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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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___________ are projections of nerves that convey info away from the cell body?
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Axons
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______are insulating layers of cells that wrap around the axon (speeds up transmission) and has high fat content?
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Myelin
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Spinal cord starts @ ________?
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Foramen Magnum
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_______is distally where the spinal cord ends?
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Comus Medullaris
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Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by a______ and _______?
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Dorsal root and ventral root
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_______ Rami is the branch of the spinal nerve that innervates paravertebral muscles, posterior part of the vertebrae and overlying cutaneous tissue?
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Dorsal
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______ Rami is the branch of the spinal nerve that innervates the skeletal, muscular, and cutaneous areas of the limbs and/or lateral trunk?
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Ventral
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The brainstem is composed of?
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Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
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This part of the brainstem has olives and pyramids?
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Medulla
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What cranial nerves attach to the medulla?
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CN IX-XII
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What part of the brainstem is superior to the medulla?
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Pons
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Cranial nerves V-VIII are attached to what part of the brainstem?
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Pons
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_______ is orientation to auditory and visual stimuli?
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Colliculi
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What cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?
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III-V
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What are the functions of the thalamus?
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Relay info to cerebral cortex
Process emotional and some memory info Integrate diff sensations Regulate consciousness, arrousal and attention |
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Hypothalamus maintains:
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Body Temp
Metabolic rate Chemical composition |
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Hypothalamus regulates:
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Eating
Reproductive behaviors Defensive behaviors Expression of emotions Growth and function of reproductive organs |
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Name the lobes:
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frontal
parietal temporal occipital limbic insular |
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________ sectio of the hemisphere is buried within the lateral sulcus, revealed by seperating the temporal and frontal lobes.
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Insular
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What is the fuction of the frontal lobe?
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Motor(area 4, pre-6)
Cognition Mood Personality Broca speech )area 44-45 |
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What is the function of the parietal lobe?
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Somatosensory (area 1-3)
Memory Cognition |
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What is the function of the temporal lobe?
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Auditory
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What is the function of the occipital lobe?
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Visual
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_______are rounded elevations on the surface of the cerebral hemispher?
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Gyri
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______ are grooves between the gyri?
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Sulcus
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The cerebral cortex processes?
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Senosry
Motor Memory |
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The site for reasoning, intelligence, personality, nonverbal communication and language is_______?
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The cerebral cortex
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Within the white matter, there is additional gray matter, the most prominent being_______?
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Basal Ganglion
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Cuadate, Putamen and Globus Pallidus make up_______
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Basal Ganglion Nuclei
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The lenticular nucleus is made up of?
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Putamen and Globus Pallidus
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The cuadate and putamen make up?
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The corpus striatum
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The limbic system includes?
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The hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebral cortex
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What is CSF?
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Modified filtrate of plasma
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The 3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th ventricle by the __________
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Cerebral aqueduct
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The ________ ventricles are connected to the 3rrd ventricle by the interventricular foramina
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Paired lateral
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What does the Choroid plexus do?
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secretes CSF within the ventricles
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Dura, arachnoid and pia make up?
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Meninges
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This part of the meninges has 2 projections (falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli)
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Dura
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This projection seperates the cerebral hemispheres?
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Falx cerebri
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This projection seperates the posterior hemisphere from the cerebellum?
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tentorium cerebelli
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_______ is the innermost part of the meninges?
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Pia
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How many arteries supply blood to the soinal cord?
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3 spinal arteries
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1 ant midline and 2 post supply blood to the brain or spinal cord
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spinal cord
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The post spinal artery supplies ____ of the cord?
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1/3
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The ant spinal artery supplies ____ of the cord?
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2/3
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What arteries supply blood to the brain?
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2 internal carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries
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Which artery provides blood to the most of the cerebrum, ant, sup and lateral hemispheres?
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2 internal carotid arteries
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Which artery supplies blood to the occipiotal and inf temporal lobes and to the brainstem region?
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2 vertebral arteries
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The basilar arteries are formed by the union of which arteries?
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Vertebral arteries
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What is a lesion?
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An area of damage or dysfunction
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A lesion can be____, ______, or _____?
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Focal, multifocal or diffuse
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End of axon; specialized for release of chemicals?
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Presynaptic terminal
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Membrane region of the receiving cell?
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Postsynaptic terminal
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A _______ is where a neuron communicates with a postsynaptic cell
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Synapse
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Synaptic communication between neurons can occur thru ______, _______,______.
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Axosomatic
Axodendritic Axoaxonic |
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A local depolarization is EPSP or IPSP?
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EPSP
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EPSP or IPSP?
Occurs when a neutransmitter binds to receptors that open ion channels allowing local influx of NA+ or CA++ Leads to an AP |
EPSP
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EPSP or IPSP?
Decreases possibility of an AP Involves the flow of CL- in the cell and K+ out of the cell |
IPSP
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________ alter neural function by acting at a distance away from the synaptic cleft
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Neuromodulator
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What is the major neurotransmitter in the PNS?
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ACh
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What amino acid is the principal excitatory transmitter of the CNS?
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Glutamate
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What amino acid is the major inhibitor of the CNS?
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GABA
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Low levels of ______ and ______ can cause neural overactivity leading to seizures.
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GABA and Glycine
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_______ affects motor activity, cognition and behavior.
-Schizophrenia and Parkinsons. -associated with feeling pleasure and reward |
Dopamine
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______is essential in producing the "fight or flight" response?
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Norepinephrine
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______affects mood and perception of pain.
Associated with depression and suicidal behavior |
Serotonin
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Substance P, Calcitonin gene-related peptide and endogeneous opioid peptides are _______?
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Peptides
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What peptide stimulates nerve ending at the site of tissuue injury and intensifies pain signals?
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Substance P
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_______ inhibits CNS perception of pain?
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Endogeneous opiod peptides
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T/F
NO has neurotramitter effects? |
F- neuromodulator effects
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What are 2 categories of ACh receptors?
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Nicotinic and Muscarinic
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This ACh receptor is fast-acting, directly open ion channels, found at the neuromuscular junction, autonic ganglia and some areas of the CNS
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Nicotinic
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This ACh receptor has a slow prolonged response that is either excitatory or inhibitory.
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Muscarinic
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this type of glutamate receptor is unique, to open ion channel, glutamate must be bound to receptor and simultaneously the membrane must depolarize?
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NMDA
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_____exposure of neurons to high concentrations of glutamate for only a few minutes.
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Nuronal cell death
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______is overactivity of NMDA receptors
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Epileptic seizure
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Baclofen is an example of what type of GABA receptor?
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GABA-B
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Barbituates are examples of what type of GABA receptors?
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GABA-A
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_____mimics the effects of naturally occuring neurotransmitters.
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Agonist
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_____impedes the effects of a naturally occuring transmitter?
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Antagonist
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________ improves the functional abilities of people with abnormalities caused by CNS disorders?
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Botulism toxin A
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Antibodies destroy voltage gated CA++ channels in the presynaptic terminal.
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Lambert Eaton syndrome
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Antibodies attack and destroy nicotinic receptors on muscle cells
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Myasthenia Gravis
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