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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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TELENCEPHALON
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-cerebrum (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia)
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
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-contains cell bodies and dendrites of neurons, often referred to as grey matter
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GREY MATTER
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-columns perpendicular to the surface that receive, integrate, sotre, and transmit information
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WHITE MATTER
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-lies beneath the cerebral cortex and is composed of myelinated fibers
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CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
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-separated by the longitudinal fissure
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PREFRONTAL AREA
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-responsible for goal oriented behavior, ability to concentrate, short term memory recall, and the elaboration of thought, inhibition, on the limbic emotional area of the brain
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PREMOTOR AREA
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-involved in programming motor movements (also contain cell bodies that form part of the basal ganglia system)
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BASAL GANGLIA SYSTEM
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-extrapyramidal system, efferent pathways outside the pyramids of the medulla oblongata
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PRIMARY MOTOR AREA
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VOLUNTARY - little man
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CEREBRAL IMPULSES
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-control function in the opposite side fo the body (CONTRALATERAL CONTROL)
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FRONTAL LOBE
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-motor, goal oriented behavior, memory
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PARIETAL LOBE
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-somatic sensory input
-communication b/t sensory and motor fibers are provided by association fibers (storage, analysis, and interpretation of stimuli) |
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TEMPORAL LOBE
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-integration and particular type of sensory info like hearing, taste and some elaborate thinking
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OCCIPITAL
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vision
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PRECENTRAL GYRUS
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-motor cortex
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POST CENTRAL GYRUS
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-somato sensory cortex
**all sensory impulses end in the post central gyrus |
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SENSORY STIMULI
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-stimulus - reception - transition - perception
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VERTICAL AXIS
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-cerebrum and spinal cord
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HORIZONTAL AXIS
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-all the nerves
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MINIMUM NUMBER OF RECEPTORS REQ FOR CNS TO COMMUNICATE WITH THE PNS
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-two (critical point is where the impulses change directions)
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WHERE ARE MOTOR IMPULSES SENT
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-all are sent to the basal ganglia where they are monitored and corrected
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3 DIFFERENT FIBERS IN THE CNS
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-axons -
-association fibers - connecting areas of same lobe sometimes can go to another lobe but same hemisphere -projection fibers - going up or down, (upper with lower), this is how impulses are sent from the corpus to the effectors or from receptors to the cortex |
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
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-bundle of commissural fibers that will connect similar structures in both hemispheres
-USE THIS WHEN YOU NEED TO CONNECT SIMILAR AREAS IN DIFFERENT HEMISPHERE |
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NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
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-has to do with addiction and is damaged when a person is addicted
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CSF PRODUCTION
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-produced in the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles then goes to 3rd ventricle (which is located at the level of the diencephalon)
-lateral and third ventricles communicate through the foramen of munro--> CSF goes to the fourth ventricle |
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CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT
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-hole that CSF goes through from 3rd ventricle to 4th
-also know as the Sylvian aqueduct |
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CSF FLOW
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-prod in choroid plexus in lateral ventricles, through the foramen of munro to the 3rd ventricle, through the sylvian aqueduct to 4th ventricle, to spinal cord, down to subarachnoid space, and return to convexity cranium where it is reabsorbed in the villi
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4TH VENTRICLE
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-some CSF is produced in this ventricle
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HYDROCEPHALUS (CONGENITAL)
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-hole between lateral ventricles and third ventricle is blocked
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COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS
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-can cross from one side to the other but there is a problem with absorption or production
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NONCOMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS
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-problem with communication (an occlusion along the way)
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CSF
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-produced in the ventricles
-absorbed in the subarachnoid system -should not have protein in it -150ml spinal fluid, we make about 500cc/day |
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3 VESSELS COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS THE BRACHIO CEPHALIC VESSEL
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individual names
1- brachial cephalic artery (A.K.A. innomminate artery) 2- L common carotid artery 3- L subclavian artery |
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BRACHIAL CEPHALIC ARTERY
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-bifurcates or divides into two vessels (two arches) the R common carotid and R subclavian artery
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DIRECT BRANCHES FROM BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY
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-R common carotid and R subclavian
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DIRECT BRANCHES FROM THE AORTA
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-L common carotid artery and L subclavian artery
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COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES
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-go up the area of the neck near the angle of the mandible and divide into the external and internal carotid arteries
EXTERNAL carotid artery remains outside the cranial cavity and supplies the face, mouth, orbit, and the scalp INTERNAL carotid artery remains inside the cranial cavity and continues up until it divides into the middle and anterior cerebral artery |
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80-85% OF TOTAL ARTERIAL BLOOD GOES TO THE CEREBRUM BY...
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the anterior circulation (carotid circulation) which includes the internal carotids to the anterior cerebral arteries to the anterior communicating artery (there is only ONE anterior communicating artery)
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INTERNAL MAMMARY ARTERY
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-goes down and the vertebral artery goes up the posterior portion of the neck
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SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
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-continues to supply the area of the shoulder and eventually the radial and ulnar
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VERTEBRAL ARTERY
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-originates from the subclavian artery (2 of them) they join and form one single artery the BASILAR
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BASILAR ARTERY
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-responsible for arterial supply to the brainstem, cerebellum, and mesencephalon --> as it nears the PONS it bifurcates again forming the R and L posterior cerebral artery --> then each cerebral artery join the ipsilateral with the posterior communicating arteries
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CIRCLE OF WILLIS
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-helps to shunt or move blood from one side to another and from one circulation to the other
-STRUCTURES -R and L anterior cerebral arteries, anterior communicating artery, R and L mid cerebral arteries, R and L posterior cerebral arteries, and R and L posterior communicating arteries |
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SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
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-dopamine is prod. here, not that you don't have enough dopamine in parkinsons it is that you have a lot of ACh
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PATHWAYS FOR THE IMPULSES
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first is the origin and the second is the destination
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LATERAL CORTICO SPINAL TRACT
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AKA pyramidal tract (crosses to another side at the level of decussation which means crossing of the pyramids
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CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
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-two lateral or (anterior/ventral) send impulses to reg motor activity, usually voluntary
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RUBROSPINAL
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-Red nucleus to the spinal cord, (red nucleus is the subcortical area) descending motor
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SPINOTHALAMIC
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ascending
ORIGIN post central gyrus in the sensory receptors (most of the time on surface of the body) |
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SENSORY NERVE FIBERS
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-all have to go through the dorsal root ganglion before getting to the spinal cord
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SENSORY AND MOTOR FIBERS
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-are separate but they run together
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FIRST SENSORY NEURON
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located in the dorsal root ganglion
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SENSORY TRACTS
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2 synapses and 3 neurons
-2 kinds, medial leminiscus and spinal thalamic |
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SENSORY IMPULSES TO THE BRAIN (FLOW)
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1- sensory impulse received by sensory receptor, first sensory neuron located in the dorsal root ganglion
2- --> whose axon is entering the spinal cord and dorsal horn and goes up the same side (can be two ways ipsilateral or cross here) to medulla oblongata 3- then it crosses (or crossed at the spinal cord) to the other side after a synapse --> second sensory neuron 4- The axon of the second sensory neuron will to to the thalamus --> another synapse --> 5- towards the third sensory neuron which axon gets to the post central gyrus and that is where the impulse is finally received and perceived |
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WHEN DO YOU START TO FEEL THE STIMULUS
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when it reaches the post central gyrus
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MEDIAL LEMINISCUS
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fibers that grow from the decussation (crossing) to the thalamus
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MOTOR DESCENDING PATHWAYS
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-of one type - have upper and lower motor neuron
-cross at the level of the medulla oblongata |
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SENSORY ASCENDING PATHWAYS
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-cross upstairs at the medulla oblongata or downstairs (at the level of sensory stimulus at the spinal cord)
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LATERAL OR ANTERIOR SPINAL THALAMIC
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-first sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglia --> dorsal horn --> crosses to the other side --> goes up contralateral up to the medulla oblongata --> thalamus --> post central gyrus
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SPINALTHALAMIC SENSES
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pain, temp, and light pressure
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DORSAL COLUMN MEDIAL LEMISCUS
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vibration deep touch, sensation of deep pressure
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CRANIAL NERVE I
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OLFACTORY
sensory |
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CRANIAL NERVE II
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OPTIC
sensory |
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CRANIAL NERVE III
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OCULOMOTOR
motor 1)superior rectus - moves eye up 2) inferior rectus - moves eye down 3) medial rectus - moves eye in 4) lateral rectus - moves eye to outside |
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CRANIAL NERVE IV
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TROCHLEAR
motor superior oblique |
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CRANIAL NERVE V
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TRIGEMINAL
mixed, 3 branches sensory - innervates the muscles of the face motor - innervates for mastication |
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CRANIAL NERVE VI
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ABDUCENS
motor moves the eye towards the lateral |
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CRANIAL NERVE VII
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FACIAL
mixed motor - facial expression sensory - receives taste for the anterior 2/3 portion of the tongue |
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CRANIAL NERVE VIII
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VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
sensory vestibular portion - equilibrium of the body cochlear portion - deals with hearing and vision |
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CRANIAL NERVE IX
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GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
mixed motor - fibers in the pharynx, swallowing sensory - posterior 1/3 portion of the tongue |
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CRANIAL NERVE X
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VAGUS
mixed motor - cardiac function, GI motility, and secretion, speech phonation, and resp function sensory - internal organs of the thoracic cavity |
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CRANIAL NERVE XI
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ACCESSORY OR SPINAL
motor - neck and upper portion of the shoulder |
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CRANIAL NERVE XII
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HYPOGLOSSAL
MOTOR - extrinsic muscle of the tongue |
