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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
invasive procedure that can determine the narrowing or blockage of an artery w/in the brain |
CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY |
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typically non-invasive procedure providing a cross section of the area or brain or spinal cord tested w/precise 2 dimensional views of bones, tissue, & organs
RULES OUT: vascular malformation, tumors, cysts, herniated disks, hemorrhage, epilepsy, encephalitis, spinal stenosis, intracranial bleeding, & head injury |
computed tomography (CT scan)
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invasive procedure used to evaluate the integrity & pathology of a spinal disk using contrast dye which is injected and a CT scan to better assess suspected damage of the intervertebral disks
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discography |
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non-invasive procedure that continuously measures electrical activity of the brain using electrodes attached to the skull.
RULES OUT: seizure disorders, brain death, brain tumor, brain damage, inflammation, alcoholism, select psychiatric disorders, & degenerative disorders that affect the brain |
electroencephalography (EEG)
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invasive procedure used to assess nerve & mm dysfunction or spinal cord disease
RULES OUT: mm pathology, nerve pathology, spinal cord disease, denervated mm, & lower motor neuron injury |
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
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non-invasive procedure using 2 sets of electrodes that record the time it takes for an impulse to reach the brain
RULES OUT: multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, acoustic neuroma (small tumors of the inner ear) & spinal cord injury |
EVOKED POTENTIALS
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non-invasive brain scan imaging that provides detailed images including tissues, organs, bones, & nerves
RULES OUT: brain & spinal tumors, multiple sclerosis, & head trauma |
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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invasive procedure of the spinal canal using contrast dye & X-ray imaging
RULES OUT: potential abnormalities surrounding the subarachnoid space, spinal nerve injury, herniated disks, fractures, back or leg pathology, & spinal tumors |
MYELOGRAPHY |
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non-invasive stimulation of a peripheral nerve to determine the nerve action potentials & the nerve's ability to send a signal
RULES OUT: peripheral neuropathies, carpal tunnel, demyelination pathology, & peripheral nerve compression |
NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY (NCV)
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brain scan imaging that provides 2 & 3 dimensional pictures of brain activity
RULES OUT: cerbral circulation pathology, metabolism dysfunction, tumors, blood flow, & brain changes following injury or drug abuse |
positron emission tomography (PET)
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invasive procedure that inserts a needle through lumbar puncture below L1-L2 for cerebral spinal fluid sample
RULES OUT: hemorrage, inflammation, infection, meningitis, & tumor |
spinal puncture (lumbar)
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hemorrhage that forms between the skull & dura mater
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epidural hematoma
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hemorrhage that forms due to venous rupture between the dura & arachnoid
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subdural hematoma |
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state of unconsciousness & a level of unresponsiveness to all internal & external stimuli
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coma
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state of general unresponsiveness w/arousal occurring from repeated stimuli
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stupor
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state of consciousness that is characterized by a state of sleep, reduced alertness to arousal, & delayed responses to stimuli
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obtundity
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state of consciousness that is characterized by disorientation, confusion, agitation, & loudness
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delirium
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state of consciousness that is characterized by quiet behavior, confusion, poor attitude, & delayed responses
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clouding of conciousness
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state of alertness, awareness, orientation & memory
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consciousness
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concussion w/no loss of consciousness, but some transient confusion. Typically resolves w/in 15 mins w/full memory of event. athlete may return to duty after 1 week of symptom free rest
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grade 1 concussion
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concussion from moderate head injury w/transient confusion >15mins, poor concentration, retrograde/antegrade amnesia. CT scan indicated if symptoms worsen. Athlete may return to sport when asymptomatic for 2weeks at rest & w/exertion
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grade 2 concussion
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concussion w/loss of consciousness (LOC). transport to ER for full neurological eval. hospitalization warranted if altered consciousness or mental status persists. Athletes should be w/held from sport for min of 1month (symptom free).
secondary to diffuse axonal injury & if severe can lead to coma |
grade 3
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RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-deep sleep -unresponsive to any stimuli |
I. NO RESPONSE
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RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-reacts inconsistantly/non-purposefully/non-specific -limited responses, repeated regardless of stimuli -response may be physiological changes, gross body movement, &/or vocalization |
II. GENERALIZED RESPONSE
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RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-reacts specifically but inconsistently -responses directly related to type of stimuli -may follow simple commands in an inconsistent/delayed manner (close eyes/squeeze hand) |
III. LOCALIZED RESPONSE
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RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-heightened state of activity -bizarre behavior, not related to environment -doesn't discriminate among persons/objects -unable to cooporate directly w/treatment efforts -verbally incoherent/inappropriate (confabulation) -gross attn to environment brief, selective attn non-existent -pt lacks short/long term recall |
IV. CONFUSED-AGITATED
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RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-able to respond to simple commands fairly consistently -complex commands=responds non-purposeful, random, or fragmented -gross attn to environment, but easily distracted & can't focus on specific task. -may be able to converse on a social automatic level w/structure for short periods -verbalization is often inappropriate & confabulatory -memory severely impaired -inappropriate use of objects -may perform previously learned tasks w/structure but can't learn new information |
V. CONFUSED-INAPPROPRIATE
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RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-goal directed behavior, but needs external input or direction -follows simple directions consistantly & shows carryover for relearned tasks -responses may be incorrect due to memory problems, but are appropriate to the situation -past memories show more detail & depth than recent memory |
VI. CONFUSED APPROPRIATE
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RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-appears appropriate & oriented in home or hospital setting -performs daily routine automatic, but robot-like -min/no confusion & shallow recall of activities -shows carryover for new learning but at a decreased rate -able to initiate social/recreational activities w/structure -judgement remains impaired |
VII. AUTOMATIC-APPROPRIATE
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RANCHOS LOS AMIGOS:
-able to recall/integrate past & recent events -aware/responsive to environment -shows carryover for new learning & needs no supervision once activities are learned -may continue to show decreased ability relative to premorbid abilities, abstract reasoning, tolerance for stress, & judgement in emergencies or unusual circumstances |
VIII. PURPOSEFUL APPROPRIATE
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ON THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE, A SCORE OF =8 MEANS WHAT?
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SEVERE BRAIN INJURY/COMA
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ON THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE, A SCORE OF 9-12 MEANS WHAT
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MODERATE BRAIN INJURY
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ON THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE, A SCORE OF 13-15 MEANS WHAT?
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MILD BRAIN INJURY
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