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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Monitor body and its relationship to environment.
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sensory receptors
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Sensory receptors sends input (action potentials) to CNS via __________ - the nerves, nuclei and tracts, the afferent division of the nervous system.
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sensory pathways
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T/F: Somatic and visceral impulses travel the same pathways
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true
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__________ and __________ form the somatic nervous system.
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neurons / pathways
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Overall sensitivity to environment.
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general senses (temp;press;pain;touch;vibration; proprioception)
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Arriving info.
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sensation
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Perception is conscious awareness of a __________.
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sensation
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Translation of a stimulus into an action potential.
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transduction
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Can be due to structure of receptor or being shielded from other stimuli by other cells or structures.
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receptor specificity
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Branching tips of dendrites
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free nerve endings
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Simplest form of receptor and non specific
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free nerve endings
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Area monitored by a single receptor cell
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receptive field
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T/F: Size of receptive of field is directly related to ability to localize stimulus
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false; size of field inversely related to ability to localize stimulus
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T/F: Receptor potential is the depolarizing receptor potential in a neural receptor
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false; generator potential is the depolarizing potential in neural receptor
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__________ is a link b/w peripheral receptor and cortical neuron.
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labeled line
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Type of stimulus carried by a labeled line.
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modality
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Complex sensory info --> patterns of action potentials
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sensory coding
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T/F: Fast acting receptors are always active
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false; slow acting (tonic) receptors are always active
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Provide info on intensity and rate of change of stimulus
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phasic (fast acting) receptors
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T/F: Both phasic and tonic receptors combine to provide complex sensory info
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true
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T/F: Adaption is an increase in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus
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false; adaption is a reduction in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus
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A characteristic of phasic receptors; with a strong initial response, followed by gradual decrease in size of __________.
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generator potential
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Inhibition of nuclei along sensory pathway
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central adaption
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T/F: Central adaptation can only be subconscious
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false; Central adaptation can be both conscious and subconscious
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__________ provide input about external environment; __________ is input about positions of skeletal muscles and joints; __________ is input about visceral organs and functions.
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exteroceptors / propioceptors / interoceptors
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__________ monitor pain; thermoreceptors monitor __________; __________ monitor physical distortion; chemoreceptors monitor __________.
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nocioceptors / temperature / chemical concentration
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T/F: Somatic and visceral receptors differ in function not location, and are delivered to different areas of CNS.
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false; somatic and visceral receptors differ in location, not function and are delivered to different areas of CNS.
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Common in superficial skin, joints, periostea, walls of blood vessels.
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nocioceptors
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__________ pain is carried by myelinated __________ fibers. They quickly reach __________ and __________.
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Fast / type A / CNS / primary sensory cortex
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T/F: Slow pain is carried by type B fibers and deal with prickling pain... They deal with general activation of reticular formation and thalamus.
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false; Slow pain is carried by type C fibers and deal with burning and aching pain. Deal with general activation of reticular formation and thalamus
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Thermoreceptors are free nerve endings in dermis, __________, __________ and __________.
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skeletal muscles / liver / hypothalamus.
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__________ respond to distortion of plasma membrane.
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mechanoreceptors
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T/F: Mechanoreceptors contain mechanically gated ion channels
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true
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Tactile receptors deal with with touch, pressure and __________.
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vibration
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Baroceptors deal with pressure changes in blood vessel walls, and parts of __________, __________ and urinary tracts.
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digestive / reproductive
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Propiocepters are __________ of skeletal muscles and joints
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positions
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There are __ different types of receptors.
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6: Free nerve endings; root hair plexus; tactile (merkel) discs; tactile (Meissner) corpuscles; Lamellated (pacinean) corpuscles; Ruffini corpuscles
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Movement of hair follicles
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root hair plexus
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Tactile receptor found in stratum germinativum
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Tactile (Merkel) discs
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Fine touch and pressure, low-frequency vibration. Large, located in eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, external genitalia. Highly coiled dendrites surrounded by shwann cells
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tactile (Meissner) corpuscles
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Fast adapting, sensitive to deep pressure or high frequency vibration. Single dendrite within concentric layers of collagen fibers and fibroblasts. Found in in fingers, mammary glands, external genitalia, superficial and deep fascia, joint capsules.
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Lamellated (Pacinean) corpuscles
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Tonic and non-adaptive. Located in deep dermis. Sensitive to pressure and skin distortion.
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Ruffini corpuscles
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Sensitivity can be altered by __________, __________, or damage to sensory neurons and pathways.
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infection / disease
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Sensory losses with distinct margins indicate __________to spinal nerves
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trauma
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Tickle and itch related to touch and pain, carried by unmyelinated Type __ fibers.
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C
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Monitor change in pressure in an organ
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Baroceptors
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Muscle spindles; Golgi tendon organs; Receptors in joint capsules
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Three major groups of Proprioceptors
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Proprioceptor that monitors muscle length and triggers stretch reflexes.
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muscle spindles
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Located b/w muscle and tendon. Monitor external tension generated during muscle contraction.
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Golgi tendon organs
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Propioceptor responsible for detecting pressure, tension and movement at joint.
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Receptors in joint capsules
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Propioception involves input from all three types of receptors, plus receptors of ____________.
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inner ear
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Carotid bodies and ____________ monitor CO2, pH and oxygen levels of blood.
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aortic bodies
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Delivers sensations to CNS. Cell body in dorsal root ganglion or cranial nerve ganglion.
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first order neuron
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Interneuron in spinal cord or brain stem that synapses with first order neuron. Crosses to opposite side of CNS..
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second order neuron
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Third order neuron synapses with second order neuron in the ____________. Ascends on the same side of CNS.
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third order neuron
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____________ carry sensory input from skin and muscles of body wall, head, neck and limbs.
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somatic sensory pathways
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Posterior column pathways; spinothalmic pathway; spinocerebellar pathway
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3 major somatic sensory pathways
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Carries highly localized sensations from peripheral receptor to primary sensory cortex of cerebral hemisphere.
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posterior column pathway (dorsal column/medial lemnicus)
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In posterior column pathway first order neurons reach the ____________ within dorsal roots, spinal nerves and sensory roots of cranial nerves.
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CNS
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In posterior column pathway second order neurons ascend to thalamus , crossing to opposite of brain stem (____________), then enter ____________ and synapse on third order neurons in ventral nuclei of thalamus.
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decussation / medial lemniscus
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Ability to localize sensation depends on projection of input from thalamus to primary sensory cortex (____________).
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sensory homunculus
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Carry crude conscious sensations.
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spinothalmic pathway
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T/F: Second order axons synapse in spinal cord within posterior gray horns, cross spinal cord and ascend.
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false; First order axons synapse in spinal cord within posterior gray horns, cross spinal cord and ascend.
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Carry crude touch and pressure sensations
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anterior spinothalmic tracts
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Carry crude pain and temperature sensations
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lateral spinothalmic tracts
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Inappropriate sensations
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phantom limb pain
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Inaccurate localliztion
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referred pain
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____________ sends propioceptive sensations to cerebellum.
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spinocerebellar pathway
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In the spinocerebellar pathway first order neurons synapse on interneurons in ____________ and ascend along one of two tracts, until they reach the ____________ cells of the cerebellar cortex.
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dorsal gray horns / purkinje cells
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Reach cerebellar cortex via inferior cerebellar peduncle, without crossing opposite side of cord.
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purkinje cells
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Reach cerebellar cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle
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anterior spinocerebellar tracts
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Large nucleus in medulla oblongata,
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Solitary nucleus
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Under voluntary control, controls contractions of skeletal muscles.
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somatic nervous system (somatic motor system)
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Part of somatic motor pathway; cell body within CNS processing center.
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upper motor neuron
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Part of somatic motor pathway; cell body within nucleus of brain stem or spinal cord.
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lower motor neuron
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Voluntary control over skeletal muscles.
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corticospinal pathway (pyramidal system)
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T/F: Corticospinal pathway is usually direct - lower to upper
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false; Corticospinal pathway is usually direct - upper to lower
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Part of the corticospinal pathway, provides conscious control over muscles of face, neck and pharynx.
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corticobulbar tracts
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____________ synapse on lower motor neurons in anterior gray horns. Seen along ventral surface of medulla as pair of thick bands(____________).
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corticospinal tracts / pyramids
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85% of axons cross the midline to enter the ____________ on opposite side. The remaining 15% continue ipsilaterally along ____________.
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lateral corticospinal tracts / anterior corticospinal tracts
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Graphic depiction of pyramidal cells in primary motor cortex and their relative numbers of motor neurons.
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motor homunculus
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The ____________ modifies or directs skeletal muscles by affecting lower motor neurons, synapsing on same lower motor neurons as axons of corticospinal pathway.
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"Extrapyramidal System"
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Controls muscle tone and gross movements of neck, trunk and proximal limb muscles.
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medial pathway
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The upper motor neuron of the medial pathway are located in the ____________, ____________ and the reticular formation.
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vestibular nuclei / superior & inferior colliculi
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____________ has a primary goal to maintain posture and balance.
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Vestibular nuclei
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The colliculi receive visual (____________) and auditory (____________) sensations.
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superior / inferior
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Axons of upper motor neurons in the colliculi descend in the ____________.
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tectospinal tracts
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T/F: Axons in the tectospinal tracts direct reflexive changes int the position of the head, neck, and upper limbs in response to bright lights, sudden movements, or loud noises
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true
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The ____________ is a loosely organized network of neurons that extends throughout the brain stem.
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reticular formation
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____________ receives input from almost every ascending and descending pathway, with connections with cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem nuclei.
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Reticular formation
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Controls muscle tone and precise movements of distal limbs.
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lateral pathway
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The ____________ and ____________ are responsible for coordination and feedback control over muscle contractions.
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basal nuclei / cerebellum
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Coordination and feedback control of voluntary motor activities.
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basal nuclei
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Basal nuclei act by adjusting activities of ____________, based on input from ____________ and substantia nigra.
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upper motor neurons / cerebral cortex
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The ____________ is the motor association area that directs activities of the primary motor cortex.
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premotor cortex
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The basal nuclei can adjust or establish patterns of movements by synapses on ____________neurons or in the ____________.
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thalmic / reticular formation
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T/F: Tracts of basal nuclei are usually excitatory.
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false; Tracts of basal nuclei are usually inhibitory
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In Parkinson disease, the ____________ neurons become more active, leading to problems with the voluntary control of movement.
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excitatory
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Monitors porprioceptive sensations, visual and vestibular sensations during movement.
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cerebellum
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All motor pathways send input to ____________ when motor commands are issued.
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cerebellum
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The cerebellum acts as a ____________ on excessive motor activity.
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brake
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____________ and spinal reflexes control basic motor activities.
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Cranial
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Infant brain activity is directed primarily in the ____________ and ____________.
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diencephalon / brain stem
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An efferent system involved in unconscious regulation of visceral functions.
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autonomic nervous system
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2 division of Autonomic Nervous System
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parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
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ANS coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, ____________ and reproductive functions.
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urinary
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Adjusts internal water, electrolyte, nutrient and dissolved gas concentrations in body.
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ANS
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Where are the integrative centers for autonomic activity located?
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hypothalamus
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Visceral motor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord
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preganglionic neurons
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T/F: Preganglionic neurons are controlled by the hypothalamus
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false; Preganglionic neurons are part of the visceral direct reflex arcs
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Axons of the preganglionic neurons, ____________, synapse on ____________ - visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia (____________).
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preganglionic fibers / ganglionic neurons / autonomic ganglia
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These axons reach from autonomic ganglia to peripheral target organs.
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postganglionic fibers
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T/F: Only somatic input can trigger visceral reactions, with motor reflexes distributed by ANS.
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false; Both somatic and visceral input can trigger visceral reactions, with motor reflexes distributed by ANS.
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T/F: Thoracolumbar postganglionic fibers are long and preganglionic fibers are short.
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false;Thoracolumbar preganglionic fibers are short and postganglionic fibers are long.
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Responsible for "fight or flight" response
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sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division
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Preganglionic fibers from thoracic and superior lumbar segments of spinal cord synapse in ganglia near spinal cord.
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sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division
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Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division contains preganglionic fibers from ____________ and sacral segments of spinal cord which synapse in or near target organs.
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brain stem
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T/F: Craniosacral pregraglionic fibers are long and postganglionic fibers are short
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true
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____________ nervous system is located in walls of digestive tract.
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Enteric
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Preganglionic neurons from T1 through L2 and ganglionic neurons in ganglia near vertebral column.
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sympathetic division
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Ganglia that controls effectors in body wall, inside thoracic cavity and in head and limbs.
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sympathetic chain ganglia
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Collateral ganglia are ____________ to vetebral bodies. They innervate tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity.
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collateral ganglia
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Found in center of kidneys; Short axons which release NT's into capillaries, where they affect target cells throughout body.
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suprarenal medullae
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Ventral roots exit through intervertebral foramen and become myelinated ____________, which carries preganglionic fibers to sympathetic chain ganglion.
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white ramus
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Preganglionic fibers connect ______________ like a string of pearls.
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sympathetic chain ganglia
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Visceral effectors for body wall, head , neck or limbs enter ______________ and return to spinal nerve for distribution.
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gray ramus
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Each sympathetic chain ganglia contains ___ cervical, 10-12 thoracic, ___ lumbar/sacral ganglia and 1 coccygeal ganglion. About 8% of axons in each spinal nerve are sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
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3 / 4-5
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Cervical, ______________, and ______________ ganglia receive preganglionic fibers from spinal segments T1-L2, and every spinal nerve gets a gray ramus from a of the sympathetic chain.
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inferior lumbar / sacral
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Thoracic and superior lumbar ganglia get fibers from ______________.
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white ramus
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Every spinal nerve gets a gray ramus from a ______________.
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sympathetic ganglion
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The ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division occur in 3 locations: ______________, ______________, and the Suprarenal Medullae
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sympathetic chain gagnlia; collateral ganglia
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Fibers of collateral ganglia form ______________ on dorsal wall of abdominal cavity, which originate as paired ganglia but fuse into one.
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splanchnic nerves
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Preganglionic fibers fromt he seven inferior thoracic segments end at either the ______________ ganglion or the ______________ganglion.
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celiac / superior mesenteric
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______________ ganglion innervates stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen.
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celiac ganglion
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______________ ganglion innervates small intestine and proximal 2/3 of large intestine
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superior mesenteric ganglion
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______________ ganglion are innervated by fibers from lumbar segments. Innervates distal 1/3 of large intestine, kidney, urinary bladder and sex organs.
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inferior mesenteric ganglion
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What synapses on neuroendocrine cells which produce EP and NE.
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suprarenal medullae
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Sympathetic activation is a generalized response to stress by entire sympathetic division, controlled by ______________.
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hypothalamus
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Increases alertness; felling of energy and euphoria; elevated BP; heart rate; breathing and depth of respiration; general elevation in muscle tone; mobilization of energy reserves through breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver.
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sympathetic activation
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Sympathetic division leads to release of ______________ at target organs (sweat glands, skeletal muscles, brain).
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ACh
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Synaptic terminals form branching network resembling strings of pearls, with each pearl (______________) packed with NT's vesicles which pass near surfaces of effector cells, and are sites for release of NT's, mainly ______________.
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NE
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T/F: Alpha 2 Rs are more common than alpha 1 Rs
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false; Alpha 1 Rs are more common
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Releases intracellular Ca into cytosol in ER to excite target cell.
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alpha 1 Rs
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Alpha 2 Rs lowers ______________ levels in cytoplasm. Has inhibitory effect.
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cAMP
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Alpha Rs are more sensitive to ______________ and beta Rs are sensitive to both ______________ and E.
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NE / NE
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Beta 1 increases ______________ activity; beta 2 causes inhibition; beta 3 found in adipose tissue - leads to ______________ (a breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes)
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metabolic / lypolysis
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______________ division conserves energy and lowers metabolic rate.
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parasympathetic
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The mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata contain autonomic nuclei associated with cranial nerves III, ____, ____, and X.
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VII / IX
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Ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia within or adjacent to target organs. Parasympathetic fibers only synapse on 6-8 ganglionic neurons, which are either ______________ ganglion (near target organ) or ______________ ganglion (embedded in tissues of target organ).
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terminal / intramural
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______________ fibers carry cranial parasympathetic output. Control visceral structures in head.
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Preganglionic
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Preganglionic fibers synapse in the ______________, ______________, ______________ and otic ganglia.
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ciliary ganglion / pterygopalatine ganglion / submandibular ganglion
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About 75% of all parasympathetic outflow goes through the ______________ which innervates the neck, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, and distal portion of large intestine.
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vagus nerve
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The mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata contain autonomic nuclei associated with cranial nerves III, ____, ____, and X.
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VII / IX
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Ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia within or adjacent to target organs. Parasympathetic fibers only synapse on 6-8 ganglionic neurons, which are either ______________ ganglion (near target organ) or ______________ ganglion (embedded in tissues of target organ).
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terminal / intramural
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______________ fibers carry cranial parasympathetic output. Control visceral structures in head.
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Preganglionic
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Preganglionic fibers synapse in the ______________, ______________, ______________ and otic ganglia.
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ciliary ganglion / pterygopalatine ganglion / submandibular ganglion
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About 75% of all parasympathetic outflow goes through the ______________ which innervates the neck, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, and distal portion of large intestine.
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vagus nerve
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T/F: Sacral parasympathetic output carried by pelvic nerves which join the ventral roots of the spinal nerves.
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false; Sacral parasympathetic output carried by pelvic nerves which DO NOT join the ventral roots of the spinal nerves.
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Innervates kidneys, urinary bladder, terminal portions of large intestine and sex organs.
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pelvic nerves
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Increased smooth muscle activity; contraction of urinary bladder during urination; restriction of breathing passages; reduce heart rate and ease muscle contraction
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some of the major effects produced by the parasympathetic division
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Parasympathetic neuron release which NT?
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ACh
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______________ Rs are on surfaces of ganglion cells of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. ______________ opens chemically gated channels in postsynaptic membrane.
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nicotinic / ACh
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ACh is inactivated by _____________.
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AChE
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Muscarinic Rs are found at ______________junctions. ______________ with longer lasting effects than nicotinic Rs. Binds muscarine, a toxin from some poisonous mushrooms.
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cholinergic / G proteins
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Two divisions act together in system of ______________.
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dual innervation
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Dual innervation with opposing effects is most evident in the digestive tract, ______________ and ______________.
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heart / lungs
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In the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, the sympathetic postganglionic fibers mingle with parasympathetic preganglionic fibers, forming a series of nerve networks collectively called ______________.
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autonomic plexi ( cardiac;pulmonary;esophgeal;celiac{solar}; inferior mesenteric hypogastric)
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If a nerve maintains a background level of activity of a target organ, called ______________, it can increase or decrease its activity, providing a greater range of control options.
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autonomic tone
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Automatic motor responses that can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, esp. hypothalamus.
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visceral reflexes
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Each ____________ arc consists of a receptor, a sensory neuron, a processing center (one or more interneurons) and two visceral motor neurons. All visceral reflexes are polysynaptic (long or short reflexes).
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visceral refelx
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____________ are equivalent to polysynaptic reflexes, with processing by CNS.
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Long reflexes
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Short reflexes bypass CNS. They involve sensory neurons and ____________ whose cell bodies are located within autonomic ganglia.
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interneurons
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Visceral sensory neurons deliver info to the CNS along the ____________ roots of spinal nerves, within the sensory branches of ____________ nerves, and within the autonomic nerves that innervate visceral effectors.
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dorsal / cranial
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