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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the regions of the spinal cord?
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-cervical enlargement (inferior part of cervical part), supplies innervation to the upper limb
-lumbar enlargement (in lumbosacral part), supplies motor innervation to lower limb - conus medullaris, caudal end of spinal cord - cauda equina, a collection of nerve roots located in the inferior vertebral canal - filum terminale, a thin central fibrous strand of pia mater, connects to coccyx |
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List the spinal nerve plexuses
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1. Cervical plexus (paired), formed by anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves 1-4
2. Brachial plexus (paired), formed by ant rami of C 5-8, 3. Lumbar plexus (paired), formed by ant rami of L 1-4 4. Sacral plexus (paired), formed by ant rami of S 1-4 |
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What spinal nerve plexus innervates the lower limb?
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- The lumbar plexus innervates the anterior & medial thigh
- The sacral plexus innervates the rest of the lower limb |
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List the meninges of the spinal cord (from external to internal)
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1. Dura mater - extends into each intervertebral foramen
2. Arachnoid mater - middle meninx, attaches to dura mater & extends into intervertebral foramen 3. Pia mater - Directly attaches to the spinal cord, has paired denticulate ligaments to suspend and anchor spinal cord to dura mater, extends into intervertebral foramen. |
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List the spaces (true or potential) of the spinal cord meninges
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1. Epidural space, separates the dura mater from the periosteal lining of the vertebral canal. Contains epidural fat & the internal vertebral venous plexus.
2. Subdural space - potential space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater. 3. Subarachnoid space - wide interval between arachnoid mater and pia mater. Contains CSF & spinal blood vessels. |
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Where is the white matter of the spinal cord and what is it?
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It forms the superficial region of the spinal cord. It is organized into masses called nerve tracts (ascending or descending from the brain).
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Where is the grey matter of the spinal cord and what is it composed of?
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It forms the deep "H" region of the spinal cord. Composed of cell bodies and synapses of neurons. Shape varies depending of the region of the spinal cord.
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Describe the horns of grey matter in the spinal cord.
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2 dorsal/post horns - contain terminal ends of sensory neurons;
2 ventral/ant horns - variable size depending on region, contains cell bodies of motor neurons; 2 lateral horns, only located in thoracic & superior lumbar regions, contain cell bodies of sympathetic neurons |
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Where is the central canal in the spinal cord?
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In the centre of the grey matter.
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What is the posterior root of a spinal nerve?
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It contains a dorsal root ganglion (which contains the neuronal cell bodies of sensory neurones - pseudounipolar), and contains the the axons of sensory neurones. Rootlets pass into the spinal cord
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What is in the anterior root of a spinal nerve?
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It contains the axons of motor & autonomic neurons. Unites with the posterior root to form the body of a spinal nerve.
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What are the branches of a spinal nerve body?
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Posterior/dorsal - small branch, supplies organs of the back
Anterior/ventral - largest branch, supplies most regions of the body anterior to the vertebral column |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in each region?
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Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 Coccygeal - 1 TOTAL - 31 pairs |
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How are spinal nerves named?
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By the vertebral level above the nerve (except for cervical, in which C1 lies above the axis, C2 above the atlas, etc)
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What nerve innervates the thoracic diaphragm and where does it arise from?
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The phrenic nerve, which descends down the neck anterior to the scalenus anterior muscle. Arises from the cervical plexus.
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What major nerve is located in the arm and where does it arise? Also what medical condition is it related to?
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Median nerve, arises from the brachial plexus, located in the median part of antebrachium and cubital regions. Related to carpal tunnel problems.
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What major nerves are located in the leg and where do they arise?
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Femoral nerve - located in pelvic cavity & anterior thigh; Arises from lumbar plexus.
Sciatic nerve - passes through the greater sciatic foramen to enter the posterior thigh; arises from the sacral plexus. |
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List the pairs of cranial nerves from the most anteriorly to posteriorly located.
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I. Olfactory, II. Optic, III. Oculomotor, IV. Trochlear, V. Trigeminal, VI. Abducens, VII. Facial, VIII. Vestibulocochlear, IX. Glossopharyngeal, X. Vagus, XI. Accessory, XII. Hypoglossal
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Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?
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III. Oculomotor, VII. Facial, IX. Glossopharyngeal, X. Vagus
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State whether the cranial nerves have sensory (S), Motor (M), or both (B) functions.
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I. S,
II. S, III. M, IV. M, V. B, VI. M VII. B VIII. S IX. B X. B XI. M XII. M |
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What cranial nerves control them muscles of the eye?
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IV. Trochlear = Superior oblique,
VI. Abducens = Lateral rectus, III. Oculomotor = all other muscles |
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What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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1. Parasympathetic nervous system (rest & digest)
2. Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response) |
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What is the parasympathetic system also called and where are the cell bodies of their preganglionic neurones located?
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- Craniosacral part/outflow
- Located in the brainstem & travel w/ cranial nerves or in the sacral part of the spinal cord. |
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What is the sympathetic system also called and where are the cell bodies of their preganglionic neurones located?
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- Thoracolumbar part/outflow
- Located in the thoracic & upper lumbar parts of the spinal cord |
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Where do the sympathetic neurones travel?
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There is a chain of sympathetic ganglia on either side of the vertebral column = sympathetic trunk/chain (20-24 ganglia in each chain).
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What are the organs controlled ONLY by the sympathetic system?
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Sweat glands
Vessels Suprarenal glands |
