Neuro 2

Front 1

Striatum is made of

Back 1

Putamen + caudate

Front 2

Lentiform is made of

Back 2

Putamen + globus pallidus

Front 3

Direct and indirect pathways - dopamine receptor and stimulatory or inhibitor?

Back 3

Direct: D1-receptor - stimulatory (of movement)
Indirect: D2-receptor - inhibitory

Front 4

Direct pathway

Back 4

Motor cortex --> putamen --> GPi --> VL of thalamus --> motor cortex

Front 5

Indirect pathway

Back 5

Motor cortex --> putamen --> GPe --> subthalamic nucleus --> GPi --> VL of thalamus --> motor cortex

Front 6

Parkinson's disease

Back 6

SNpc degeneration with Lewy bodies (a-synuclein intracellular inclusions) - loss of dopaminergic neurons

Front 7

Parkinson's disease clinical symptoms

Back 7

Tremor (pill-rolling)
Rigidity (cogwheel)
Akinesia/bradykinesia
Postural instability

Front 8

Huntington's disease

Back 8

CAG repeat disorder, AD inheritance, anticipatory; caudate nucleus degeneration, lose Ach and GABA

Front 9

Huntington's disease clinical symptoms

Back 9

Chorea, aggression, depression, dementia

Front 10

Hemiballismus lesion, presentation

Back 10

CL subthalamic nucleus lesion (eg. lacunar stroke)
Sudden flailing of CL arm

Front 11

Athetosis

Back 11

Slow, writing movements esp. in fingers; Huntington's

Front 12

Essential tremor + treatment

Back 12

Action tremor, exacerbated by holding posture; self-medicate with EtOH, propranolol, primidone

Front 13

Amygdala lesion - which condition + clinical signs + infectious association

Back 13

Kluver-Bucy; hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibition); HSV-1

Front 14

Frontal lobe lesion consequence

Back 14

Disinhibition, concentration + orientation + judgement deficits, primitive reflexes (Babinski up)

Front 15

Right parietal lobe lesion - consequence

Back 15

Spatial neglect of CL side of world

Front 16

Reticular activating system lesion - consequence

Back 16

Reduced arousal, wakefulness - coma

Front 17

Mammillary bodies lesion - consequence

Back 17

Wernicke: opthalmoplegia, ataxia, confusion
Korsakoff: memory loss (anterograde, retrograde), confabulation

Front 18

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome precipitated by _____ in _____ patient

Back 18

By giving glucose without B1 to B1-deficiency patient

Front 19

Cerebellar lesion - consequence

Back 19

IPSL symptoms (intention tremor, ataxia, loss of balance, truncal ataxia, dysarthria)

Front 20

Subthalamic nucleus lesion - consequence

Back 20

Hemiballismus of CL limb

Front 21

Hippocampus lesion - consequence

Back 21

Anterograde amnesia (can't make new memories)

Front 22

PPRF lesion - consequence

Back 22

Eyes look away from side of lesion

Front 23

Frontal eye fields lesion - consequence

Back 23

Eyes look toward lesion

Front 24

Central pontine myelinolysis + symptoms + cause

Back 24

Axonal demyelination in pontine white matter tracks; "Locked-in syndrome"; iatrogenic cause (rapid correction of hyponatremia)

Front 25

Broca's aphasia

Back 25

Expressive aphasia; can understand, but can't speak

Front 26

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 26

Receptive aphasia: can't understand, but have fluent speech

Front 27

Broca's and Wernicke's areas location

Back 27

Broca's: inferior frontal gyrus
Wernicke's: superior temporal gyrus

Front 28

Global aphasia

Back 28

Both Broca's and Wernicke's affected; nonfluent aphasia with noncomprehension

Front 29

Conduction aphasia

Back 29

Arcuate fasciculus lesion; fluent speech, good comprehension, POOR REPETITION

Front 30

Middle cerebral artery supplies

Back 30

Motor cortex - upper limb and face
Sensory cortex - upper limb and face
Wernicke's + Broca's

Front 31

Anterior cerebral artery

Back 31

Motor cortex - lower limb
Sensory cortex- lower limb

Front 32

Posterior cerebral artery supplies

Back 32

Occipital cortex, visual cortex

Front 33

Lateral striate artery - branch of + supplies

Back 33

Branch of MCA; supplies striatum, internal capsule

Front 34

Anterior spinal artery - branch of + supplies

Back 34

Branch of vertebral arteries
Supplies lateral corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus, CN XI

Front 35

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies

Back 35

Lateral medulla (vestibular nuclei, lateral spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus)

Front 36

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies

Back 36

Lateral pons (facial nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, cochlear nuclei)

Front 37

Anterior communicating artery lesion

Back 37

Common site of saccular aneurysm --> compression of CNs

Front 38

Posterior communicating artery lesion

Back 38

Common site of saccular aneurysm --> CN III palsy

Front 39

MCA lesion symptoms

Back 39

CL face and UL paralysis
CL face and UL sensory loss
Aphasia if dominant lobe
Spatial neglect if nondominant lobe

Front 40

ACA lesion symptoms

Back 40

CL LL paralysis
CL LL sensory loss

Front 41

Lateral striate arteries lesion symptom

Back 41

CL hemiparesis/hemiplegia

Front 42

Common location of lacunar infarcts from uncontrolled HTN

Back 42

Lateral striate arteries

Front 43

ASA lesion symptoms

Back 43

CL LL hemiparesis
CL decreased proprioception
IPSL CN XII dysfunction

Front 44

PICA lesion symptoms

Back 44

Vomit, vertigo, nystagmus, *dysphagia*, *hoarseness*, decreased gag reflex, IPSL Horner's, ataxia

Front 45

Medial medullary syndrome

Back 45

Infarct of paramedian branches of ASA and vertebral arteries

Front 46

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg's) syndrome

Back 46

PICA lesion; dysphagia, hoarseness, vomiting, vertigo, ataxia, IPSL Horner's

Front 47

AICA lesion symptoms

Back 47

Paralysis of face, decreased lacrimation, salivation, taste
Decrease pain and temp sensation of face
IPSL hearing loss
IPSL Horner's syndrome

Front 48

PCA lesion symptom

Back 48

CL hemianopsia with macular sparing

Front 49

ACommA lesion symptom

Back 49

Visual field defects

Front 50

PCommA lesion symptoms

Back 50

CN III palsy, eyes "down and out"

Front 51

Berry aneurysms features

Back 51

Dilation of artery due to weakness of arterial wall; bifurcations in circle Willis --> ACommA
Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 52

Berry aneurysm risk factors

Back 52

ADPKD, Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan's; advanced age, HTN, smoking, race (blacks)

Front 53

Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm

Back 53

Small vessel aneurysms associated with chronic HTN

Front 54

Epidural hematoma

Back 54

Middle meningeal artery tear, secondary to trauma
Lucid interval, lentiform hyperdense region on CT, does not cross suture lines
Transtentorial herniation, CN III palsy

Front 55

Subdural hematoma

Back 55

Subdural bridging veins rupture, slow venous bleeds
Crescent-shaped hyperdense region on CT, cross suture line, midline shift

Front 56

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Back 56

Aneuryms rupture, rapid time course, "thunderclap headache", bloody or yellow spinal tap
Blood in cisterns on CT

Front 57

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Back 57

Aneurysm in basal ganglia, internal capsule (Charcot-Bouchard)

Front 58

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage - risk factors

Back 58

HTN, amyloid angiopathy, vasculitis, neoplasm

Front 59

Ischemic stroke

Back 59

Irreversible brain damage > 5 min of hypoxia
Bright on diffusion-weighted MRI, dark on CT

Front 60

Irreversible neural damage time course + appearance

Back 60

12-48 hrs: red neurons
24-72 hrs: necrosis + neutrophils
3-5 days: macrophages
1-2 wks: reactive gliosis + vascular proliferation
> 2wks: glial scars

Front 61

Red neurons

Back 61

Neuronal cells undergoing death - cytoplasmic eosinophilia, cell shrinkage, nucleus becomes hyperchromatic, shrivelled; 12-48 hrs after hypoxic injury

Front 62

Hemorrhagic stroke causes

Back 62

HTN, anticoag, cancer, secondary to ischemic reperfusion

Front 63

Ischemic stroke causes

Back 63

Afib, carotid dissection, patent foramen ovale, endocarditis

Front 64

Transient ischemic attack

Back 64

Brief, reversible episode of focal neurologic dysfunction lasting < 1hr without acute infarction, no lingering symptoms

Front 65

Dural venous sinuses pathway

Back 65

(Superior + inferior sagittal) + (occipital sinus) --> Confluence of the sinuses --> Transverse --> Sigmoid --> internal jugular vein

Front 66

Foramen of Monroe

Back 66

Interventricular foramen (lateral + 3rd)

Front 67

Foramen of Luschka

Back 67

Lateral foramina of 4th ventricle

Front 68

Foramen of Magendie

Back 68

Medial foramen of 4th ventricle

Front 69

Communicating hydrocephalus

Back 69

Decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granulations

Front 70

Normal pressure hydrocephalus + classic symptoms

Back 70

Increase in CSF volume, NORMAL ICP
Urinary incontinence, ataxia, cognitive decline - "wet, wobbly, and wacky"

Front 71

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Back 71

Increase of CSF in atrophy, ICP normal; due to cortical atrophy

Front 72

Noncommunicating hydrocephalus

Back 72

Structural blockage of CSF circulation (eg. aqueductal stenosis)