Nervous System Deck 1

Front 1

sensory

Back 1

responding to stimuli; found in ganglion outside the CNS; bring info from outside to CNS

Front 2

motor

Back 2

motor nerve fibers; conducts impoulses from the CNS to effectors muscles and glands

Front 3

integrative

Back 3

Reasoning part of our brain

CNS takes information and relates it to each other, synthesize it and comes up with a response/conclusion

Front 4

3 functions of the nervous system

Back 4

1. sensory

2. integrative

3. motor

Front 5

Where does most integrative processing happen?

Back 5

CNS - cerebrum

Front 6

CNS

Back 6

Central Nervous System

-brain and spinal cord

-integrative and control centers

Front 7

PNS

Back 7

Peripheral Nervous System

-Sensory (afferent) division

-Motor (efferent) division

Front 8

efferent system ______ the system

Back 8

exits

Front 9

ANS

Back 9

Autonomic nervous system

Front 10

sympathetic division

Back 10

mobilizes body systems during activity (fight or flight)

Front 11

autonomic nervous system ANS

Back 11

-sympathetic division

-parasympathetic division

Front 12

neurons

Back 12

afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) and interneuron (links within the CNS)

Front 13

neurons

Back 13

die when deprived of O2; little regeneration in CNS; slow regeneration in PNS; excitable/conduct

Front 14

glial cells

Back 14

protect and support neurons

Front 15

glial cells

Back 15

produce myelin; serve as a barrier in brain to toxins, pathogens, drugs (blood-brain barrier)

Front 16

parts of the neuron

Back 16

dendrite; cell body; axon; Schwann cells; axon terminals; synapses

Front 17

dendrites

Back 17

bring information TO the neuron; accepts/receives impulses

Front 18

axon

Back 18

transmits impulse FROM the dendrites; can be several feet long

Front 19

Schwann cells

Back 19

made of myelin; make transmission happen faster; does a hop skip down axon which makes it happen faster; contains impulses in axon so we can get it where we want it accurately

Front 20

axon terminals

Back 20

end of the signal; may go to another neuron/muscle cell

Front 21

myelin sheath

Back 21

like insulation on electrical wire; white matter; schwann cells/ speed up impulses; can be visible as muscle control (newborns, cerebral palsy)

Front 22

When is the myelination process complete in people?

Back 22

Teens - cognitive isn't quite complete until almost adulthood. (Think wiggly newborns.)

Front 23

nerves

Back 23

large bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue (telephone cable). Emerge FROM (leave) spinal cord or base of brain and then branch

Front 24

tracts

Back 24

bundles of axons (nerves) IN the CNS. Ascending of descending. Cross over at the base of the brain

Front 25

Cranial nerves

Back 25

leave brain

Front 26

spinal nerves

Back 26

leave spinal cord through the vertebrae

Front 27

ganglia

Back 27

cell bodies grouped together outside CNS. Many are located just outside the spinal cord

Front 28

white matter

Back 28

myelinated nerve fibers

Front 29

gray matter

Back 29

mostly unmyleninated fibers and cell bodies

Front 30

Myelinated makes the nerve fibers what "color"?

Back 30

White - White Matter in the CNS.

Front 31

Action Potential

Back 31

way that we conduct an electrical signal along the cell to pass it to the other cell it's trying to send info to

Front 32

resting potential

Back 32

There are fewer positive ions inside neuron than in tissue fluid. Positive ions inside the cell are potassium (K+), whereas positive ions outside the cell are sodium (Na+). As long as inside is negative and outside is positive, neuron is polarized and will stay inactive.

Front 33

Which ions are outside of the cell?

Back 33

Na+ (sodium)

Front 34

Which ions are inside of the cell?

Back 34

K+ (potassium)

Front 35

Depolarization phase

Back 35

In response to a stimulus, the cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions, so they rapidly enter the cell through sodium channels in the membrane. Continued Na+ diffusion causes depolarization of the cell.

Front 36

Repolarization phase

Back 36

The membrane then becomes impermeable to sodium and permeable to K+. K+ diffuses out of the cell to repolarize the membrane.

Front 37

Action Potential Phases

Back 37

-Depolarization phase

-Repolarization phase

-After-Hyperpolarization phase

-Refractory Period

Front 38

After-Hyperpolarization Phase

Back 38

Prolonged outflow of potassium ions causes the potential difference across the membrane to decrease more than resting state.

After K gates close, the Na-K pump and leakage channels restore to resting concentrations of sodium and potassium allowing membrane to return to a resting state

Front 39

Refractory Period

Back 39

Following onset of an action potential, there is a period during which a neuron cannot generate further action potentials in response to normal threshold stimuli.

This prevents backwards depolarization and keeps the electrical impulse moving toward the axon terminal.

Front 40

Conduction of Action Potential

Back 40

-Threshold stimulus - minimum stimulus needed to start AP

-AP propagates another at an adjacent point and continues along entire length of neuron

-AP jumps from node to node in myelin sheath

Front 41

Sodium influx creates a local region of ______

Back 41

positive charge on the inside of the axon membrane with respect to the outside

Front 42

Potential difference results in _______

Back 42

local flow of current, in the form of ions, between these regions

Front 43

Conduction between neurons

Back 43

At the synapse, a neurotransmitter (ex: ecatylcholine) diffuses across synaptic cleft and reacts with receptors

Front 44

ecatylcholine

Back 44

neurotransmitter

Front 45

Things that impact conduction

Back 45

-alcohol, sedatives, anesthetics, cold, continuous pressure slow or stop conduction

-caffeine lowers the threshold of synapses

Front 46

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Back 46

Way you can measure the amount of electricity going on in your nervous system. Measuring Action Potentials.

Represent total electrical activity of neruons in the brain, as a recorded by electrodes places on the forehead and scalp.

A recording of brain waves.

Front 47

Brain waves

Back 47

Amalgamation of the many APs generated by the neurons in the brain.

Front 48

Reflexes

Back 48

-type of conduction pathway

-important tool for evaluation of NS

-automatic, unconscious response to changes occurring inside or outside the body

-simplest ex of a neural response

-bypasses the brain, quick

-attempts to keep the body in balance

Front 49

5 components of a reflex arc

Back 49

1. receptor

2. sensory neuron

3. center

4. motor neuron

5. effector

Front 50

Types of reflexes

Back 50

autonomic

somatic

Front 51

autonomic reflex

Back 51

regulates smooth muscles

ex: salivary reflex, papillary reflex, hearts, glands

Front 52

somatic reflex

Back 52

stimulates skeletal muscles; sometimes conscious inhibition or facilitation

ex: bladder

Front 53

Most common reflex site for an adult and why routine?

Back 53

Patellar (knee) reflex

b/c checking on the CNS, this nerve, reflex depression/suppression

Front 54

moro reflex

Back 54

used with infants via startling them/just observing when not bundled watching for spread of arms/grabbing of fingers

Front 55

babinski reflex

Back 55

one of the foot reflex tests for infants; tested by running stimulus along the side and toes stretch

Front 56

CNS consists of __________

Back 56

brain and spinal cord

Front 57

3 major regions of the brain

Back 57

1. Cerebrum (latest developed, most complex)

2. Cerebellum

3. Dienchephalon

4. Brain stem (most primitive)

(As you go outward on the brain - you get more developed/complex.)

Front 58

limbic system

Back 58

connection between emotion and reasoning

Front 59

cerebrum

Back 59

largest part of brain, most superior, most recent via evolution; 2 hemispheres totally separate except for corpus collusum

-interprets sensation

-control motor acts

-intellect

-reason

-memory

-consciousness, language, personality

Front 60

Diencphalon

Back 60

-thalamus

-hypothalamus

-epithalamus

-choroid plexu

Front 61

thalamus

Back 61

relay station for sensory impulese passing upward toward brain. crude recognition of pleasant or not

everything passes through on way to cerebrum

Front 62

hypothalamus

Back 62

-link between mind/body/nervous/endocrine

-regulates temperature, appetite, sex, vitals, homeostatis

Front 63

epithalamus

Back 63

pineal body; biological clock (bear hibernation)

Front 64

choroid plexus

Back 64

form cerebrospinal fluid; exist in four different areas

Front 65

brain stem

Back 65

all nerve tracts between spinal cord and brain pass here. Fibers cross so right brain controls left body.

Vital reflex center. (things that keep us alive are controlled here)

very deep in brain - best protected

Front 66

6 funcitons of brain stem

Back 66

1. respiratory center

2. heart rate control

3. swallowing, vomiting, BP control

4. transmit impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum

5. visual and auditory reflexes

6. consciousness and wake/sleep cycles RAS (Reticular activating system)

Front 67

coma

Back 67

RAS inactivity

Front 68

RAS

Back 68

Reticular Formation

-motor control of visceral organs

-responsible for consciousness (wake/sleep)

-network that rouses the cerebral cortex

-screens incoming sensory info so cerebrum is not constantly bombarded (habituation)

- sleep results from decreased activity of RAS

-active cerebrum can stimulate the RF to cause sleeplessness

Front 69

cerebellum

Back 69

-cauliflower-looking-section in back of brain

-fine coordination of muscle movement

-helps to maintain muscle tone

-balance

-Compares brain's intentions with actual body performance and makes corrections

Front 70

hemisphere dominance

Back 70

-"left brained" "right brained"

-90% of people are L hemisphere dominant for language activities, complex intellectual functions requiring verbal, analytical, computational skills.

-Non-dominant side specializes in non-verbal functions like motor, visual, musical, emotional, intuitive.

Front 71

circadian rhythm

Back 71

24 cycle of sleep and wakefulness

Front 72

wakefulness

Back 72

state of consciousness; ability to react to stimuli

Front 73

sleep

Back 73

state of partial unconsciousness; less able to respond to stimuli

Front 74

2 different types of sleep

Back 74

NREM (non rapid eye movement sleep)

REM (rapid eye movement sleep)

Front 75

Limbic System

Back 75

-encircles the top of brain stem (hypothalamus, medial parts of cerebral cortex)

-plays role in emotions, subconscious drives, sex, biological rhythm, motivation, pain, pleasure

-evolved early, instinctive behavior similar to animal responses that relate to survival but in humans are modified by the cerebral cortex

Front 76

cerebral cortex

Back 76

outer layer or cerebrum

Front 77

short term memory

Back 77

stored weakly and for a limited period of time

Front 78

long term memory

Back 78

required consolidation - attention, repetition, associative ideas

Front 79

meninges

Back 79

3 layers of membrane that cover the entire CNS

Front 80

3 meninges

Back 80

1. dura mater (outer)

2. arachnoid

3. pia mater (inner most)

Front 81

meningitis

Back 81

inflammation of meninges caused by bacteria or virus

-may spread to nervous tissue (DANGER)

-diagnosed by taking a sample of cerebrospinal fluid from subarachnoid space

Front 82

cerebral spinal fluid

Back 82

-produces in ventricles of dienchephalon of brain

-protects against mechanical injury

-dissolves and transports substances

-hydrates

-4 ventricles filled with fluid

Front 83

Normal volume of cerebral spinal fluid

Back 83

3-5 oz

Front 84

Too much cerebral spinal fluid results in

Back 84

pressure in the brain and in a fetus you can grow a big head b/c bones are not fused

Front 85

CSF

Back 85

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 86

blood brain barrier

Back 86

capillaries in brain have extra-tight junctures/walls so they become impassible for larger molecules of many drugs and chemicals (except for certain psychotropic drugs - alcohol, LSD, mental health meds)

Front 87

cerebrovascular accident

Back 87

stroke; circulation to brain area is blocked as in blood clot or ruptured blood vessel; vital brain tissue dies

Front 88

After a stroke, how are certain abilities regained/relearned

Back 88

undamaged neurons spread to areas where neurons have died

Front 89

spinal cord

Back 89

two way conduction between brain and PNS; simple reflex actions

Front 90

How many of the vertebra are considered the spinal cord?

Back 90

first 2/3rds of vertebra

Front 91

Why are epidurals given below the 3rd lumbar vertebrae?

Back 91

Don't want to hit spinal cord

Front 92

dorsal root

Back 92

sensory neurons

damage = loss of sensation

Front 93

ventral root

Back 93

motor neurons

damage = paralysis

Front 94

spinal nerves

Back 94

-dorsal root

-ventral root

Front 95

3 types of nerves

Back 95

1. sensory nerves

2. motor

3. autonomic

Front 96

nerves

Back 96

bundle of fibers found outside the CNS

Front 97

sensory nerves

Back 97

mechanoreceptor - touch, pressure, vibration, streth

-thermoreceptor - temp

-photoreceptor - light

-chemoreceptor - chemicals

-nociceptor - chemical released at site of tissue damage

-osmoreceptor - osmotic pressure

Front 98

sensory adaptation

Back 98

receptors adapt, impulses are triggered only if strength of stimulation is changed; pain adapts very little (smells/noises at home "fade")

Front 99

How many cranial nerves are there?

Back 99

12 (roman numerals)

innervate the eyes, face, tongue, throat, visceral organs.

Front 100

How many spinal nerves are there?

Back 100

31

(C1-8, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5, Coccyx-1)

Front 101

2 arms of autonomic NS

Back 101

1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

Front 102

sympathetic

Back 102

dominates in stress; excitory system (pupils dilate, pulse increases, decreased bowel activity, blood vessels dilate, increased adrenalin)

Front 103

parasympathetic

Back 103

active in periods of rest; maintains/restores energy (pupils constrict, decreased pulse, increased bowel activity, sexual organs stimulated)

Front 104

Nerves found in the uterus come from what region of the spinal nerves?

Back 104

sacral region

Front 105

referred pain

Back 105

visceral pain is sometimes referred to a region with a common nerve pathway

(ex - heart attack in women can feel it in their face; pelvic organs refer pain to the upper back/scapula; in labor pain in hips and legs)

Front 106

What is the theory behind referred pain

Back 106

nerves that travel near each other may cause "jumping sensation"