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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
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can detect changes in the angle of the head by a couple of hairs width
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THE BRAIN
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despite being 2% of body weight, the brain consumes +/-15% of CO and 20% of the total O2 consumption
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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brain and spinal cord
integrative and control center |
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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cranial and spinal nerves
communication lines between the CNS and the body |
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MOTOR (EFFERENT) SYSTEM
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-motor nerve fibers
- conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) -part of the PNS |
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SENSORY (AFFERENT) SYSTEM
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-somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
-conducts impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS -part of the PNS |
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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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-involuntary (visceral motor)
-conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands -part of the PNS |
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SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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-voluntary (somatic motor)
-conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles -part of the PNS |
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SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
(PART OF THE AUTONOMIC DIVISION) |
-mobilizes body systems during emergency situations
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PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
(PART OF THE AUTONOMIC DIVISION) |
-conserves energy
-promotes non emergency functions |
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STRUCTURE OF A MOTOR NEURON
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-dendrites (receptors)
-cell body (biosynthetic center) -axon (impulse generating and conduction region --> away from the cell body) -axonal terminal (release of neurotransmitter) |
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ASTROCYTES
(CNS) |
maintain blood brain barrier
provide structural support regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas <> absorb and recycle neurotransmitters form scar tissue after injuries |
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OLIGODENDROCYTES
(CNS) |
-myelinate CNS axons
-provide structural framework |
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MICROGLIA
(CNS) |
-remove cell debris, waste, and pathogens by phagocytosis
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EPENDYMAL CELLS
(CNS) |
-line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cavity)
-assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid |
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SATELLITE CELLS
(PNS) |
-surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
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SCHWANN CELLS
(PNS) |
-surround all axons in the PNS
-responsible for myelination of peripheral axons -participate in repair process after injury |
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PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN
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1) skin of scalp 2) periosteum 3) bone of skull 4) dura mater ( a. periosteal, subdural space, b. meningeal ) 5) arachnoid membrane 6) subarachnoid space 7) pia mater 8) brain
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES
(MENINGES) |
-dura mater (superficial)
-arachnoid mater -pia mater (bound directly to the brain) |
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SPACES IN BRAIN
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-subdural - contains serous fluid (most superficial)
-subarachnoid space - CSF |
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REGIONS OF THE BRAIN
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-cerebrum
-diencephalon -brain stem -cerebellum |
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ROSTRAL AND CAUDAL
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-rostral - up through the brain to the anterior portion of the brain from the brain stem
-caudal- opposite direction of the above |
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DORSAL OR SUPERIOR
(TOP OF THE BRAIN) |
VENTRAL OR INFERIOR
(BOTTOM OF THE BRAIN) |
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ANTERIOR OR VENTRAL
(FRONT OF THE BRAIN) |
POSTERIOR OR DORSAL
(BACK OF THE BRAIN) |
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
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-consists of the ENTIRE neuronal circuitry that controls emotional behavior and motivational drives
-collection of interconnected but NOT contiguous structures in the telencephalon, diencephalon, and brain stem |
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TELENCEPHALON
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-cingulate gyrus, septal area, and parahippocampal gyrus
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AMYGDALA
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involved in aggression, jealousy, and fear
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CINGULATE GYRUS
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-autonomic functions regulating heart rate and bp
-cognitive and attentional processing |
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FORNICATE GYRUS
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-region encompassing the cingulate, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus
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HIPPOCAMPUS
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-required for the formulation of long term memories
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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-regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone production and release
-affects and regulates: bp, HR, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and the sleep wake cycle |
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MAMMILLARY BODY
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-important for the formation of memory
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NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
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-involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
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ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX
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-required for decision making
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PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS
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-plays a role in the formation of spatial memory
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VENTRICLES
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-2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle
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CHOROID PLEXUSES
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-produce CSF which fills ventricles and other parts of the brain and spinal cord
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BLOOD CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BARRIER
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-substances do not pass between cells but through due to tight junctions of blood endothelial cells
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CSF
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-similar to serum with most of the proteins removed
-bathes brain and spinal cord -provides a protective cushion around CNS -provides some nutrients to the CNS -produced by ependymal cells |
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FLOW OF CSF
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1) produced in ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses 2) from there CSF enters the lumen of the ventricles 3) down the cerebral aqueduct and through the lateral aperture
4) through the median aperture 5) into subarachnoid space 6) through arachnoid granulation 7) finally into superior saggital sinus |
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CIRCLE OF WILLIS
(CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE) |
-anterior communicating artery
-anterior cerebral artery -posterior communicating artery -posterior cerebral artery |
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DIRECT DESCENDING MOTOR NEURON PATHWAYS
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-(corticobulbar and corticospinal)
-from upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex -directly to lower motor neurons in the brainstem nuclei or spinal cord |
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INDIRECT DESCENDING MOTOR NEURON PATHWAYS
(VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT) |
-from cerebellum
-to vestibular nuclei -to vestibulospinal tract -to lower motor neurons in the brainstem nuclei or spinal cord |
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INDIRECT DESCENDING MOTOR NEURON PATHWAY (RUBROSPINAL TRACT)
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-from upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex
-to red nucleus -to lower motor neurons in the brainstem nuclei or spinal cord |
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INDIRECT DESCENDING MOTOR NEURON PATHWAY
(RETICULOSPINAL TRACT) |
-from upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex
-to reticular formation -to lower motor neurons in the brainstem nuclei or spinal cord |
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CRANIAL NERVE I
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-olfactory
-fibers arise from nasal olfactory epithelium and form synapses with olfactory bulbs, which transmit impulses to temporal lobe -purely SENSORY: carries impulses for sense of smell |
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CRANIAL NERVE II
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-optic
-fibers arise from retina of eye to form optic nerve, which passes through sphenoid bone, two optic nerves then form optic chiasma (with partial crossover of fibers) and eventually end in occipital cortex -purely SENSORY: carries impulses for vision |
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CRANIAL NERVE III
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-Oculomotor
-fibers emerge from the midbrain and exit from skull to run to eye -contains MOTOR fibers to inferior oblique, superior, inferior, and medial rectus extraocular muscles that direct EYEBALL; levator muscles of EYELID: smooth muscles of iris and ciliary body: and proprioception (SENSORY) to brain from extraocular muscles |
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CRANIAL NERVE IV
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IV TROCHLEAR
-fibers emerge from posterior midbrain and exit from skull to run to eye -Proprioceptor and motor fibers for superior oblique muscle of ex (extraocular muscle) -(BOTH) |
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CRANIAL NERVE V
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V TRIGEMINAL
-fibers emerge from pons and from three divisions that exit the skull and run to face and cranial dura mater -(BOTH MOTOR AND SENSORY FOR FACE) -conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, surface of the eye, and dura mater -also contains motor fibers that stimulate chewing muscles |
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CRANIAL NERVE VI
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VI ABDUCENS
-BOTH -motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle and sensory fibers from same muscle to brain |
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CRANIAL NERVE VII
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VII FACIAL
-MIXED BOTH -fibers leave the pons and travel through temporal bone to reach the face -mixed 1) supplies motor fibers to muscles of facial expression and to lacrimal and salivary glands and 2) carries sensory fibers from taste buds of anterior part of the tongue |
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CRANIAL NERVE VIII
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VIII VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR (ACOUSTIC)
-purely SENSORY -fibers run from inner ear (hearing and equilibrium receptors in temporal bone) to enter brain stem just below the pons -vestibular branch transmits impulses for sense of equilibrium: cochlear branch transmits impulses for sense of hearing |
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CRANIAL NERVE IX
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IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
-MIXED BOTH -fibers emerge from midbrain and leave skull to run to throat -1) motor fibers serve pharynx (throat) and salivary glands, and 2) sensory fibers carry impulses from pharynx, posterior tongue (taste buds), and pressure receptors of carotid artery |
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CRANIAL NERVE X
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X VAGUS
-BOTH -fibers emerge from medulla and pass through the skull, and descend through the neck region into thorax and abdominal region -fibers carry sensory and motor impulses for pharynx; a large part of this nerve is parasympathetic motor fibers, which supply smooth muscles of abdominal organs; receives sensory impulses from viscera |
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CRANIAL NERVE XI
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XI SPINAL ACCESSORY
-BOTH -fibers arise from medulla and superior spinal cord and travel to muscles of neck and back -provides sensory and motor fibers for sternocleidomastoid and traqezius muscles and muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx |
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CRANIAL NERVE XII
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XII HYPOGLOSSAL
-BOTH -fibers arise from medulla and exit from skull to travel to tongue -carries motor fibers to muscles of tongue and sensory impulses from tongue to brain |
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CRANIAL NERVES MAY HAVE WHAT
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one or more of these three functions
-sensory (special or general) -somatic motor (skeletal muscles) -parasympathetic (regulation of glands, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle) |
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CERVICAL NERVES
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C1-C8
first half cervical plexus second half brachial plexus |
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THORACIC NERVES
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T1-T12
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LUMBAR NERVES
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L1-L5
second half lumbar plexus |
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SACRAL NERVES
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S1-S5
most of sacral plexus |
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COCCYGEAL NERVE
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C0
last part of sacral plexus |
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SUPERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE
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-comes from L4, L5, and S1
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INFERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE
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-comes from L5, S1, and S2
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PUDENDAL NERVE
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-comes from S2, S3, and S4
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SCIATIC NERVE
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-come from L4 - S3
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POSTERIOR FEMORAL CUTANEOUS
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-comes from S1 - S3
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SIMPLE REFLEX ARC
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1) stimulus --> receptor --> sensory neuron --> integration center --> association neuron
2) --> motor neuron --> effector --> response |
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VISCERAL REFLEX ARC
(AUTONOMIC REFLEX) |
stimulus --> sensory receptor in viscera --> travels along visceral sensory fiber --> to dorsal root ganglion --> to CNS integration center in spinal cord (may be preganglionic neuron) --> travels through preganglionic neuron --> to postganglionic neuron --> visceral effector --> response
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BRAIN BLOOD FLOW REQUIREMENTS
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750ml/min
3 main arteries R and L carotid (anterior) supplies the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes Basilar (posterior) supplies the occipital lobes, cerebellum and brainstem **each supplying 250ml/min with total intracranial blood volume of 100-150 ml at any given time |
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WHOLE BRAIN FILLS WITH BLOOD EVERY ...
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5-7min
Every min 100g of brain should receive 55ml of blood |
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SOMATIC PORTION OF SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM
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receives info from a particular structure i.e. skin, mucosa, cartilage, joints, bones, muscles
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VISCERAL PORTION OF SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM
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-receives info from the internal organs
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SATELLITE AND SCHWAAN CELLS
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-part of the PNS
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MYELIN
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-produced by oligodendrocytes for the CNS
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BASAL NUCLEI AND BASAL GANGLIA
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-clusters of grey matter
(bodies of neurons) |
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DIENCEPHALON
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-includes everything with the name thalamus in it
-only one hemisphere |
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CORTEX
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-all sensory impulses go to the cortex through the thalamus
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CEREBELLUM
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-means little brain, coordination of ataxia, muscle tone and activity
-voluntary movement automatic completion of movement smooth and graceful -coordinates with middle ear as well |
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WHERE IS THE ACTION POTENTIAL CREATED
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-exactly at the point where the axon is started
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