Nervous System Mt. 10 Wwtc

Front 1

brain

Back 1

major portion of the central nervous system

Front 2

cerebrum

Back 2

largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. The cerebrum controls the skeletal muscles, interprets general senses (such as temperature, pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum.

Front 3

ventricles

Back 3

spaces within the brain that contain a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.

Front 4

cerebellum

Back 4

located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum. Its function is to assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balance (hindbrain).

Front 5

brainstem

Back 5

stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. Ten of the 12 cranial nerves originate in the brainstem.

Front 6

pons

Back 6

literally means bridge. It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem.

Front 7

medulla oblongata

Back 7

located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure.

Front 8

midbrain

Back 8

most superior portion of the brainstem

Front 9

cerebrospinal fluid (CSP)

Back 9

clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste.

Front 10

spinal cord

Back 10

passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain.

Front 11

meninges

Back 11

three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord

Front 12

dura mater

Back 12

tough outer layer of the meninges

Front 13

arachnoid

Back 13

delicate middle layer of the meminges. The arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space.

Front 14

pia mater

Back 14

thin inner layer of the meninges

Front 15

nerve

Back 15

cordlike structure that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Front 16

ganglion

Back 16

group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

Front 17

glia

Back 17

cells that form support and nourish nervous tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and others assist with phagosytosis. They do not conduct impulses. Three types of glia are astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia. (also called neuroglia)

Front 18

neuron

Back 18

conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced.

Front 19

cerebell/o

Back 19

cerebellum

Front 20

cerebr/o

Back 20

cerebrum, brain

Front 21

dur/o

Back 21

hard, dura mater

Front 22

encephal/o

Back 22

brain

Front 23

gangli/o, ganglion/o

Back 23

ganglion

Front 24

gli/o

Back 24

glia (also called neuroglia), gluey substance

Front 25

meningi/o, mening/o

Back 25

meninges

Front 26

myel/o

Back 26

spinal cord

Front 27

neur/o

Back 27

nerve

Front 28

radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o

Back 28

nerve root (proximal end of a peripheral nerve, closest to the spinal cord)

Front 29

esthesi/o

Back 29

sensation, sensitivity, feeling

Front 30

ment/o, psych/o

Back 30

mind

Front 31

mon/o

Back 31

one, single

Front 32

phas/o

Back 32

speech

Front 33

poli/o

Back 33

gray matter

Front 34

quadr/i

Back 34

four

Front 35

-iatrist

Back 35

specialist, physician

Front 36

-iatry

Back 36

treatment, specialty

Front 37

-ictal

Back 37

seizure, attack

Front 38

-paresis

Back 38

slight paralysis

Front 39

Alzheimer disease (AD)

Back 39

disease characterized by early senility, confusion, loss of recognition of persons or familiar surroundings, restlessness, and impaired memory

Front 40

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Back 40

progressive muscle atrophy caused by hardening of nerve tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord (Lou Gehrig disease)

Front 41

Bell palsy

Back 41

paralysis of muscles on one side of the face, usually a temporary condition. Symptoms include a sagging mouth on the affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid.

Front 42

cerebral aneurysm

Back 42

aneurysm in the cerebrum

Front 43

cerebral embolism

Back 43

an embolus (usually a blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic plaque arising from a distant site) lodges in a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue. A common cause of cerebral embolism, a type of ischemic stroke, is atrial fibrillation.

Front 44

cerebral palsy (CP)

Back 44

condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after

Front 45

dementia

Back 45

cognitive impairment characterized by a loss of intellectual brain function. Patients have difficulty in various ways, including difficulty in performing complex tasks, resoning, learning, and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior. Dementia has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging.

Front 46

epilepsy

Back 46

disorder in which the main symptom is recurring seizures

Front 47

hydrocephalus

Back 47

increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which can cause enlargement of the cranium in infants

Front 48

intracerebral hemorrhage

Back 48

bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage; acute symptoms include dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished level of consciousness, and hemiparesis. The symptoms often develop suddenly. Intracerebral hemorrhage, a type of ischemic stroke, is frequently associated with high blood pressure.

Front 49

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Back 49

degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord

Front 50

Parkinson disease (PD)

Back 50

chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Symptoms include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, and shuffling gait. It usually occurs after the age of 50 years.

Front 51

sciatica

Back 51

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods

Front 52

shingles

Back 52

viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves (herpes zoster)

Front 53

stroke

Back 53

occurs when htere is an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. The cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes. The parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dyfunction. Speech, movement, memory, and other CNS functions may be affected in verying degrees. Ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel. Hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding (CVA or brain attack)

Front 54

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Back 54

bleeding caused by a ruptured blood vessel just outside the brain (usually a ruptured cerebral aneurysm) that rapidly fills the space between the brain and skull (subarachnoid space) with blood. The patient may experience an intense, sudden headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and neck pain (hemorrhagic stroke)

Front 55

computed tomography of the brain (CT scan)

Back 55

process that includes the use of a computer to produce a series of brain tissue images at any desired depth. The procedure is noninvasive, painless, and particularly useful in diagnosing brain tumors.

Front 56

magnetic resonance imaging of the brain or spine (MRI scan)

Back 56

a noninvasive technique that produces sectional images of soft tissues of the brain or spine through a strong magnetic field. Without use of radiation.

Front 57

positron emission tomography of the brain (PET scan)

Back 57

an imaging technique with a radioactive substance that produces sectional imaging of the brain to examine blood flow and metabolic activity.

Front 58

evoked potential studies (EP studies)

Back 58

a group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli

Front 59

lumbar puncture (LP)

Back 59

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae (spinal tap)

Front 60

afferent

Back 60

conveying toward a center (afferent nerves carry impulses to the central nervous system)

Front 61

ataxia

Back 61

lack of muscle coordination

Front 62

cognitive

Back 62

pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reason

Front 63

coma

Back 63

state of profound unconsciousness

Front 64

concussion

Back 64

jarring or shaking that results in an injury (slight or severe head injury)

Front 65

conscious

Back 65

awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings

Front 66

convulsion

Back 66

sudden involuntary contraction of a group of muscles

Front 67

disorientation

Back 67

a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity

Front 68

dysarthria

Back 68

the inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

Front 69

efferent

Back 69

conveying away from the center (efferent nerves carry information away from the central nervous system)

Front 70

gait

Back 70

a manner or style of walking

Front 71

incoherent

Back 71

unable to express one's thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner

Front 72

paraplegia

Back 72

paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord

Front 73

seizure

Back 73

sudden attack with an involuntary series of contractions (convulsions)

Front 74

shunt

Back 74

tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid

Front 75

syncope

Back 75

fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

Front 76

unconsciousness

Back 76

state of being unaware of surroundings and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, or illness

Front 77

anorexia nervosa

Back 77

an eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image resulting in failure to maintain body weight, intensive fear of gaining weight, pronounced desire for thinness, and, in females, amenorrhea

Front 78

anxiety disorder

Back 78

an emotional disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger

Front 79

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Back 79

a disorder of learning and behavioral problems characterized by marked inattention, distractability, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity

Front 80

autism

Back 80

a mental disorder, the features of which include onset during infancy or childhood, preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, impaired communication, and repetitive body movements

Front 81

bipolar disorder

Back 81

a major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood. The disorder is manifested by manic and depressive episodes that may alternate or elements of both may occur simultaneously

Front 82

bulimia nervosa

Back 82

an eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating followed by purging (induced vomiting)

Front 83

major depression

Back 83

a mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, disouragement, hopelessness, lack of joy, altered sleep patterns, and difficulty with decision making and daily function (clinical depression, mood disorder)

Front 84

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Back 84

a disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts that result in the tendencey to perform repetitive acts or rituals (compulsions), usually as a means of releasing tension or anxiety

Front 85

panic attack

Back 85

an episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably, with feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, swating, and/or chest pain, depersonalization, paresthesia and fear of dying, loss of mind or control

Front 86

phobia

Back 86

a marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the prescence or anticipation of a specific situation or object

Front 87

pica

Back 87

compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice. This condition is often a result of an iron deficiency.

Front 88

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 88

a disorder characterized by an acute emotional response to a traumatic event perceived as life threatening or severe emotional stress such as an airplane crash, repeated physical or emotional trauma, or military combat

Front 89

schizophrenia

Back 89

any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language and communication, withdrawal from social interaction, and the disorganization and fragmentation of throught, perception, and emotional reaction

Front 90

somatoform disorders

Back 90

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

Front 91

AD

Back 91

Alzheimer disease

Front 92

ADHD

Back 92

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Front 93

ALS

Back 93

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Front 94

CNS

Back 94

central nervous system

Front 95

CP

Back 95

cerebral palsy

Front 96

CSF

Back 96

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 97

CVA

Back 97

cerebrovascular accident

Front 98

EEG

Back 98

electroencephalogram

Front 99

EP studies

Back 99

evoked potential studies

Front 100

LP

Back 100

lumbar puncture

Front 101

MRI scan

Back 101

magnetic resonance imaging scan

Front 102

MS

Back 102

multiple sclerosis

Front 103

OCD

Back 103

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Front 104

PD

Back 104

Parkinson disease

Front 105

PET scan

Back 105

positron emission tomography scan

Front 106

PNS

Back 106

peripheral nervous system

Front 107

PTSD

Back 107

posttraumatic stress disorder

Front 108

TIA

Back 108

transient ischemic attack