Nervous System - Lecture 1 Continued

Front 1

What does the PNS consist of?

Back 1

All neuronal structures outside the CNS - including spinal nerves, cranial nerves and portions of the ANS.

Front 2

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Back 2

There are 31 pairs.

Front 3

Where do the cranial nerves run through?

Back 3

They start in the brainstem & pass through the foramina in the skull - serve the face and neck.

Front 4

What are the two roots in the spinal nerves?

Back 4

Ventral & Dorsal.

Front 5

Whis root is efferent and which is afferent?

Back 5

Ventral = efferent
Dorsal = afferent

Front 6

What does efferent mean?

Back 6

Deals w/sensory, directed away from the center - directed away from.

Front 7

What is afferent?

Back 7

Deals w/motor, proceeding toward a center.

Front 8

What is a dermatome?

Back 8

Map of the body - area of sensory skin - innervation by a specific spinal nerve.

Front 9

How many pairs serve the face and neck?

Back 9

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves - may consist of motor or sensory nerves or both.

Front 10

What does the ANS (autonomic nervous system) do?

Back 10

Controls involuntary function of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.

Front 11

What are the two systems of the ANS?

Back 11

PNS
SNS

Front 12

What neurotransmitters are in the SNS?

Back 12

Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine

Front 13

What neurotransmitters are in the PNS?

Back 13

Acetylcholine

Front 14

Which system has the "fight or flight" response?

Back 14

SNS

Front 15

What are some effects of the SNS?

Back 15

*Increase in strength of heartbeat & rate (B-receptors)
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Front 16

Where does the blood supply to the brain come from?

Back 16

Internal carotid (front) and vertebral arteries (back).

Front 17

Where does cerebral venous blood drain through?

Back 17

It drains through the dural sinuses and into the jugular vein - then into superior vena cava....

Front 18

The internal carotid artery divides into what two arteries?

Back 18

Anterior and middle cerebral artery.

Front 19

What is the Circle of Willis?

Back 19

By the joining of the arteries in the "circle" - this gives opportunity for the brain to fluctuate any pressure/pressure accomodation. Acts as safety valve.

Front 20

What do the vertebral arteris divide into?

Back 20

Posterior arteries.

Front 21

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Back 21

A physiologic barrier between the capillaries and the brain tissue that protects the brain from harmful agents.

Front 22

What drugs can enter the brain through this barrier?

Back 22

Only certain drugs that are lipid soluble can enter through the barrier.

Front 23

What are the three protective structures regarding the nervous system?

Back 23

Skull
Meninges
Vertebral column

Front 24

What is the protective mechanism of the skull?

Back 24

It protects the brain/nervous system from external trauma.

Front 25

What do the meninges do?

Back 25

Three layers of protective membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord.

Front 26

What is the breakdown of the vertebral column?

Back 26

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal.

Front 27

What are some effects on the nervous system due to aging?

Back 27

Vulnerable to orthostatic hypotension, hyper/hypothermia, decr. memory, vision, hearing, taste, smell, position sense, muscle tone and reaction time. Increased interrupted sleep, insomnias and spontaneous awakening.

Front 28

What is apraxia?

Back 28

Inability to perform learned movements, defect in motor planning. Caused by cerebral cortex lesion.

Front 29

What is aphasia?

Back 29

Loss of comprehension and use of language.

Front 30

What is ataxia?

Back 30

Lack of coordination and movement (such as staggering gait and imbalance).

Front 31

What is diplopia?

Back 31

Double vision.

Front 32

What is dysarthria?

Back 32

Lack of coordination in articulating speech.

Front 33

What is dyskinesia?

Back 33

Impairment of power to execute voluntary movement resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements.

Front 34

What is dysphagia?

Back 34

Difficulty in swallowing.

Front 35

What is homonymous hemianopsia?

Back 35

Loss of vision in one side of visual field.

Front 36

What does the arterior frontal lobe control?

Back 36

It controls high order processes - judgment, insight, reasoning, problem solving, planning and personality.

Front 37

What does the posterior temporal lobe control?

Back 37

It integrates visual and auditory inputs for language comprehension and past experiences.

Front 38

Describe lumbar puncture:

Back 38

CSF is aspirated by needle insertion to assess the fluid.

Front 39

Describe x-rays for the nervous system:

Back 39

X-rays are done on skull & spinal cord to detect fractures.

Front 40

Describe CT-scan:

Back 40

Detects problems such as hemorrhage and tumors.

Front 41

Describe MRI:

Back 41

Detects multiple sclerosis and other dx. - uses magnetic energy - imaging.

Front 42

Describe MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy):

Back 42

Used for CVA's - similar to MRI.

Front 43

Describe myelogram?

Back 43

x-ray of spinal cord after injection of contrast medium into subarachnoid space. (check allergies)

Front 44

Describe ultrasounds?

Back 44

Carotid duplex studies - soundwaves determine blood flow velocity which indicates presence of occlusion vascular disease.