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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

invasive procedure that can determine the narrowing or blockage of an artery w/in the brain
Diagnoses:
CVA, brain tumor, aneurysm, vascular malformation

CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY

typically non-invasive procedure providing a cross section of the area or brain or spinal cord tested w/precise 2 dimensional views of bones, tissue, & organs
RULES OUT:
vascular malformation, tumors, cysts, herniated disks, hemorrhage, epilepsy, encephalitis, spinal stenosis, intracranial bleeding, & head injury
computed tomography (CT scan)
invasive procedure used to evaluate the integrity & pathology of a spinal disk using contrast dye which is injected and a CT scan to better assess suspected damage of the intervertebral disks

discography

non-invasive procedure that continuously measures electrical activity of the brain using electrodes attached to the skull.
RULES OUT:
seizure disorders, brain death, brain tumor, brain damage, inflammation, alcoholism, select psychiatric disorders, & degenerative disorders that affect the brain
electroencephalography (EEG)
invasive procedure used to assess nerve & mm dysfunction or spinal cord disease
RULES OUT:
mm pathology, nerve pathology, spinal cord disease, denervated mm, & lower motor neuron injury
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
non-invasive procedure using 2 sets of electrodes that record the time it takes for an impulse to reach the brain
RULES OUT:
multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, acoustic neuroma (small tumors of the inner ear) & spinal cord injury
EVOKED POTENTIALS
non-invasive brain scan imaging that provides detailed images including tissues, organs, bones, & nerves
RULES OUT:
brain & spinal tumors, multiple sclerosis, & head trauma
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
invasive procedure of the spinal canal using contrast dye & X-ray imaging
RULES OUT:
potential abnormalities surrounding the subarachnoid space, spinal nerve injury, herniated disks, fractures, back or leg pathology, & spinal tumors

MYELOGRAPHY

non-invasive stimulation of a peripheral nerve to determine the nerve action potentials & the nerve's ability to send a signal
RULES OUT:
peripheral neuropathies, carpal tunnel, demyelination pathology, & peripheral nerve compression
NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY (NCV)
brain scan imaging that provides 2 & 3 dimensional pictures of brain activity
RULES OUT:
cerbral circulation pathology, metabolism dysfunction, tumors, blood flow, & brain changes following injury or drug abuse
positron emission tomography (PET)
invasive procedure that inserts a needle through lumbar puncture below L1-L2 for cerebral spinal fluid sample
RULES OUT:
hemorrage, inflammation, infection, meningitis, & tumor
spinal puncture (lumbar)
hemorrhage that forms between the skull & dura mater
epidural hematoma
hemorrhage that forms due to venous rupture between the dura & arachnoid

subdural hematoma

state of unconsciousness & a level of unresponsiveness to all internal & external stimuli
coma
state of general unresponsiveness w/arousal occurring from repeated stimuli
stupor
state of consciousness that is characterized by a state of sleep, reduced alertness to arousal, & delayed responses to stimuli
obtundity
state of consciousness that is characterized by disorientation, confusion, agitation, & loudness
delirium
state of consciousness that is characterized by quiet behavior, confusion, poor attitude, & delayed responses
clouding of conciousness
state of alertness, awareness, orientation & memory
consciousness
concussion w/no loss of consciousness, but some transient confusion. Typically resolves w/in 15 mins w/full memory of event. athlete may return to duty after 1 week of symptom free rest
grade 1 concussion
concussion from moderate head injury w/transient confusion >15mins, poor concentration, retrograde/antegrade amnesia. CT scan indicated if symptoms worsen. Athlete may return to sport when asymptomatic for 2weeks at rest & w/exertion
grade 2 concussion
concussion w/loss of consciousness (LOC). transport to ER for full neurological eval. hospitalization warranted if altered consciousness or mental status persists. Athletes should be w/held from sport for min of 1month (symptom free).
secondary to diffuse axonal injury & if severe can lead to coma
grade 3
RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-deep sleep
-unresponsive to any stimuli
I. NO RESPONSE
RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-reacts inconsistantly/non-purposefully/non-specific
-limited responses, repeated regardless of stimuli
-response may be physiological changes, gross body movement, &/or vocalization
II. GENERALIZED RESPONSE
RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-reacts specifically but inconsistently
-responses directly related to type of stimuli
-may follow simple commands in an inconsistent/delayed manner (close eyes/squeeze hand)
III. LOCALIZED RESPONSE
RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-heightened state of activity
-bizarre behavior, not related to environment
-doesn't discriminate among persons/objects
-unable to cooporate directly w/treatment efforts
-verbally incoherent/inappropriate (confabulation)
-gross attn to environment brief, selective attn non-existent
-pt lacks short/long term recall
IV. CONFUSED-AGITATED
RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-able to respond to simple commands fairly consistently
-complex commands=responds non-purposeful, random, or fragmented
-gross attn to environment, but easily distracted & can't focus on specific task.
-may be able to converse on a social automatic level w/structure for short periods
-verbalization is often inappropriate & confabulatory
-memory severely impaired
-inappropriate use of objects
-may perform previously learned tasks w/structure but can't learn new information
V. CONFUSED-INAPPROPRIATE
RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-goal directed behavior, but needs external input or direction
-follows simple directions consistantly & shows carryover for relearned tasks
-responses may be incorrect due to memory problems, but are appropriate to the situation
-past memories show more detail & depth than recent memory
VI. CONFUSED APPROPRIATE
RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-appears appropriate & oriented in home or hospital setting
-performs daily routine automatic, but robot-like
-min/no confusion & shallow recall of activities
-shows carryover for new learning but at a decreased rate
-able to initiate social/recreational activities w/structure
-judgement remains impaired
VII. AUTOMATIC-APPROPRIATE
RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-able to recall/integrate past & recent events
-aware/responsive to environment
-shows carryover for new learning & needs no supervision once activities are learned
-may continue to show decreased ability relative to premorbid abilities, abstract reasoning, tolerance for stress, & judgement in emergencies or unusual circumstances
VIII. PURPOSEFUL APPROPRIATE
ON THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE, A SCORE OF =8 MEANS WHAT?
SEVERE BRAIN INJURY/COMA
ON THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE, A SCORE OF 9-12 MEANS WHAT
MODERATE BRAIN INJURY
ON THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE, A SCORE OF 13-15 MEANS WHAT?
MILD BRAIN INJURY