Nervous System, Neurons, Glial Cells

Front 1

Gray Matter=
White Matter=

Back 1

mostly cell bodies
mostly axons

Front 2

Nuclei=
cortex=

Back 2

clusters of neurons
layers of neurons

Front 3

Neurons are terminally....

Back 3

differentiated. lack capacity for cell division after prenatal development. CNS can't regrow. PNS can sometimes regrow depending on damage

Front 4

name the 4 main parts of the neuron

Back 4

dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, synaptic bouton

Front 5

Dendrites contain fine filaments, ___, ___, and ____. Also have ____

Back 5

mitochondria, RER and free ribosomes. also have spines

Front 6

dendritic spines are what? associated with?

density correlated with?

Back 6

small lateral projections along dendrite shaft associated with synaptic contacts.

density correlated with greater synaptic capacity and efficacy

Front 7

Soma is what? used for?
abundant in?

Back 7

cell body, metabolic support for cell, abundant RER (lots of protein synthesis) and mitochondria

Front 8

axons do what? abundant in? don't have what? what are the side branches called?

Back 8

conduct/carry action potentials
abundant in microtubules
some mitochondria, NO RER

side branches=collaterals

Front 9

Axonal Transport what is it? what are the 2 types?

Back 9

electrical mechanism to move molecules and organelles along inside the axon.

anterograde (orthograde): molecules made in soma transported to needed place in axon

retrograde: take up molecules at boutons and transport toward soma

Front 10

Orthograde/Anterograde uses what protein?
Retrograde uses what protein?

Back 10

Kinesin
Dynein

Front 11

Alzeimhers disease has less of what two types of synapses?

Back 11

perforated and multiple spine boutons

Front 12

Convergence

Back 12

single neuron receive input from many sources/neurons. motor neurons

Front 13

divergence

Back 13

axon of neuron branches to affect cells in many different locations. sensory system.

5-10x more sensory neurons than motor

Front 14

Afferent vs. Efferent Neurons vs. Inter Neurons

Back 14

Afferent=carry signals into the CNS from Sensory cells (A=Arrives at CNS)

Efferent=carry signal from CNS to muscles/glands (Exits CNS)

Interneurons=interconnect groups of neurons in CNS. Most neurons in brain are inter

Front 15

unipolar
Bilpolar
Multipolar: Spherical vs. Planar (Pyramidal, Purkinje, motor)

Back 15

-smallest nerve cells. invertebrates.
-two sets of processes extending from opposite sides of cell
-multipolar: most common, branched processes. one axon, rest dendrites

Front 16

Nissl Bodies

Back 16

Large amounts of RER in soma used for protein synth needed to maintain healthy neuron

Front 17

Chromatolysis results in what?

Back 17

neuron injured: cell becomes pale, swells, loss of Nissl Staining, protein synth increased, RER dispersed, Nucleus becomes large, vesicular, moves to margin of cell

Front 18

What diseases are associated with chromatolysis?

Back 18

ballooned neurons seen in ALS, Alzheimers, pellagra, prion disease, pick's disease,

Front 19

Neuromelanin

Back 19

present only in humans, possible byproduct of neurotransitter synthesis, parkinsons presents a loss in neuromelanin

Front 20

Neuroglia

Back 20

glue which hold brain together, important supportive functions for neurons

90% of cells in brain are glia, 50% of volume of neural tissue, smaller than neurons

Einstein had lots!

Front 21

Function of Glial cells

Back 21

-maintain ionic milieu
-modulate signal -propagation/synaptic action
-uptake of neurotransmitter
-provide scaffolding
-aid in damage recovery

Front 22

4 types of glia

Back 22

astrocytes: maintain environment
ependymal: line ventricles, CSF
oligodendrocytes: form myelin
microglia: phagocytic

Front 23

Glia develop how?


what function do they maintain?

Back 23

stem cells--->neuroblasts (neurons) and glioblasts (glia)

CNS glioblasts->glia in ventricular zone of neural tube
PNS glia come from stem cells in neural crest

neuroglia retain ability to prolifeerate under certain stimuli

Front 24

Astrocytes help do what?

2 main types

Back 24

star shaped-help regulate internal environment around neurons
ex.) uptake of glutamate/BBB barrier

Protoplasmic=stubby, gray matter

Fibrous=long, thin, IF, white matter

Front 25

Ependymal cells

Back 25

line the fluid-filled ventricular spaces of the brain

Front 26

Oligodendrocytes

Back 26

elaborate myelin around CNS axons

Front 27

microglia

Back 27

phagocytes

Front 28

Oligodendrocytes are in the ____ and make _____

Schwann cells are in the _____ and make _____

Back 28

oligo=CNS, produce myelin

schwann=PNS, produce myelin

Front 29

Astrocytes takes up free ____ and maintain ____

Abundant in____

spread through glial cells via____

Back 29

K+ and maintain inactive field (constantly active field is toxic) also regulate water and ionic balance in CNS

abundant in Na+/K+ pumps

gap junctions

Front 30

ALS and glia

Back 30

ALS=dysfunction of glutamate uptake transporters->hangs out in synaptic cleft with nowhere to go

Front 31

Glia guide _____, induce _____ to make the _____

Back 31

axons, induce tight juctions (when contact capillaries) to make the BBB

Front 32

Radial glia=
glia secrete ____ and ____ to guide CNS development

Back 32

scaffolding for neurons,
trophic molecules and surface proteogylcans

Front 33

BBB upside/downside

Back 33

up: isolation of brain from toxic/blood borne molecules

down: difficult to get therapeutic agents to CNS

Front 34

astrocyte reaction, what happens? results in?

Back 34

response of astrocytes to tissue damage by enlarging, proliferating, increasing metabolic activity, phagocytosis,

results in glial scar

Front 35

Ependymal calls line____, joined together by____
Help to circulate____, which is secreted by____

Back 35

ventricles/cavities of the brain, joined together by tight junctions
CSF via cilia, secreted by Choroid Plexus (look like grapes in the ventricles)

Front 36

1 schwann cell: #? nerve axons?

Back 36

1

Front 37

1 oligodendrocyte: #? nerve axons?

Back 37

LOTS!

Front 38

Multiple Sclerosis is due to

Back 38

demylination

Front 39

myelin proteins PNS vs. CNS

Back 39

PNS: protein zero (glycoprotein in schwann cells) myelin basic protein ("glue", essential for compaction) and

CNS: Proteolipid protein (PLP), Myelin Basic protein

Front 40

Microglia

Back 40

inflammatory response to cell damage, get "angry", enlarged, short/stubby

relaxed=small cell body with long processes

Front 41

Inflammatory Theory on Aging

Back 41

cytokkine levels elevated in aged individuals, body less able to handle infections
-AD, ALS and PD both correlated with neuroinflammation

Front 42

Knee jerk reflex is testing what? what kind of system is it?

Back 42

monosynaptic muscle stretch reflex. two-neuron system=afferent-motor neuron=all or none response

Front 43

PNS runs...
what exists only in the PNS?

Back 43

throughout the body.
nerves.

Front 44

PNS comes from what?

Back 44

Neural Crest Cells

Front 45

PNS is a collection of ?

Back 45

neuronal cell bodies called ganglia

Front 46

3 components of the PNS

Back 46

1)sensory (afferent)
2)motor (efferent)
3)visceral/autonomic motor=smooth, cardiac, secretory muscles/glands -what is the autonomic nervous system composed of?

Front 47

What is the ANS composed of? what is the ANS part of?

Back 47

the Sympathetic nervous system "flight or fight"
and the Parapsympathetic nervous system=parachute, rest/digest

and the Enteric Nervous system=digest=contraction of the gut

ANS is part of the PNS

Front 48

CNS=

Back 48

brain and spinal cord

Front 49

CNS derives from...?

Back 49

the neuroectoderm

Front 50

clumps of neruons in the CNS are called

Back 50

nuclei

Front 51

the entire CNS is protected by

Back 51

bone

Front 52

Components of the spinal cord

Back 52

sensory neurons, motor neuron cell bodies, pre-ganglionic sym/parasym neurons, interneurons, ascending sensory/descending motor tracts