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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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___________ CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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CNS
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THE _________ CONNECTS THE BRAIN TO THE SPINAL CORD.
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BRAINSTEM
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__________ PROVIDES COMMUNICATION BY WAY OF THE SPINAL CORD
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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PNS
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________ IS THE MEMBRANES OF CNS. PROTECTS CNS
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MENINGES
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NAME THE THREE LAYERS OF MENINGES.
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DURA MATER, ARACHNOID MATER, PIA MATER
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CNS
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TOUGH MOTHER VENOUS SINUS AND IS ON SHEEP BRAIN.
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DURA MATER
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SPIDERWEB-LIKE AND SPACE CONTAINS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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ARACHNOID MATER
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CSF
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FAITHFUL MOTHER AND ENCAPSULATES BLOOD VESSELS.
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PIA MATER
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HOW MANY VENTRICLES ARE CONTINUOUS WITH THE CENTRAL CANAL OF THE SPINAL CORD
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FOUR VENTRICLES
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VENTRICLES ARE FILLED WITH WHAT FLUID.
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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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CSF
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NAME FOUR VENTRICLES.
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LATERAL VENTRICLES (2) AND THIRD & FOURTH VENTRICLE
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WHAT IS KEY FUNCTION?
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MAINTAIN STABLE ION CONCENTRATIONS IN CNS ALONG WITH NUTRITIVE AND PROTECTIVE
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BRAIN ELECTROLYTES
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SLENDER COLUMN OF _______ ________ CONTINUOUS WITH BRAN AND BRAINSTEM EXTENDS DOWNWARD THROUGH VERTEBRAL CANAL.
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NERVOUS TISSUE
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_______ FEED ARMS
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CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT
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_________ FEEDS LEGS
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LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT
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NAME THE PARTS OF THE GRAY MATTER
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POSTERIOR, ANTERIOR AND LATERAL HORN
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NAME THE PARTS OF THE WHITE MATTER
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POSTERIOR FUNICULUS AND LATERAL FUNICULUS
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FUNCTION OF SPINAL CORD
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CONDUIT FOR NERVE IMPULSES TO AND FROM THE BRAIN AND BRAINSTEM
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CONDUIT
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FUNCTION OF SPINAL CORD
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CENTER FOR SPINAL REFLEXES
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REFLEXES
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MIDDLE OF GRAY MATTER
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GRAY COMMISSURE AND CENTRAL CANAL
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WHAT ARE REFLEXES
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AUTOMATIC, SUBCONSCIOUS, RESPONSES TO STIMULI
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SIMPLE REFLEX ARC
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SENSORY MOTOR
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COMMON REFLEX ARE ________ ___________ ________
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SENSORY ASSOCIATION MOTOR
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SENSORY IS __________ NEURON
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AFFERENT NEURON
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MOTOR IS __________ NEURON
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EFFERENT NEURON
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MENINGES OF THE SPINAL CORD
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EPICURAL SPACE-FILLED IN WITH TISSUES FORMING A PROTECTIVE PAD AROUND THE CORD, BETWEEN THE DURAL SHEATH AND BONE OF THE VERTEBRA
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VENTRICLES
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-INTERCONNECTED CAVITIES
-IN CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES AND BRAINSTEM -FILLED WITH CSF, CEREBROSPINAL FLUID -TWO LATERAL VENTRICLES -3RD VENTRICLE -4TH VENTRICLE |
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RESTING POTENTIAL
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-INSIDE IS NEGATIVE RELATIVE TO THE OUTSIDE-7mv
-POLARIZED MEMBRANE-DUE TO DISTRIBUTION OF IONS -K+/K+ PUMP |
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DIVERGENCE
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-ONE NEURON SENDS IMPULSES TO SEVERAL NEURONS
-CAN AMPLIFY AN IMPULSE -IMPULSE FROM A SINGLE NEURON IN CNS MAY BE AMPLIFIED TO ACTIVATE ENOUGH MOTOR UNITS NEEDED FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
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IMPULSE PROCESSING CONVERGENCE
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-NEURON RECEIVES INPUT FROM SEVERAL NEURONS
-INCOMING IMPULSES REPRESENT INFO FROM DIFFERENCT TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS -ALLOWS NERVOUS SYSTEM TO COLLECT, PROCESS, AND RESPOND TO INFORMATION -MAKES IT POSSIBLE FOR A NEURON TO SAM IMPULSE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES |
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SPINAL CORD STRUCTURE
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-EXTENDS FROM FORAMEN MAGNUM TO 2ND LUMBAR VERTEBRA
-31 SEGMENTS W/PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES -CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT-LARGEST TO SUPPORT UPPER LIMBS -LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT- SUPPORTS LOWER LIMBS -CONUS MEDULLARIS -FILUM TERMINALE -CAUDA EQUINA |
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SPINAL CORD FUNCTION
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-REFLEX CENTER
-CONDUCTS IMPULSES TO AND FROM THE BRAIN |
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REFLEXES
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-AUTOMATIC, SUBCONSCIOUS RESPONSE TO STIMULI
-SIMPLEST NERVE PATHWAYS, ONLY FEW NEURONS INVOLVED |
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SPINAL REFLEX ARC
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1. RECEPTOR
2. SENSORY NEURON 3. INTEGRATION WITHIN CNS INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE SYNAPSE 4. MOTOR NEURON 5. AN EFFECTOR |
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KNEE JERK REFLEX
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-HELPS MAINTAIN POSTURE
-MINIMUM NUMBER OF NEURONS REQUIRED -SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS -SINGLE SYNAPSE IN SPINAL CORD |
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WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
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-PROTECTIVE
-SENSORY, INTER AND MOTOR NEURONS |
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CROSSED-EXTENSOR REFLEX
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-FLOOR MUSCLE ON ONE SIDE IS STIMULATED TO CONTRACT IN A WITHDRAW REFLEX
-EXTENSOR MUSCLE ON OPPOSITE SIDE CONTRACT TO MAINTAIN BALANCE |
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ASCENDING
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-SPINAL CORD TRACTS THAT CONDUCT SENSORY IMPULSES TO THE BRAIN
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DESENDING
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SPINAL CORD TRACTS CONDUCT MOTOR IMPULSES FROM THE BRAIN TO MOTOR NEURONS REACHING MUSCLES AND GLANDS
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BRAIN MAJORS PARTS
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CEREBRUM-2 HEMISPHERES
DIENCEPHALON BRAIN STEM CEREBELLUM |
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CEREBRUM
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-LARGE PART OF BRAIN
-MOST ANTERIOR PART OF BRAIN -RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS |
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
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CONNECTS HEMISPHERES OF CEREBRUM
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CONVOLUTIONS
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BUMPS OR GYRI OF CEREBRUM
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SULCI
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GROOVES OF CEREBRUM
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LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
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SEPARATES HEMISPHERES OF CEREBRUM
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TRANSVERSE FISSURE
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SEPARATES CEREBRUM FORM CEREBELLUM
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LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM
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-FRONTAL
-PARIETAL -TEMPORAL -OCCIPITAL -INSULA *CENTRAL SULCUS *LATERAL SULCUS |
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FUNCTION OF CEREBRUM
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-INTEPRETING SENSORY IMPULSES FROM THE SENSE ORGANS, HEARING, VISION, TOUCH , TASTE, TEMP.
-INITIATING VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENTS -STORING INFOR AS MEMORIES -UTILIZES INFO IN REASONING -CENTER FOR INTELLIGENCE AND PERSONALITY |
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
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-THIN LAYER OF GRAY MATTER THAT CONSTITUTES THE OUTERMOST PORTIOINS OF CEREBRUM
-CONTAINS 75% OF ALL NEURONS IN NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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CUTANEOUS SENSORY AREA
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-PARIETAL LOBE
-INTERPRETS SENSATIONS ON SKIN EX: TEMP, TOUCH, PRESSURE, PAIN |
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
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-THIN LAYER OF GRAY MATTER THAT CONSTITUTES THE OUTERMOST PORTIOINS OF CEREBRUM
-CONTAINS 75% OF ALL NEURONS IN NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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VISUAL AREA
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-SENSORY AREA
-OCCIPITAL LOBE -INTERPRETS VISIONS |
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SENSORY SPEECH
(WERNICKE'S AREA) |
-MOSTLY ON LEFT HEMISPHERE
-RECEIVES AND RELAYS INPUT FROM THE VISUAL CORTEX AND AUDITORY CORTEX -IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE |
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ASSOCIATION AREAS
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-LINK SENSORY AND MOTOR AREAS
-WIDESPREAD THROUGHOUT THE CEREBRAL CORTEX -ANALYZE AND INTERPRET SENSORY EXPERIENCES -PROVIDE MEMORY, REASONING, LANGUAGE, JUDGEMENT, EMOTIONS, PERSONALITY |
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FRONTAL LOBE ASSOCIATION AREAS
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-CONCENTRATING
-PLANNING -PROBLEM SOLVING -JUDGING |
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PARIETAL LOBE ASSOCIATION AREAS
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-UNDERSTANDING SPEECH
-USING WORDS TO EXPRESS THOUGHT |
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TEMPORAL LOBE ASSOCIATION AREAS
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-REMEMBER VISUAL SCENES
-REMEMBER MUSIC -REMEMBER COMPLEX PATTERNS |
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OCCIPITAL LOBE ASSOCIATION AREAS
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COMBINE VISUAL IMAGES WITH OTHER SENSORY EXPERIENCES
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PRIMARY MOTOR AREAS
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-FRONTAL LOBES
-CONTROL VOLUNTARY MUSCLES |
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BROCA'S AREA
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-MOTOR SPEECH AREA
-ANTERIOR TO PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX -USUALLY IN ONE HEMISPHERE -CONTROLLS MUSCLES NEEEDED FOR SPEECH |
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FRONTAL EYE FIELD
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-ABOVE BROCA'S AREA
-CONTROLS VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS OF EYES AND EYELIDS |
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HEMISPHERE DOMINANCE
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IN OVER 90% OF POPULATION, LEFT HEMISPHER IS DOMINANT
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DOMINATE HEMISPHERE CONTROLS
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SPEECH, WRITING, READING, VERBAL SKILLS, ANALYTICAL SKILLS, COMPUTATIONAL SKILLS
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NONDOMINANT HEMISPHERE CONTROLS
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-NONVERBAL TASKS
-MOTOR TASKS -UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETING MUSICALAND VISUAL PATTERNS -PROVIDES EMOTIONAL AND INTUITIVE THOUGHT PROCESSES |
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SHORT TERM MEMORY
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-WORKING MEMORY
-CLOSED CIRCUIT -CIRCUIT IS STIMULATED OVER AND OVER -WHEN IMPULSE FLOW STOPS MEMORY DISAPPEARS |
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LONG TERM MEMORY
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CHANGES STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NEURONS
-ENHANCED SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION |
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HIPPOCAMPUS
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WHERE THOUGHTS FORM IN PART OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
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BASAL NUCLEI
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-MASSES OF GRAY MATTER
-DEEP WITHIN CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES -PRODUCE DOPAMINE -CONTROL CERTAIN MUSCULAR ACTIVITIES -INTERACT W/ OTHER BRAIN AREAS TO FACILITATE VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT -CONSIST OF: CAUDATE NUCLEUS PUTAMEN GLOBUS PALLIDUS |
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DIENCEPHALON
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-BETWEEN BRAIN AND BETWEEN CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES AND BRAINSTEM
-SURROUNDS 3RD VENTRICLE -COMPOSED LARGELY OF GRAY MATTER -CONSISTS OF THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS -THALAMUS SELECTS INCOMING SENSORY IMPULSES AND RELAYS TO CEREBRAL CORTEX -HYPOTHALAMUS IMPORTANT TO MAINTENANCING HOMESTASIS -LIMBIC SYSTEM PRODUCES EMOTION AND MODIFIES BEHAVIOR -ASSOCIATED WITH: OPTIC CHIASMA, INFUNDIBULUM, POSTERIOR PITUITARY, MAMMILLARY BODIES, PINEAL GLAND |
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THALAMUS
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-TWO OVAL MASSES THAT BULGE FROM SIDE OF THIRD VENTRICLE
-GREAT RELAY STATION OF THE BRAIN -RECEIVEDS ALL SENSORY IMPULSES (EXCEPT SMELL) -CHANNELS IMPULSES TO APPROPRIATE PART OF CEREBRAL CORTEX FOR INTERPRETATION |
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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-FLOOR AND LOWER SIDE WALLS OF THIRD VENTRICLE
-MAINTAINS HOMEOSTATIS BY REGULATING VISCERAL ACTIVITIES -LINKS NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS -REGULATE THE FOLLOWING: -HEART RATE AND ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE -BODY TEMP, H20 AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE -CONTROLS HUNGER AND BODY WEIGHT, SLEEP/WAKEFULNESS -CONTROLS MOVEMENT AND GLANDULAR SECRETIONS OF STOMACH AND INTESTINE, PRODUCES NEUROSECRETORY SUBSTANCES (HORMONES) THAT CONTROL THE PITUITARY. |
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
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-CONSISTS OF PARTS OF THE CEREBRUM AND DIENCEPHALON
-CONTROLS EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES AND EXPRESSION -CAN MODIFY THE WAYS A PERSON ACTS -PRODUCES FEELINGS OF FEAR, ANGER, PLEASURE AND SORROW -PARTS OF SYSTEM INTERPRETS FROM THE OLFACTORY RECEPTORS |
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THREE PARTS OF BRAIN STEM
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-MIDBRAIN
-PONS -MEDULLA OBLONGATA |
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OLFACTORY-1
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-SENSE OF SMELL
-SENSORY FIBERS IMPULSES ASSOCIATED WITH SENSE OF SMELL |
SENSORY
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OPTIC-II
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-SENSE OF VISION-
-SENSORY FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SENSE OF VISION |
SENSORY
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OCULOMOTOR-III
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-PRIMARY MOTOR
-MOTOR FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES TO MUSCLES THAT RAISE THE EYELIDS, MOVE THE EYES, ADJUST LIGHT ENTERING THE EYES, AND FOCUS THE LENS. -SOME SENSORY FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES ASSOCIATED W/ PROPRIOCEPTORS |
PRIMARY MOTOR
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TROCHLEAR-IV
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-PRIMARILY MOTOR
-SMALLEST NERVE-TERM MEANS PULLEY-MOTOR FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES TO SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE EYES. -SOME SENSORY FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES ASSOCIATED WITH PROPRIOCEPTORS |
PRIMARILY MOTOR-
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TRIGEMINAL-V
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-MIXED
-OPTHALMIC DIVISION-SENSORY FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES FROM THE SURFACES OF THE EYES, TEAR GLANDS, SCALP, FOREHEAD AND UPPER LIDS -MAXILLARY DIVISION-SENSORY FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES FROM THE UPPER TEETH, UPPER GUM, UPPER LIP, LINING OF THE PALATE, AND SKIN OF THE FACE -MANDIBULAR DIVISION-SENSORY FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES ASSOCIATED WITH SCALP, SKIN OF JAW, LOWER TEETH, LOWER GUMS, LOWER LIP. -MOTOR MUSCLES OF MASTICATION AND MUSCLES OF FLOOR OF MOUTH. |
MIXED
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ABDUCENS-VI
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-PRIMARILY MOTOR
-MOTOR FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES TO MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE EYES -INNERVATES LATERAL RECTUS MUSCLE THAT ABDUCES THE EYE LATERALLY -SOME SENSORY FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPUSES ASSOCIATED WITH PROPRIOCEPTORS |
PRIMARILY MOTOR
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FACIAL-VII
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-MIXED
-SENSORY FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES ASSOCIATED WITH TASTE RECEPTORS OF THE ANTERIOR TONGUE -MOTOR FIBERS TRANSMIT IMPULSES TO MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION, TEAR GLANDS, AND SALIVARY GLANDS |
MIXED
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VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR-VIII
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-SENSORY
-VESTIBULAR BRANCH-SENSORY FROM EQUILIBRIUM-RECEPTORS OF EARS -COCHLEAR BRANCH-SENSORY WITH HEARING RECEPTORS |
SENSORY
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GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL-IX
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-MIXED
-SENSORY PHARYNX, TONSILS, TONGUE, AND CAROTID ARTERIES. -MOTOR TO SALIVARY GLANDS AND MUSCLES OF PHARYNX USED IN SWALLOWING. |
MIXED
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D. SPINAL NERVES
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-MIXED NERVES
-31 PAIRS -8 CERVICAL -12 THORACIC -5 LUMBAR -5 SACRAL -1 COCCYGEAL |
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VAGUS-X
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-MIXED
-NAME MEANS WANDER -ONLY CRANIAL NERVE TO EXTEND INTO THORAX -SOMATIC MOTOR TO MUSCLES OF SPEECH AND SWALLOWING -AUTONOMIC MOTOR TO VISCERA OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN. -SENSORY FROM PHARYNX, LARYNX, ESOPHAGUS, AND VISCERA OF THORAX AND ABDOMEN. |
MIXED
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ACCESSORY-XI
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-PRIMARY MOTOR
-MOTOR TO MUSCLES OF SOFT PALATE, PHARYNX, AND LARYNX, NECK AND BACK. -SOME PROPRIOCEPTORS INPUT. |
PRIMARILY MOTOR
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HYPOGLOSSAL-XII
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-PRIMARILY MOTOR
-MOTOR TO MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE TONGUE -SOME PROPRIOCEPTOR INPUT |
PRIMARILY MOTOR
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BRAINSTEM
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-EXTENDS FROM BASE OF BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD
-CONSISTS OF MIDBRAIN, PONS, AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA |
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MIDBRAIN
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-CONTAINS REFLEX CENTERS ASSOC W/EYES AND HEAD MOVEMENT
-MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS -CEREBRAL AQUEDUCTS CONNECTS THIRD AND FOURTH VENTRICLES -CONTAINS CERBRAL PEDUNCLES COMPRISE TWO PROMINENT BUNDLES OF NERVE FIBERS -CONTAINS CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA-FOUR NUCLEI -CONTAINS RED NUCLEUS THAT MAINTAIN POSTURE IN CONJ W/CEREBELLUM |
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PONS
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-ROUNDED BULGE SEPARATES MIDBRAIN FROM MEDULLA OBLONGATA
-CONSISTS OF LONGITUDINAL NERVE FIBERS -RELAYS IMPULSES TO AND FROM MEDULLA OBLONGATATA AND CEREBRUM -TRANSVERSE NERVE FIBERS RELAY IMPULSE FROM CEREBRUM TO CEREBELLUM -RELAY SENSORY IMPULSES FROM PERIPHERAL NERVES TO BRAIN CENTER -FUNCTIONS W.MEDULLA OBLONGATA TO MAINTAIN BASIC RHYTHM OF BREATHING(RATE AND DEPTH) - |
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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-ASCENDING AND DESCENDING TRACTS BETWEEN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
-ENLARGED CONTINUATION OF SPINAL CORD -OLIVE, OVAL SWELLING ON EITHER SIDE, BUNDLE OF NERVE FIBERS PASS TO CEREBELLUM -REFLEX CENTER -CENTER FOR NONVITAL REFLEXES SUCH AS COUGHING, SNEEZING, SWALLOWING, AND VOMITING -RETICULAR FORMATION FILTERS SENSORY IMPULSES -AROUSES CEREBRAL CORTEX INTO WAKEFULNESS -DECREASED ACTIVITY OF RETICULAR FORMATION PROVIDES FOR NORMAL SLEEP |
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RETICULAR FORMATION
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-SCATTERED THROUGH OUT MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS, AND MIDBRAIN
-COMPLEX NERVE FIBERS -FILTERS INCOMING SENSORY IMPULSES -IF INJURED OR CEASES TO FUNCTION RESULT IN UNCONSCIOUS COMATOSE STATE -REGULATES MOTOR ACTIVITY TO MUSCLE SKELETAL SYSTEM -CEREBRAL CORTEX CAN ACTIVATE -INHIBITS OR ENHANCES SPINAL REFLEXES |
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WHAT OTHER VITAL VISERAL ACTIVITIES ARE CONTROLLED BY THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA?
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-CARDIAC CENTER-SENDSPERIPHERAL NERVE IMPULSES TO HEART TO INCREASE OR DECREASE HEART RATE
-VASOMOTOR CENTER-INTIATES IMPULSES TRAVEL TO SMOOTH MUSCLE IN WALLS OF BLOOD VESSELS -VASOCONSTRICTION STIMULATES BLOOD VESSELS TO CONTRACT CONSTRICTING TO INCREASE THE BLOOD PRESSURE -VASODILATION IS A DECREASE IN THE ACTIVITY OF THESE CELLS TO DILATION OF THE BLOOD VESSELS RESULTING IN A DROP IN BLOOD PRESSURE -RESPIRATORY CENTER ADJUSTS THE RATE AND DEPTH OF BREATHING IN CONJUNCT W/PONS TO MAIN BASIC RHYTHM OF BREATHING |
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NAME TWO TYPES OF SLEEP.
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SLOW WAVE AND RAPID EYE MOVEMENT(REM)
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SLOW-WAVE SLEEP
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-OCCURS WHEN PERSON IS VERY TIRED
-REFLECTS DECREASING ACTIVITY OF RETICULAR INFORMATION -LASTS 70-90 MINUTES -RANGES FROM LIGHT TO HEAVY -OCCURS IN FOUR STAGES -SLOW-WAVE AND REM SLEEP OFTEN ALTERNATES |
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RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP OR REM
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-CALL PARADOXICAL SLEEP AS SOME AREAS OF BRAIN ARE ACTIVE
-RAPID MOVEMENT OF EYELIDS -OCCURS IN DOGS AND CATS RESULTS IN LIMB TWITCH -LAST 5 TO 15 MINUTES -DREAM SLEEP -DURING REM HEART AND RESPIRATION R IRREGULAR -PERSON CAN MAKE UP REM NEXT NIGHT IF FAIL TO ACHIEVE ON A NIGHT |
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SLEEP DISORDERS
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-FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA
-INSOMNIA -NARCOLEPSY -OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEPY SYNDROME -PARASOMNIAS -REM-SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER -RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME -SLEEP PARALYSIS |
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CEREBELLUM
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-TWO HEMISPHERES CONNECTED BY VERMIS
-PRIMARILY COMPOSED OF WHITE MATTER W/THIN LAYER OF GRAY MATTER AKA CEREBELLAR CORTEX -ARBOR VITAE LOCATED ON THE SURFACE OF THE CORTEX -CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES NERVE FIBER TRACTS -INTEGRATES SENSORY INFORMATION CONCERNING POSITION OF BODY PARTS -COORDINATES SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY -MAINTAIN POSTURE |
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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-NERVES THAT BRANCH FROM CNS CONNECTING IT TO THE OTHER BODY PARTS IS KNOWN AS PNS
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CRANIAL NERVES-ARISING FROM THE BRAIN
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-Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles
- Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera -OVERSEES CONSCIOUS ACTIVITIES |
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SPINAL NERVES-ARISING FROM SPINAL CORD
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-Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles
-Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera -CONTROLS SUBCONSCIOUS ACTIVITY |
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GENERAL SOMATIC EFFERENT FIBERS
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-carry motor impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
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GENERAL SOMATIC AFFERENT FIBERS
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-carry sensory impulses to CNS from skin and skeletal muscles
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GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT FIBERS
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-carry motor impulses away from CNS to smooth muscles and glands
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GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT FIBERS-
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-carry sensory impulses to CNS from blood vessels and internal organs
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SENSORY NERVES
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-conduct impulses into CNS
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MOTOR NERVES
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conduct impulses to muscles or glands
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HOW MANY PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES? WHERE DO THEY ORIGINATE FROM?
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12 PAIRS WITH ALL BUT THE FIRST PAIR ORIGINATING FROM THE BRAIN STEM
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MIXED NERVES
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- contain both sensory nerve fibers and motor nerve fibers; most nerves
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SPECIAL SOMATIC EFFERENT FIBERS
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-carry motor impulses from brain to muscles used in chewing, swallowing, speaking, and forming facial expressions
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SPECIAL VISCERAL AFFERENT FIBERS
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-carry sensory impulses to brain from olfactory and taste receptors
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SPECIAL SOMATIC AFFERENT FIBERS
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-carry sensory impulses to brain from RECEPTORS OF SIGHT, HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM
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HOW ARE SPINAL NERVES GROUPED?
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SPINAL NERVES ARE GROUPED BY THE LEVEL FROM WHICH THEY ARISE.
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WHAT IS A DERMATONE?
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an area of skin that the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate
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DESCRIBE HOW A SPINAL NERVE EMERGIES FROM THE SPINAL CORD.
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FOR EACH NERVE THERE IS A VERTEBRA WITH A VERTEBRAL NOTCH WITH A INVERTEBRAL FORAMEN. NERVE FOR C-1 PASSES ABOVE THE VERTEBRAE AND THE OTHER FLOW THROUGH EACH VERTEBRAE.
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WHAT IS THE CAUDA EQUINA?
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KNOWN AS THE HORSE'S TAIL. THE SPINAL CORD IN AN ADULT DOES NOT GROW SO THE LUMBAR, SACRAL AND COCCYXL
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DORAL ROOT
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-AXONS OF SENSORY NEURONS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION
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DORSAL ROOT GANGLION
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-CELL BODIES OF SENSORY NEURONS
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VENTRAL ROOT
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-AXONS OF MOTOR NEURONS WHOSE CELL BODIES ARE IN SPINAL CORD
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Objective vertigo vs
subjective vertigo. What causes vertigo? |
-room spins, you are spinning
-neruological disease in vestibular apparatus in ear, or in vestibular nuclei in brain stem. |
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Explain the autonomic nervous system & divide into two.
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-PNS composed of cranial & spinal nerves, which are divided
into somatic(voluntary;skeletal) and autonomic(involuntary;smooth muscle, cardiac,glands) -MAINTAINS HOMESTASIS |
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What condition might hyperreflexia occur with?
Hyporeflexia? |
-upper motor neuron lesion(brain attack)
– spinal cord injury |
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PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE DIVISION
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PREPARES BODY FOR RESTING AND DIGESTING ACTIVITIES
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AUTONOMIC NERVE DIVISION-
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-PREGANGLIONIC
-POSTGANGLIONIC -TWO NEURONS FOR EACH PULSE -ALL ARE MOTOR (EFFERENT) |
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PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS
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-AXONS ARE PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS
-NEURON CELL BODIES IN CNS |
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POSTGANAGLIONIC FIBERS
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-TWO NEURONS FOR EACH IMPULSE
-ALL ARE MOTOR (EFFERENT) -AXONS OF POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS -NEURON CELL BODIES IN GANGLIA |
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SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
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-THORACOLUMBAR DIVISION
-ARISE FROM THE THORACIC AND LUMBAR PART OF SPINAL CORD -SHORT PREGANGLIONIC FIBER -LONG POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS -EXCEPTION TO 2 NEURON RULE-ADRENAL MEDULLA |
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SYMAPATHETIC DIVISION
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-PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS LEAVE SPINAL NERVES
-THROUGH WHITE RAMI AND ENTER PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA -PARAVERTERBRAL GANGLIA AND FIBERS CONNECT THEM AND MAKE UP THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNK |
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SYMPATHETIC DIVISION-POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS
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-EXTEND FROM SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA TO VISCERAL ORGANS
-PASS THROUGH GRAY RAMI AND RETURN TO A SPINAL NERVE BEFORE PROCEEDING TO AN EFFECTOR |
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PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
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-CRANIOSACRAL DIVISION-LOCAL OF PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS
-GANGLIA ARE NEAR OR WITHIN VARIOUS ORGANS -LONG PREGANLIONIC FIBERS -SHORT POSTGANLIONIC FIBERS -PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS IN HEAD III, VII AND IX -PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF THORAX AND ABDOMEN IN X |
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AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS
-CHOLINERGIC FIBERS |
-RELEASE ACETYLCHOLINE
-PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS -POSTGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS |
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AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS
-ADRENERGIC FIBERS |
-RELEASE NOREPINEPHRINE
-POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS |
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DIFFERENT NEUROTRANSMITTERS CAUSE DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF THE TWO SYSTEMS.
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AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS
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CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS
(DEPEND ON RECEPTOR) |
-BIND TO ACETLYCHOLINE
-MUSCAARINIC -NICOTINIC -BOTH EXCITATORY |
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ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
(DEPENDS ON RECEPTORS) |
-BIND TO NOREPINEPHRINE
-ALPHA FOR DIFFERENT RESPONSES ON VARIOUS EFFECTORS -BETA DIFFERENT RESPONSES ON VARIOUS EFFECTORS |
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CONTROL OF AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY
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-CONTROLLED BY CNS
-MEDULLA OBL REGULATES CARDIAC, VASOMOTOR AND RESPIRATORY ACTIVIES -HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATES VISCERAL FUNCTIONS -LIMBIC SYSTEM AND CEREBRAL CORTEX CONTROL EMOTIONAL RESPONSE |
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WHEN DO BRAIN CELLS BEGIN TO DIE?
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BEFORE BIRTH
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OVER AN AVERAGE LIFETIME HOW MUCH DOES THE BRAIN SHRINK?
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SHRINKS 10% OVER THE AVERAGE LIFETIME
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WHERE DOES CELL DEATH OCCUR?
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CELL DEATH OCCURS IN TEMPORAL LOBES
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WHAT AGE DOES THE BRAIN LOOSE HALF OF IT NEURONS?
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-AGE 90
-NUMBER OF DENDRITIC BRANCHES DECREASES -DECREASED LEVELS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS -FADING MEMORY -SLOWED RESPONSES AND REFLEXES -CHANGES INCREASE IN RISK OF FALLS -SLEEP PROBLEMS COMMON |
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CONCUSSION
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-BRAIN JARRED AGAINST CRANIUM
-LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS -TEMPORARY LOSS OF MEMORY -MENTAL CLOUD -HEADACHE -RECOVERY USUALLY COMPLETE |
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CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT
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-STROKE
-SUDDEN INTERRUPTION IN BLOOD FLOW -BRAIN TISSUES DIE |
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CEREBRAL PALSY
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-MOTOR IMPAIRMENT AT BIRTH
-CAUSE BY BLOCKED CEREBRAL BLOOD VESSELS DURING DEVELOPMENT -SEIZURES -LEARNING DISABILITIES - |
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