Nervous System I / Chapter 10

Front 1

Nervous System is composed predominantly of neurol tissue.
What are two types of Neurol Tissue

Back 1

Neurons (Nerve Cell)
Neuroglia (neurological cells)

Front 2

Small cellular processes, receive the input from other neurons.
Impulses toward the cell body

Back 2

Dendrites

Front 3

A nerve fiber, conducts a nerve impulse away from a neuron cell body

Back 3

Axon

Front 4

Bundles of axons

Back 4

Nerves

Front 5

Small space between a neuron and the cell w/ which it communicates

Back 5

Synapse

Front 6

Actual conveyors of the neurol information

Back 6

Neurotransmitters

Front 7

Organs of the nervous system can be divided into two groups

Back 7

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 8

Central Nervous System consist of...

Back 8

Brain
Spinal Cord

Front 9

Peripheral Nervous System consist of...

Back 9

Nerves
- Cranial Nerves
- Spinal Nerves
Somatic Division (Voluntary)
Automatic Division (Involuntary)

Front 10

Functions of the Nervous System

Back 10

Sensory Function
Integrative Function
Motor Function

Front 11

Which function of the nervous system?
* Sensory receptors gather info & convert to nerve impulses
* Info is carried over peripheral nerves to the CNS

Back 11

Sensory Function

Front 12

What Function of the Nervous System?
* Signals are integrated, creating sensations, adding memory, producing thoughts, decisions are made

Back 12

Integrative Function

Front 13

What Function of the Nervous System?
* Decisions are acted upon
* Impulses are carred to effectors

Back 13

Motor Function

Front 14

Coating composed of Myeline which has higher proportion of lipid than other cell membranes

Back 14

Myelin Sheath

Front 15

Myelination of Axons
- White Matter

Back 15

Myelinated

Front 16

Myelination of Axons
- Gray Matter

Back 16

Unmyelinated

Front 17

Narrow gaps in the myelin sheath between schwann cells

Back 17

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 18

Bipolar Neurons

Back 18

Two processes
Eyes, ears, nose

Front 19

Unipolar Neurons

Back 19

One process
Ganglia

Front 20

Multipolar Neurons

Back 20

Many processes
Most neurons of the CNS

Front 21

Neuron Structure

Back 21

Dendrites
Cell Body
Axonal Hillock
Axon
Nodes of Ranvier

Front 22

Classes of Functional Neurons

Back 22

Sensory Neurons
Interneurons
Motor Neurons

Front 23

Sensory Neurons

Back 23

*Afferent (Nerve impulses to the brain)
*Carry impulses to CNS
*Most are unipolar (1 process/gangila
*Some are bipolar

Front 24

Interneurons

Back 24

*Link neurons
*Multipolar (many processes)
*In CNS

Front 25

Motor Neurons

Back 25

*Multipolar
*Carry impulses away from CNS
*Carry impulses to effectors

Front 26

Neuroglia

Back 26

Specialized cells of the nervous system that produce meylin
Communicate between cells
Maintain ionic environment
Provide structural support

Front 27

Types of neuroglia cells in the CNS

Back 27

Astrocytes
Oligondentrocytes
Microglia
Ependyma

Front 28

Types of neuroglia cells in the PNS

Back 28

Schwann Cells
Satellite Cells

Front 29

Type of Neuroglia?
CHARACTERISTIC - Star shaped cells between neurons and blood vessels.
FUNCTION - Mop up excess ions *Induce synapse formation *connect neurons to blood vessels

Back 29

Astrocytes

Front 30

Type of neuroglia?
CHARACTERISTIC - shaped like astrocyte, but w/fewer cellular processes, occurs in rows along axon.
FUNCTION - forms myeline sheaths in the brain & spinal cord, produce nerve growth factors

Back 30

Oligodendrocytes

Front 31

Type of neuroglial cell?
CHARACTERISTIC - small cells w/few cellular processes and found throughout CNS
FUNCTION - Support and phagocytosis (immune protection)

Back 31

Microglia

Front 32

Type of neuroglial cell?
CHARACTERISTIC - Cuboidal & columnar cells in the inner lining of vetricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord.
FUNCTION - Form poruous layer through which substances diffuse betwn fluid of brain, spinal cord & cerebrospinal fluid

Back 32

Ependyma

Front 33

Type of neuroglial cell?
CHARACTERISTIC - cells w/ abundant, lipid-rich membranes that wrap tightly around axons of peripheral neurons.
FUNCTION - Speed transmission.

Back 33

Schwann cells

Front 34

Type of neuroglial cell?
CHARACTERISTIC - sml cuboidal cells that surround cell bodies of neurons in ganglia
FUNCTION - support clusters of neuron cell bodies called ganglia

Back 34

Satellite cells

Front 35

Nerve impulses pass from neuron to neuron at....

Back 35

Synapse

Front 36

Neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft when impulse reaches synaptic knob.

Back 36

Synaptic Transmission

Front 37

If membrane potential becomes MORE negative than the resting potential it is...

Back 37

Hyperpolarized

Front 38

If membrane potential becomes LESS negative than the resting potential it is...

Back 38

Depolarized

Front 39

Events leading to Nerve Impulse Conduction

Back 39

1) Nerve cell membrane maintains resting potential by diffusion of Na+ & K+ by pump
2) Neurons receive stimulation, sum reach threshold
3) Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward (depolarizing membrane)
4) Potassium channels in membrane open, potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing membrane
5) Resulting Action potential
6) Action Potential occurrs along lenght of Axon as nerve impulse

Front 40

Saltatory Conduction

Back 40

Nerve impulse conduction that seems to jump from one node to the next along myelinated axon.

Front 41

Acetylcholine

Back 41

Location - CNS
Action - Controls skeletal muscle actions
Location - PNS
Action - Stimulates skeletal muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions.

Front 42

Norepinephrine

Back 42

Location - CNS
Action - Creates a sense of well-being; low levels may lead to depression
Location - PNS
Action - May excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system actions

Front 43

Dopamine

Back 43

Location - CNS
Action - Creates sense of well-being; deficiency in some brain areas associated w/ Parkinson Disease
Location - PNS
Action - Limited actions in autonomic nervous system; may excite or inhibit

Front 44

Serotonin

Back 44

Location - CNS
Action - Primarily inhibitary; leads to sleepiness

Front 45

Histamine

Back 45

Location - CNS
Action - Release in hypothalamus promotes alertness

Front 46

GABA

Back 46

Location - CNS
Action - Generally inhibitory

Front 47

Glutamate

Back 47

Location - CNS
Action - Generally excitatory

Front 48

Enkephalins, endorphins

Back 48

Location - CNS
Action - Generally inhibitory; reduce pain by inhibiting substance P release

Front 49

Substance P

Back 49

Location - PNS
Action - Excitatory; pain perception

Front 50

Nitric Oxide

Back 50

Location - CNS
Action - May play a role in memory
Location- PNS
Action- Vasodilation

Front 51

Two basic types of cells found in neural tissue are

Back 51

Neurons
Neuroglia

Front 52

Nerves are bundles of

Back 52

Axons

Front 53

The smallspaces betwen neurons are called

Back 53

Synapses

Front 54

Electrochemical messages are carried across synapses by

Back 54

Neurotransmitters

Front 55

Monitoring such phenomena as light, sound and temperature is a ________ function of the nervous system

Back 55

Sensory

Front 56

The PNS has two parts

Back 56

The Somatic Nervous System
and
The Autonomic Nervous System

Front 57

The neuron that brings an impulse to the synapse is a _________ neuron

Back 57

presynaptic neuron

Front 58

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the membrane in the resting nerve cell is call the

Back 58

Resting Potential

Front 59

The period of total depolarization of the neuron membrane when the neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus is call the __________ period.

Back 59

Absolute Refactory Period

Front 60

The refactory period acts to limit ________

Back 60

the rate of conduction of nerve impulses

Front 61

The neurotransmitter that stimulates the contraction of skeletal muscles is

Back 61

Acetylcholine

Front 62

Axons originating from different parts of the nervous system leading to the same neuron exhibit

Back 62

Convergence

Front 63

The process by which an impulse from a single neuron may be amplified by spreading to other neurons is

Back 63

Divergence

Front 64

Effectors are (inside or outside) the nervous system?

Back 64

Outside

Front 65

What are the three general functions of the nervous system?

Back 65

Sensory
Integrative
Motor

Front 66

What are two ways in which neurons are classified?

Back 66

Structural
Functional

Front 67

EPSP / Excitatory Postsynaptic

Back 67

An electrical change (depolarisation) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neurone caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic neurone to generate an action potential.

Front 68

An electrical change (depolarize) membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter.
Action Potential of postsynaptic neuron become MORE likely

Back 68

EPSP / Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

Front 69

An electrical charge (hyperpolarizes) membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter
Makes it more difficult for a to generate an action potential.

Back 69

IPSP/ Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

Front 70

Memory Loss, depression, disorientation, dementia, hallucinations, death
*Deficient acetylcholine

Back 70

Alzheimer Disease

Front 71

Cognitive and behavioral changes, loss of coordination, uncontrollable dancelike movements, death
*Deficient GABA

Back 71

Huntington Disease

Front 72

Excessive sleeping
*Excess Serotonin

Back 72

Hypersomnia

Front 73

Inability to sleep
*Deficient Serotonin

Back 73

Insomnia

Front 74

Tremors of hands, slowed movements, muscle rigidity
*Deficient dopamine

Back 74

Parkinson Disease

Front 75

Inappropriate emotional responses, hallucinations
*Deficient GABA leads to excess dopamine

Back 75

Schizophrenia

Front 76

Drug that affects the neurotransmitter Serotonin
Action: Stimulates neurotransmitter synthesis
Effect: Sleepiness

Back 76

Tryptophan

Front 77

Drug that affects neurotransmitter Norepinephrine
Action: Decreases packaging of neurotransmitter into vesicles
Effect: Decreased blood pressure

Back 77

Reserpine

Front 78

Drug that affects neurotransmitter GABA
Action: Enhances receptor binding
Effect: Decreases anxiety

Back 78

Valium

Front 79

Drug that affects neurotransmitter Dopamine
Action: Blocks reuptake
Effect: Euphoria

Back 79

Cocaine

Front 80

Drug that affects neurotransmitter Norepinephrine
Action: Blcks enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in presynaptic cell
Effect: Antidepressant

Back 80

Monoamine
oxidase inhibitors