the brain via white matter to interneurons or LMN in the brain stem or spinal cord grey matter

Front 58

What is the only motor neuron that synapses on effector organs?

Back 58

Lower Motor Neuron

*So all motor functions can only happen via LMN

Front 59

LMN to skeletal muscle are called?

Back 59

Somatic LMN

Front 60

LMN to autonomic tissue are called

Back 60

Pre-ganglionic LMN

Front 61

LMN which have a cell body in the PNS are called

Back 61

post-ganglionic LMN

Front 62

Where can a LMN be damaged?

Back 62

In the CNS gray matter or in the PNS- spinal/peripheral nerve or cranial nerve or effector organ

Front 63

Two ways which lesions are localized as?

Back 63

Central (within CNS) or Peripheral (within PNS- nerve, ganglia, or effector)

Front 64

Neurons (axons) group in PNS to form what?

Back 64

Nerves

Front 65

3 ways nerves are classified

Back 65

1. Motor (to muscle only)
2. Sensory (GSA to sensory receptors in skin, joints, ligaments, tendons, bone, special sense organs; GVA to receptors in visceral organs)
3. Both motor and sensory (mixed)

Front 66

Nerve fibers are grouped in CNS into 3 categories

Back 66

1. Tracts
2. Fasciculi
3. Funiculi

* other terms are used as well

Front 67

The brain and spinal cord (CNS) are completely surrounded by what 3 meninges?

Back 67

Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater

Front 68

Nerves are covered/protected by what 3 sheaths?

Back 68

Epi, peri, and endoneurium

Front 69

What are the 4 top issues you must get while taking a history?

Back 69

*Onset
*Duration
*Progresstion
*Symmetry

Front 70

What does DAMN IT V stand for?

Back 70

D- degenerative
A- autoimmune
M- malformation (metabolic)
N- neoplastic (nutritional)

I- inflammatory
T- trauma (toxic)

V- Vascular

Front 71

What 2 things does the sign-time curve depend on?

Back 71

Onset (acute vs. chronic)

Progression (progressive, non-progressive, intermittent)

Front 72

What divides the cerebrum into 2 hemispheres?

Back 72

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

Front 73

What seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

Back 73

Transverse cerebral fissure

Front 74

What are the gyri, sulci, and fissures of the cerebral cortex?

Back 74

*Gyri- elevations/ridges in the cerebral hemisphere

*Sulci- shallow valleys in the cerebral hemisphere

*Fissure- deep valleys in the cerebral hemispheres

Front 75

What are the 4 major lobes of the forebrain?

Back 75

*Frontal lobe
*Parietal lobe
*Occipital lobe
*Temporal lobe