Neural System Bio 110 Jkjkhardcore

Front 1

Hydra
aka

Back 1

Have a nerve net
aka (cnidarian)

Front 2

Seat star nervous system
aka?

Back 2

Radial symmetrical nervous system
echinoderm

Front 3

Planarian nervous system?
AKA?

Back 3

Cephilization with transverse nerves brain nerve cords
Flatworm

Front 4

Leech

Back 4

Brain ventral nerve cord segmental ganglion
annelid

Front 5

Insect

Back 5

arthropod
brain
ventral nerve cord segmental ganglia

Front 6

Chiton

Back 6

mollusc
Anterior nerve ring
longitudinal nerve cords

Front 7

Squid

Back 7

mollusc
Brain and ganglia

Front 8

Salamander

Back 8

chordate
brain spinal cord dosal nerve cord
sensory ganglion

Front 9

Simple reflex

Back 9

Doesn't use brain only the spinal cord
Stimulus>spinal cord>reaction

Front 10

Complex reflex

Back 10

Sensor> sensory input via efferent nerves> integration in the brain> motor output via afferent nerves> effector

Front 11

Siimple knee jerk describe the process

Back 11

I hit the knee
Quadricep sensory nerves send the signal from the knee to the spine
At the spinal cord interneurons in the CNS white matter transfer the signal to motor neurons
Afferent motor neurons send the signal to the hamstring muscles
As both hamstring and quadriceps are innervated via motor neurons one relaxes (hamstring) the other contracts (quadriceps)
they are your effectors

Front 12

Describe how the signal propagates through a neuron starting from the dendrites

Back 12

Dendrites> cell body > axonhillock where it is converted into an action potential> jumping from node of ranvier to node of ranvier to the axon terminals

Front 13

When a nerve cell passes the action potential at the synaptic terminal what does it can the postsynaptic cell be?

Back 13

It can be another nerve cell
it can be a muscle
or a gland

Front 14

At resting membrane potential the charge inside the cell is?
The charge outside is?

Back 14

Inside -70
outside 0 (positive)

Front 15

Concentration gradient:
Na+ higher where inside our outside the cell?
K+ higher inside or out?
A- higher inside or outside?

Back 15

Na+ higher outside
K+ higher inside
A- only inside can't get out big proteins

Front 16

What keeps the resting membrane potential constantly moving at around -70 mV in neurons?
how does it work?

Back 16

Na+ K+ pump
pumps 3 Na+ out and brings back in 2 K+
it uses ATP

Front 17

Why do we need a Na+ K+ pump?

Back 17

Because the charge is constantly hyperpolarizing, K+ channels are always open and thus K+ leaks out.

Front 18

If enough Na+ gates are opened in response to a stimulus what may happen?

Back 18

The Na+ gated channels will open and Na+ influx into the cell will make the interior more +
If there are enough Na+ gates open the triggering of an action potential will occur

Front 19

When threshold is reached what happens?

Back 19

Rapid depolarization due to influx of Na+

Front 20

@ +30 mV?

Back 20

at +30 mV the Na+ closes K+ opens and rapid repolarization occurs

Front 21

What causes hyperpolarization?

Back 21

Slow closing K+ gates bringing the charge across the membrane to about -85mV

Front 22

Saltatory vs continuous conduction

Back 22

Saltatory is a lil faster because the AP hops
while continuous moves along the axon

Front 23

What is the term that ensures one way flow of an action potential?

Back 23

Propagation

Front 24

In the CNS a glia cell thatt forms tight jnctions and provides support is called...
why do they form the tight junctions?

Back 24

Astrocytes:
Blood brain barrier allowing selective molecules to enter the brain region.

Front 25

Fascicle

Back 25

A bundle of axons

Front 26

Epineurium

Back 26

Ct that srrounds a nerve, or surrounds a bunch of fascicles

Front 27

In the PNS what forms the myelin sheath?
In the CNS what forms the Myelin sheath?

Back 27

Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes

Front 28

Most drugs work with what two factors to enhance or inhibit NT?
and an ie?

Back 28

They work with either the enzyme or
they work with reuptake
ie: Seratonin
zantax inhibits reuptake causing mroe seratonin to float around and enhancing the effect making ppl happy :)

Front 29

Most common NT?

Back 29

Ach

Front 30

Which is the major inhibitory NT that stops an Action Potential?

Back 30

GABA
gamma aminobutyric acid

Front 31

What activates ligand gated ion channels?

Back 31

NT binding to it

Front 32

What is the role of Ca+2?

Back 32

It causes vessicles in the terminal end of the pre-synaptic cell to attach to the membrane and exocytose NT

Front 33

What do Schwann and oligodendrocytes do?

Back 33

one is PNS latter is CNS
they secrete myelin, creating a myelin sheath around the axon of nerve cells.

Front 34

Cambrian explosion

Back 34

A bunch of neruons to sense and react

Front 35

Functional unit of the nervous system?

Back 35

Neuron

Front 36

Prokaryote vs Eukaryotes

Back 36

Pro were first and have an ability to sense and react ; detect changes and respond to preditors or food
Eukaryotes have the same but more enhanced. Modified w multicellularity and specialization for communication w mechanisms btw cells

Front 37

Nervous Vs Endocrine

Back 37

N fast
slow long term

Front 38

How many neurons do we have? about

Back 38

10billion

Front 39

Cephalization

Back 39

neurons clustered in brain near anterior end
-usually bilateral symmetry & cns (brain and spinal cord usually)
-ganglia cell body relay points (PNS)

Front 40

3 classes of neurons

Back 40

Afferent
Efferent
Motor neurons

Front 41

How do neurons communicate?

Back 41

via synapses, which are sites where neuron make communicating connection with another thing...

Front 42

What causes signal conduction ?

Back 42

Uneven distribution in Na+ and K+ causing charge/concentration gradient imbalance

Front 43

What causes signal conduction ?

Back 43

Uneven distribution in Na+ and K+ causing charge/concentration gradient imbalance

Front 44

What's at -50 to -55 mV?

Back 44

Threshold!!!

Front 45

When a potential is below resting value it is said to be...

Back 45

hyper polarized.

Front 46

what does ion movement through voltage gated channels produce?

Back 46

action potential

Front 47

What is all or none principle?

Back 47

Either it's strong enough to cause depolarization or it isn't
either there is an action potential or there is none!

Front 48

What causes integration at chemical synapses to occur?

Back 48

summation

Front 49

what are procaine and lidocaine

Back 49

similar to cocaine they are local anesthetics, bind to voltage gated Na+ channels and block NT and AP

Front 50

IPSP

Back 50

inhibitory usually a bunch to one

Front 51

EPSP

Back 51

excitatory usually one synapse rapid fire

Front 52

What can poisons such as the puffer fish tetrodotoxin do to voltage gated Na+ cahnnels in neurons?

Back 52

They can block the voltage gated Na+ channels; can cause death or paralysis

Front 53

Why are myelin sheaths important

Back 53

They help with saltatory conduction speeding up the reaction

Front 54

When NT diffuse across the cleft what does it activate?

Back 54

ligand gated ion channels

Front 55

Direct NT vs Indirect NT

Back 55

1. Bind to ligand gated ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, which open/close the channel gate and alters the flow of a specific ion or ions in the postsynaptic cell
2. act as first messengers, binding to g-protein-coupled receptors in the postsynaptic membraned, which activates the receptors and trigger generation of 2nd messengers such as CAMP or something else.

Front 56

Most nt alter ion flow through which channels?

Back 56

Na+ And K+

Front 57

Acetylecholine

Back 57

NT in both invertibrates and vertebrates

Front 58

Glutamate & aspartate

Back 58

stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells

Front 59

NorEpi Epi dopamine

Back 59

all from tyrosine, NT btw interneurons in functions such as consciousness, memory, mood, sensory perception, muuscle movements, maintaance of blood pressure and sleep

Front 60

Neurpeptides called endorphins

Back 60

released during periods of pleasure, reduce pain stimulat eurphoria

Front 61

Summation

Back 61

causes integration at chemical synapses

Front 62

What can poisons such as the puffer fish tetrodotoxin do to voltage gated Na+ cahnnels in neurons?

Back 62

They can block the voltage gated Na+ channels; can cause death or paralysis

Front 63

Why are myelin sheaths important

Back 63

They help with saltatory conduction speeding up the reaction

Front 64

When NT diffuse across the cleft what does it activate?

Back 64

ligand gated ion channels

Front 65

Direct NT vs Indirect NT

Back 65

1. Bind to ligand gated ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, which open/close the channel gate and alters the flow of a specific ion or ions in the postsynaptic cell
2. act as first messengers, binding to g-protein-coupled receptors in the postsynaptic membraned, which activates the receptors and trigger generation of 2nd messengers such as CAMP or something else.

Front 66

Most nt alter ion flow through which channels?

Back 66

Na+ And K+

Front 67

Acetylecholine acts

Back 67

as a nt in both invertebrates and vertebrates

Front 68

Glutamate and aspartate

Back 68

stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells

Front 69

Norepi epi dopamine

Back 69

all from tyrosine, NT btw inter-neurons for functions such as:
sleep bp muscle movements sensory perception mood, memory, consciousness

Front 70

Endorphins

Back 70

neuropeptides euphoria and eating realsed during pleasurable experiences

Front 71

Summation

Back 71

responsible for intergration at chemical synapses

Front 72

To total potential in the postsynaptic neuron is determined by what?

Back 72

The sum of all EPSPs and IPSPs at a given time, and it will determine how the neuron responds

Front 73

What doe the patterns of synaptic connections, the patterns of IPSPs and EPSPs do?

Back 73

THey contribute to the integration of the incomming signal by neurons.