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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inflammation of the lining of the brain or spinal chord
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Meningitis (swelling of the meninges) |
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Acute or subacute inflammation of the brainAcute forms almost always caused by viral infectionSigns and symptoms vary but may include behavior changes, confusion, decreased consciousness, seizures
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Encephalitis
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Many different microorganisms can cause infection If suspected, lumbar puncture is performed to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Typical symptoms Headache Painful or stiff neck FeverElevated white blood cell count in the CSF |
Meningitis
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Gram-negative diplococci Commonly known as meningococcus Often associated with epidemic forms of meningitis Causes the most serious form of acute meningitis Acute=Rapid onset & Severe Symptoms |
Neisseria Meningtides
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Name the Causative Agent Type of Organism Mode of Transmission Affected Cells/tissues/organs Meningococcus |
Neiseeria meningitides
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which causes the most serious form of meningitis? Bacteria, Viruses or Fungus |
Bacteria |
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Meningococcus |
Neiserria Meningitides Bacteria Nasopharynx/bacterimia Meninges |
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This form of Meningitis is often associated with epidemic forms and the most serious acute of the meningitis. |
Neiserria meningitides |
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Is there a vaccine available for Neiserris Mengitides? |
Yes |
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Small gram-positive flattenedcoccus •Most frequent cause ofcommunity-acquired meningitis (highly Communicable) •Very severe •Does not cause the petechiae associated with meningococcalmeningitis; useful for clinical analysis Petechiae (microscopic hemmorhages) |
Pneumococcus a.k.a Streptococcus pnuemoniae |
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Name the Causative Agent
type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for pnuemococcus |
Streptococcus Pneumoniae bacteria gram (+) Airborne Respiratory tract Meninges |
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•Causessevere meningitis
•Tinygram-negative pleomorphic rods •Sensitiveto drying, temperature extremes, and disinfectants •Symptoms–Fever–Stiff neck–Vomiting–Neurological impairment |
Haemophilus Influenza
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Name the Causative Agent
type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Haemophilus Influenza |
Haemophilus Inlfuenza bacterium Airborne Meninges |
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•Gram-positive
•Rangesin morphology from coccobacilli to long filaments in palisades formation •Resistantto cold, heat, salt, pH extremes, and bile •Innormal adults: mild infection with nonspecific symptoms of fever, diarrhea, andsore throat •Inelderly or immunocompromised patients, fetuses, or neonates: affects the brainand meninges and results in septicemia |
Listeria Monocytogenes |
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Name the Causative Agent
type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Listeria Monocytogenes |
Listeis Monocytogenes bacterium (gram +) Enteric Food Borne |
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This infection of the meninges can cross the placenta |
Listeria monocytogenes |
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•Meningitis Almostalways a result of infection transmitted by the mother, either inutero orduring passage through the birth canal
•Twomost common causes –Streptococcusagalactiae•Group B strep –Escherichiacoli |
Neonatal Meningitis |
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what two bacterium are the common causes for neonatal meningitis |
Escherichia Colo Streptococcus Agalactia Group B strep |
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In what meningitis can bacteria enter the eye, nose, ears of the fetus in utero or in birth canal And what two bacteria can cause it? |
Neonatal Meningitis
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•What infection of the meninges is also known as lockjaw?_________
Caused by what bacterium?_______ •Gram-positive,spore-forming rod •Releases a powerful neurotoxin Called ______ That Bindsto target sites on peripheral motor neurons, spinal cord and brain, and in thesympathetic nervous system •Toxin blocks the inhibition ofmuscle contraction–Resultsin spastic paralysis •First symptoms : clenching of thejaw, followed in succession by extreme arching of the back, flexion of thearms, and extension of the legs |
Tetanus
Caused by Clostridiumtetani– ,Toxin =tetanospasmin |
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What is given to a person to treat Tetanus? |
An antitoxin, antibodies to neutralize the toxin |
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What does tetanospasmin do? |
It blocks the inhibition of muscle contraction. Muscles can not relax |
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Botulism is
•Causedby _______________ –Spore forming anaerobe –Releases an exotoxin •Intoxicationassociated with eating poorly preserved foods •Canalso occur as a true infection |
Clostridium Botulinum |
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Name the Causative Agent
type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Tetanus |
Clostridium tetani bacterium Gram (+) Stepping on rusty nail/ trauma meninges/ CNS/SNS |
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Name the Causative Agent
type of organis mmode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Neiserria monocytogenes |
Escherichia Coli Streptococcus algalactie group B strep In utero/ birth canal Meninges |
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What are the 3 Major forms of Botulinum? |
–Food-bornebotulism
•Ingestionof preformed toxin –Infantbotulism •Entranceof botulinum toxin into the bloodstream –Woundbotulism •Entranceof botulinumtoxin into the bloodstream |
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What is characterized by these symptoms
•Symptoms –Doublevision –Difficultyin swallowing –Dizziness –Latersymptoms include descending muscular paralysis and respiratory compromise |
Botulism |
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What is used to treat Botulim? And where do they work at in the cell? |
Antitoxin At the motor nueron end plate |
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•Spherical to ovoid cell shape and alarge capsule•Produces more chronic form ofmeningitis•More gradual onset of symptoms
•Headache is most common symptom;also nausea and stiff neck •Sometime classified as a meningoencephalitis |
Fungal Cryptococcus neoformans |
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Name the Causative Agent
type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for meningoencephalitis |
Cryptococcus neoformans
Fungus Airborne/ Soilborne/fungal spores Meninges/Lungs/blood/brain tissue |
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Produces more chronic form ofmeningitis
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cryptococcus neoformans |
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•Producesdisease called “ValleyFever”
•At25°C forms a moist white to brown colony with abundant, branching, septatehyphae forming arthroconidia •Usuallybegins with pulmonary infection |
Coccidiodes immitis fungus soil borne |
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Coccidioides immitis Fungal infection |
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Name the Causative Agent
type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for valley Fever |
coccidioides immites fungus soilborne meninges/lungs/skin granulomas |
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Viral Infection of the Meninges are also known as _________ •Majorityof cases occur in children •90%caused by enteroviruses •Generallymilder than bacterial or fungal meningitis |
aseptic meningitis aseptic= no bacteria septic- bacterial presence |
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Name the Causative Agent
type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Viral infections of Meninges |
Aseptic meningitis virus Enterovirus(through gastrointestinal )Food/water Meninges |
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•Viraldiseases of the meninges
borne by insects;(arthropods) most feed on the blood of hosts •Commonoutcome is acute fever, often accompanied by rash |
Arboviral Diseaseses |
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Name the Causative Agent
type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Viral Diseases borne by insects |
Arboviral Insects/arthropods in blood/ saliva/coagulase Meninges |
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•Appearsfirst in horses then in humans
•Carriedby mosquito •Extremelydangerous to infants and small children |
Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) |
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Western Equine Encephalitis |
Virus Mosquito to human Zoonitic Infection Encephalitis/ Brain |
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Eastern coast of North American and CanadaUsually appears first in horses and caged birdsVery high case fatality rate Neurological Distress |
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Eastern Equine Encephatlitis |
Eatern Equine encephalitis Virus Virus Mosquito Encephalitis/Brain |
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May be caused by two different viral strains: California strain and the LaCrosse strain Children living in rural areas: primary target group |
California Encephalitis |
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for California Encephalitis |
California Encephalitis Virus Virus Mosquitoes Encephalitis |
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May be most common of all American viral encephalitides Epidemics in the US occur most often in the Midwest and South |
St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for St louis Encephalitis |
St Louis Encephalitis (SLE) VIrus Virus Mosquito Encephalitis |
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Zooniotic infection Increasing in numbers in the United States Endemic in 47 states Birds are the reservoir Mosquito vector High Fevers/ conulsions/Nuerological distress Traveled from Tel Aviv Israel |
West Nile Virus
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Can cause encephalitis in newborns born to HSV-positive mothersPrognosis is poor The Virus goes Latent in Nerve Cells. |
Herpes Simplex Virus
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for West Nile Virus |
West NIle Virus Virus Mosquito/Birds Encephalitis |
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Herpes Simplex Virus |
Herpes Simplex Virus Type II Genital Herpes Virus Newborns in Birth Canal/Cross Placenta Encephalitis and meningitis |
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Leukoencephalopathy (PML) |
JC virus John Cunnigham Virus Encephalitis/ White matter |
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Infection is common (70-90% of humans) In patients with immune dysfunction, cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) uncommon but generally fatal Most humans have antibodies for it |
JC Virus
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Slow, progressive zoonotic disease Characterized by fatal encephalitis Average incubation time: 1-2 months or moreProdromal phase begins with fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, and other nonspecific symptoms Prodormal Phase in an infection is a collection of symptoms before getting the full blown disease symptoms |
Rabies
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___________Periods of agitation, disorientation, seizures, and twitching(foaming of mouth) Spasms in the neck and pharyngeal muscles lead to hydrophobia ____________Patient is not hyperactive but is paralyzed, disoriented and stuporous Both forms progress to the coma phase, resulting in death |
Furios Rabies Dumb Rabies |
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Rabies |
Rabies Virus Virus Animal bite Encephalitis |
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Are vaccines available for Rabies? If so when?
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Yes for postexposure
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Acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord Can cause neuromuscular paralysis Often affects small children Most infections are contained as short-term, mild viremia(99%) Some develop mild nonspecific symptoms of fever, headache, nausea, sore throat, and myalgiaThen spreads along specific pathways in the spinal cord and brain |
Poliomyelitis
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Neurotropic virus infiltrates the motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord ____________: invasion but not destruction of nervous tissue ____________ various degrees of flaccid paralysis |
Nonparalytic Polio Paralytic Polio |
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Polio |
Poliomyelitis Virus Food/water borne/ Fecal- Oral. Direct Contact/ Contact with pleghm Motor Neurons of Spinal Chord |
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What type of infection is Poliomyelitis?
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A focal Infection
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Can people with no symptoms of poliomyelitis still pass on the Virus? If so how? What percentage of people have no symptoms, or just mild like flu symtpoms |
yes. pass it through Fecal Matter, contaminate food and water 99% |
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_________produced formaldehyde-fixed vaccine in 1955 __________ developed live, attenuated virus vaccine in 1961Taken orally |
Jonas Salk Albert Sabin |
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What is this disease and what is the causative agent? Transmitted by mosquito Results in underdevelopment of the brain; cranial cavity collapses leading to microencephaly |
Zika Encephalopathy Zika Virus |
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Two protozoans produce Meningoenciphalitis
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Naegleria fowleri Acanthamoeba |
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Small, flask-shaped amoebaForms a rounded, thick-walled, uninucleate cyst Causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) Infection begins when amoebas are forced into human nasal passages as a result of swimming, diving, or other aquatic activities Amoeba burrows in to the nasal mucosa, multiplies, and migrates into the brain and surrounding structure |
Naegfleri Fowleri
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Zika encephalapothy |
Zika Virus Virus Mosquitoes Encephalitis/ Brain of children |
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) |
Naegleria Fowleri Protozoan Water borne Encephalitis/ Brain and meninges |
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Large, amoeboid trophozoite with spiny pseudopods and a double-walled cyst Causes granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (GAM) Invades broken skin, the conjunctiva, and occasionally the lungs and urogenital epithelia |
Acanthamoeba
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Acanthamoeba causes what disease? what kind of microorganism is it?
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granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis A protozoan |
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Name the Causative Agent type of organism mode of transmission Affected cells/tissues/organs for granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis |
Acanthamoeba protozoan Water borne/Respiratory Eye/Lungs/urogenital |
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Name this disease caused and Causative Agent causedby flagellated parasite Most cases go unnoticed Severe and often fatal in the fetus and immunodeficient people May be asymptomatic or marked by mild symptoms such as sore throat, lymph node enlargement, and low-grade fever |
Toxoplasma gondii causes Toxoplasmosis |
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Caused by Trypanosoma brucei Also called trypanosomiasis Affects the lymphatics and areas surrounding blood vessels Usually a long asymptomatic period precedes onset of symptoms Symptoms include intermittent fever, enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes, and joint painCentral nervous system is affected with personality and behavioral changes that progress to lassitude and sleep disturbances |
African Sleeping Sickness
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African Sleeping Sickness
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Caused by abnormal proteins, not microorganisms Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) Neurodegenerative diseases with long incubation periods but rapid progression once they begin |
Prion Diseases Abnormal Proteins |
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Human TSE s (Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies ) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker disease Fatal familial insomnia |
Prion Diseases Abnormal Proteins |
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Prion Diseases Abnormal Proteins
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