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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which type of imaging is good for identifying blood trauma?
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CT
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what forms the ventricular system?
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cavities w/i the neural tube
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what produces CSF?
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choroid plexus
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what contains CSF?
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ventricular system
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what gives rise to the 4 ventricles?
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large cerebral vesicles
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what are the 4 ventricles?
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2 lateral ventricles
single IIIrd ventricle single IVth ventricle |
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where are the 2 lateral ventricles?
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deep w/i telencephalon
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how do the 2 lateral ventricles comm w/ the midline IIIrd ventricle?
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interventricular foramina of Monro
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where is the midline IIIrd ventricle?
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in diencephalon
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where is the IVth ventricle?
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pons and medulla
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what permits CSF flow from IIIrd to IVth ventricle?
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cerebral aqueduct in midbrain
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what becomes the central canal of spinal cord?
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caudal cavity of neural tube
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does CSF normally flow in adult central canal?
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NO!
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what can cause syringomyelia?
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cerebellar herniation blocking foramina near IVth ventricle
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what's syringomyelia?
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cavitation (syrinx) in spinal central canal
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how does CSF leave ventricular system into subarachnoid space?
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foramen of Magendie: foramina in IVth ventricle
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what are the 3 membranous linings ensheathing the CNS? describe ea.
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dura mater: outermost and most dense
arachnoid mater: CSF goes under it pia mater: innermost fine layer; has intimate contact w/ neural tissue |
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which layer of meninges has blood vessels?
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pia mater
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what layer becomes the epineurium in the PNS?
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DURA MATER
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what is CSF drained into from subarachnoid space? how?
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venous sinus (ex: superior sagittal sinus) via arachnoid villi (granulations)
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what can affect CNS drainage? leads to?
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non-absorbing, scarred or plugged up arachnoid villi --> hydrocephalus
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what meninges layer runs across gyri? what meninges layer runs in the folds?
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across gyri- dura mater
in the folds - pia mater |
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what are the 2 layers of the dura mater?
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periosteal layer
meningeal layer |
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what type of hemorrhage makes CSF bloody?
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
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what is effect on meninges if CNS infection?
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inflammation: meningitis
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what are signs/complications of meningitis?
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*sign: CSF cloudy w/ highly -elevated WBCs in BACTERIAL meningitis
*complication: hydrocephalus |
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what is blood brain barrier's func?
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*permeability barrier that protects brain from many blood-borne neuroactive compounds (drugs)
*maintains stable ionic composition to permit neural excitability and nerve func |
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head and neck is innervated by peripheral nerves mainly from where?
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brainstem
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what are the nerves that innerv head and neck?
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CN I - XII
only CN I and II are CNS all others are PNS |
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where do CN I and II enter head and neck?
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above brainstem
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what innerv body?
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peripheral nn that project out of spinal cord
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what systems make up PNS? what controls PNS?
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*made of somatic and autonomic nervous system
*controlled by CNS |
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what makes up the somatic division of PNS?
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sensory nn and lower motor neurons to skeletal muscle from somites
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what do axons of sensory neurons from somatic division of PNS innerv?
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skin, muscle and joints, detect all stimuli
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what do axons of lower motor neurons (LMNs) from somatic division of PNS innerv?
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skeletal muscle: for voluntary mvmnt
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is PNS somatic motor system voluntary or involuntary? PNS autonomic motor system?
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somatic : voluntary
autonomic: involuntary |
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which nerve type are those of branchiomeric origin?
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somatic motor system
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what nn are branchiomeric?
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CN V, VII, IX, X
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how is the autonomic PNS divided up?
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sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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how many neurons act for somatic motor system ?
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1 neuron
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how many neurons in ANS?
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2 neuron chain: pregang and postgang
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where are the cell bodies (somas) for pregang neurons?
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CNS
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pregang neurons synapse onto postgang neurons located where?
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in autonomic ganglia
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how does ANS primarily func?
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in reflex or autonomous manner (independent of voluntary control)
*provides visceromotor control of internal organs, glands, and smooth muscles of blood vessels |
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does symp or parasymp operate more for homeostase?
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parasymp
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do all target organs receive one innerv by ANS?
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no- some organs receive dual innerv by both parts of ANS
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symp nervous system is from neural outflow from what part of spinal cord?
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thoraco-lumbar
T1- L1/L2 |
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where are most postgang neurons for symp nervous system?
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alongside length of spinal cord
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which symp postgang neurons supply symp innerv of head/neck?
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superior cervical ganglia
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parasymp nervous system is from neural outflow from what part of spinal cord?
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cranio-sacral outflow
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where are cell bodies of parasymp pregang neurons located?
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specific brainstem nuclei and in spinal gray at S2-S4
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in brainstem, parasymp pregang neurons send axons near target organs, where they terminate on postgang neurons in _________?
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intramural ganglia
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what n innervates target organs in thorax and abdomen for parasymp?
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part of vagus: CN X
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what provides the important motor part of bladder emptying reflex?
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intact sacral parasymp neurons
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in unstained fresh tissue, what is gray and what is white?
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gray- cluster of nerve-cell bodies (somas)
white- myelin of axons |
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what are cell bodies clustered in, in PNS? CNS?
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PNS: ganglia
CNS: nucleus |
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wha's an ex of a ganglia that's not PNS?
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basal ganglia- in forebrain : CNS!
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what are other names for nuclei?
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colliculus
body olive |
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what is white matter?
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fascicles of myelinated and or unmyelinated
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what are peripheral exs of white matter? exception?
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nerve
ramus root brainstem: cranial nn exception: CN I and II (CNS) |
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what are exs of white matter in CNS?
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tract
fasciculus funiculus lemniscus (ribbon) fornix capsule other names: peduncle (Stalk) brachium (arm) |
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what are some terms that can be gray or white?
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genu
colliculus column fascicles |
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synapse is formed at which site?
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termination site
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what's another synonym for trajectory?
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project
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what exists: indirect projection or indirect control?
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indirect control
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what are axon collaterals?
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fiber branches given off from main axon to terminate on secondary target sites along trajectory of main axon to primary target site
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are local interneurons projection neurons?
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no
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where do local interneurons stay?
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remain entirely within nucleus
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what is a pathway?
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consist of 1 or more tracts connected sequentially in chain or loop by relay nuclei
*typically multi-synaptic *ass w/ sp. func |
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what are some exs of pathways?
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dorsal column-medial lemniscal system
auditory pathway corticospinal tract |
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what does decussate mean?
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cross the midline
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what decussates?
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some pathways, tracts and peripheral nn
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what is a commissure? exs?
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tracts that decussate to provide bilateral conn of homologous strucs
ex: corpus callosum is largest commisure that conn 2 cerebral hemispheres ex: anterior and posterior commissures in cerebrum |
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conjugate eye mvmnts in lateral gaze involve coordination of ?
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extraocular muscles: ipsi adduction (CN III) and ipsi abduction (CN VI)
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what are exs of eye mvmnt disorders?
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1) cranial n palsy (peripheral n)
2) central conn disrupted (MLF in internuclear ophthalmoplegia [INO]- 1 eye mvs, other doesn't) |
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what's a reciprocal interconnection b/w sites?
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A site receive afferent arising from a site that is also a target of its efferents
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what do projection neurons do?
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send projection fibers outside its nucleus to synapse/terminate in remote target nucleus
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what's an intrinsic neuron?
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local interneuron whose entire cell is confined to nucleus
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what are collaterals?
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branches of nerve given off; terminate on secondary sites
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how are neural connections defined at systems level?
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defined w/ reference to pathway entering or exiting CNS
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what path does sensory pathway take?
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ascends neuraxis to transmit info from periphery up to cerebral cortex: inputs into CNS
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what path does efferent pathway take?
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descends neuraxis, ultimately exiting CNS to provide somato-motor or viscero-motor control of peripheral strucs
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what's a reflex?
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stereotypic response evoked by stimulus: can predict same response every time
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what does reflex arc contain?
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afferent limb: sensory input
efferent limb: motor/visceromotor output |
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how is the spinal reflex circuit typically described?
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segmental: reflex mediated monosynaptically or over several synapses thru interneurons at 1 or several spinal segment where processing takes place
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what is the patellar (knee jerk) reflex?
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monosynaptic stretch reflex commonly tested: when tap on knee, stretch patellar tendon.. quadriceps contracts and leg extends
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is the spinal cord continuous or discontinuous with the brainstem?
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continuous
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the spinal cord runs in vertebral column for what portion of length of adult vertebral column?
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2/3
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where does the adult cord begin and end?
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begins- brainstem
ends as conus medullaris @ L1-L2 |
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where does the spinal cord end in newborn?
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~L4
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what divides spinal cord into symmetrical halves?
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ventral spinal fissure and dorsal spinal sulcus
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what sections of spinal cord make up cauda equina?
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lumbar
sacral coccygeal fibers |
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how many spinal segments are there?
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31
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what are the 5 major spinal divisions along neuraxis?
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cervical: C1-C8
thoracic: T1-T12 lumbar: L1-L5 sacral: S1-S5 coccygeal: Coc1 |
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the segmented nature of cord is evident only externally by what?
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31 pairs of spinal nerves
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what's the cauda equina?
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collection of spinal fibers that descend below conus to exit at correspondingly numbered vertebral levels
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what is spinal gray?
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butterfly shaped region where nerve cell bodies are clustered
*consists of ventral and dorsal horn |
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where is the intermediate horn?
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mainly at thoracic levels
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what does the spinal white have?
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ascending- sensory
descending- mainly motor intersegmental tracts (reflex) |
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how is the spinal white divided up?
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ventral funiculi
lateral funiculi dorsal funiculi |
