Neuro 1

Front 1

The circumventricular organ also known as the chemotactic trigger zone:

Back 1

The area postrema.

Front 2

Certain specialized brain regions where the blood-brain barrier is interrupted, allowing the brain to respond to changes in the chemical milieu of the remainder of the body:

Back 2

Circumventricular organs.

Front 3

The main excitatory neurotransmitter:

Back 3

Glutamate

Front 4

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter:

Back 4

GABA.

Front 5

The main excitatory neurotransmitter:

Back 5

Glutamate

Front 6

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter:

Back 6

GABA.

Front 7

These cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS:

Back 7

Schwann cells.

Front 8

These cells form the myelin sheath in the CNS:

Back 8

Oligodendrocytes.

Front 9

The most prominent lipid found in brain myelin:

Back 9

Phospholipid

Front 10

Brain myelin is about __% lipid.

Back 10

70.

Front 11

Primary protein found in CNS myelin:

Back 11

PLP

Front 12

Primary protein found in PNS myelin:

Back 12

P0

Front 13

Hereditary metabolic myelin diseases:

Back 13

Leukodystrophies.

Front 14

Acquired myelin diseases:

Back 14

Leukoencephalopathies.

Front 15

Why does hypoxic encephalopathy occur in an ischemic state?

Back 15

Oligodendrocytes are the first cells to die in an ischemic state.

Front 16

Genetic predisposition for MS is polygenic; strongest association with HLA II alleles:

Back 16

DR15 and DQ6.

Front 17

Vitamin D3 is associated with normal:

Back 17

T cell differentiation.

Front 18

Most demyleinating diseases have a ______ etiology.

Back 18

Viral.

Front 19

These seem to be the primary insult resulting in Guillian-Barre syndrome:

Back 19

Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus.

Front 20

Primary motor cortex:

Back 20

Precentral Gyrus

Front 21

Primary somatosensory cortex:

Back 21

Postcentral Gyrus.

Front 22

Frontal eye field:

Back 22

Posterior end of middle frontal gyrus.

Front 23

Primary auditory cortex:

Back 23

Transverse temporal gyri.

Front 24

Auditory language area:

Back 24

Supramarginal gyrus.

Front 25

Visual language area:

Back 25

Angular gyrus.

Front 26

Primary visual cortex:

Back 26

Lingual gyrus.

Front 27

Secondary visual cortex:

Back 27

Occipitotemporal gyri.

Front 28

CSF is produced at a rate of:

Back 28

.3-.4 ml/min.

Front 29

Pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex and granule cells in the cerebellum are examples of:

Back 29

Glutamatergic neurons.

Front 30

Basket cells in the cerebral cortex and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum are examples of:

Back 30

GABAergic neurons.

Front 31

The majority of the neurons in the CNS are:

Back 31

Glutamatergic.

Front 32

______ is thought to arise when the finely-tuned balance between glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral cortex is disrupted in favor of excitation:

Back 32

Epilepsy

Front 33

_________ has been shown to be accompanied by reduction in GAD expression in the prefrontal cortex. Similar change accompany bipolar disorders:

Back 33

Schizophrenia

Front 34

_______ appears to be correlated with mutations in GABA receptor genes.

Back 34

Autism

Front 35

A rare syndrome which is often accompanied by IDDM, characterized by muscle rigidity, spastic limb movements and skeletal deformation, in which autoimmunity against GAD may underlie loss of GABAergic neurons in the spinal cord. The disease can be treated symptomatically by benzodiazepines (GABAA allosteric agonists):

Back 35

Stiff-man syndrome (SMS)

Front 36

These are modulatory neurotransmitters in the CNS:

Back 36

Bioamines.

Front 37

Also known as the 'reward' neurotransmitter:

Back 37

Dopamine.

Front 38

precursor for DA synthesis; used to treat Parkinson patients:

Back 38

L-DOPA.

Front 39

Aricept is a(n) _____ inhibitor.

Back 39

AChE.

Front 40

Viagra prolongs the effect of NO by blocking the effect of;

Back 40

PDE-5.

Front 41

NO's main action is activation of:

Back 41

Guanylyl cyclase.

Front 42

Like most bioamines, neuropeptides activate:

Back 42

G-protein coupled receptors.

Front 43

What does the tail of the caudate nucleus connect to?

Back 43

The amygdala.

Front 44

These segregate groups of neuronal components with a common function:

Back 44

Astrocytes.

Front 45

Microglia are derived from what embryonic cell layer?

Back 45

Mesoderm.

Front 46

blood (mesoderm) derived, CNS macrophages, immune role in CNS, phagocytosis

Back 46

Microglia.

Front 47

Large volume-fill space!, boundary membranes, invest bld. vs., buffer [K+], structural support, segregate cell groups, take up neurotransmitters; modulate synaptic activity, form tumors!

Back 47

Astrocytes

Front 48

Small-but-mighty, they form CNS myelin (multiple segments/cell)

Back 48

Oligodendrocytes

Front 49

Important in development, they span pia-ependymal distance and provide “scaffold” for migration of some neurons during migrations.

Back 49

Radial glia

Front 50

These three proteins are found in both CNS and PNS myelin:

Back 50

Myelin Associated Protein (MAP), Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), and Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphatase (CNP).

Front 51

Approximately 2/3 of MS victims are:

Back 51

Female.

Front 52

Noncalcemic activities of this vitamin include protection from cancer, cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disease:

Back 52

Vitamin D3

Front 53

Without the Vitamin D3 required for differentiation, this T cell type takes over:

Back 53

Th1

Front 54

alteration in the level of conciousness, contralateral weakness or paralysis, and ipsilateral third nerve palsy.

Back 54

Uncal herniation.

Front 55

This bioamine is released from the locus ceruleus and lateral tegmental area:

Back 55

NE.

Front 56

This bioamine is released from the tuberomammilary nucleus:

Back 56

Histamine

Front 57

This bioamine is released from the nucleus basalis and pedunculopontine nucleus:

Back 57

ACh.

Front 58

This nucleus controls pupillary constriction and lens accommodation:

Back 58

Edinger-Westphall.

Front 59

This nucleus controls movements of the eye and opening the eye:

Back 59

Occulomotor.

Front 60

This nucleus controls down and out movement of the eye:

Back 60

Trochlear.

Front 61

This nucleus controls mastication:

Back 61

Trigeminal.

Front 62

This nucleus controls facial expression:

Back 62

Facial.

Front 63

This nucleus controls production of spit/tears/snot:

Back 63

Salivatory (2).

Front 64

This nucleus controls the pharynx and larynx:

Back 64

Ambiguus.

Front 65

This nucleus controls parasympathetis to the thorax and abdomen:

Back 65

dmn-X.

Front 66

This nucleus controls movements of the tongue:

Back 66

Hypoglossal.

Front 67

This nucleus controls proprioception from all cranial nerves:

Back 67

Mesencephalic.

Front 68

This nucleus controls touch input from the face and head:

Back 68

Chief sensory.

Front 69

This nucleus senses head position and movement from the labrynth:

Back 69

Vestibular.

Front 70

This nucleus senses hearing:

Back 70

Cochlear.

Front 71

This nucleus senses all visceral afferents plus H&N, including taste:

Back 71

Solitary.

Front 72

This nucleus senses pain and temperature input from the face and head and reflex afferents:

Back 72

Spinal V.

Front 73

HRP and Dextran are used for:

Back 73

Retrograde tract tracing.

Front 74

Myelin constitutes __% of the whole brain.

Back 74

45

Front 75

Myelin constitutes __% of white matter.

Back 75

70

Front 76

Myelin constitutes __% of nerves.

Back 76

75

Front 77

Nissl bodies are found in what parts of the neuron?

Back 77

Soma and proximal dendrites.

Front 78

What are Nissl bodies made p of?

Back 78

Stacks of RER and polyribosomes.

Front 79

These can be identified on and EM by the lack of a myelin sheath and the presence of a large number of microtubules and polyribosome:

Back 79

Dendrites.

Front 80

The initiation site of the action potential is located in the:

Back 80

Initial Axon Segment (IAS).

Front 81

A series of terminal bouttons belonging to one paretn axon seen along the length of a post-synaptic structure:

Back 81

En passant boutons.

Front 82

This part of a neuron has no ribosomes, so protein components must be brought in:

Back 82

The axon.

Front 83

_____________ are common in axons and rare in dendrites:

Back 83

Neurofilaments.

Front 84

How wide is the synaptic cleft?

Back 84

10-30 nm.

Front 85

Assymetric synapses seem to usually be:

Back 85

Excitatory, with spherical vesicles.

Front 86

Symmetric synapses seem to usually be:

Back 86

Inhibitory, with flat vesicles.

Front 87

Astrocytes found in gray matter:

Back 87

Protoplasmic.

Front 88

Astrocytes found in white matter;

Back 88

Fibrous.

Front 89

Cells that line the brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord;

Back 89

Ependymal cells.

Front 90

Specialized ependymal cells that line the floor of the third ventricle:

Back 90

Tanycytes.

Front 91

This protein recognizes calcium entry into the presynaptic terminal and causes formation of the SNARE complex:

Back 91

Synaptotagmin.

Front 92

Like most bioamines, neuropeptides activate:

Back 92

G-protein coupled receptors.

Front 93

Neurons that contain neuropeptides often also contain other neurotransmitters, especially

Back 93

GABA.

Front 94

90% of neurologic admissions are due to insults involving:

Back 94

The spinal cord blood supply.

Front 95

Glycine acts only on:

Back 95

Ionotropic receptors.

Front 96

Dopamine acts only on:

Back 96

Metabotropic receptors.

Front 97

NE acts only on:

Back 97

Metabotropic receptors.

Front 98

A competitive antagonist for nicotinic AChRs:

Back 98

Curare.

Front 99

A competitive antagonist for muscarinic AChRs:

Back 99

Atropine.

Front 100

This is a potent competitive antagonist for glycine receptors; causes hypertonicity similar to tetanus:

Back 100

Strychnine.

Front 101

Found in cobra venom, it is a non-competitive antagonist of nicotinic AChRs:

Back 101

Bungarotoxin.

Front 102

These are allosteric agonists of GABAa receptors:

Back 102

Benzodiazapines.

Front 103

These are positive allosteric modulators of GABAa; Sometimes they can open the channel on their own, acting as non-competitive agonists:

Back 103

Barbituates, neurosteroids, and ethanol.

Front 104

The major culprit in excitotoxicity seems to be the:

Back 104

NMDA receptor.

Front 105

Why is the NMDA receptor thought to be to blame for excitotoxicity?

Back 105

Ca permeability; Calcium activates enzymes and mitochondrial cascades, leading to cell death.