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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Within the limbic system, learning/memory is associated with which part of the brain?
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hippocampus
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the hippocampus is connected to the mamillary bodies via the _______.
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fornix
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what three outputs does the hippocampus have?
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- mammilary bodies (via fornix)
- contralateral hippocampus - amygdala |
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Emotional behavior is associated with _____.
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amygdala (important for perceiving in others and in oneself emtional behaviors/feelings, esp negative emotions like FEAR and ANGER)
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the amygdala is connected to hypothalams via ________. it is the tail end of the _________
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stria terminalis; caudate nucleus
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what is the flow of info in the amygdala?
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1. sensory input/hippocampus into the basolateral nucleus; olfactory into medial nucleus; brainstem/hypothalamus into central nucleus
2. then to: ventral striatum, modulator systems (arousal), hypothalamus/brain stem (motor rxns) |
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why couldn't pt with amygdala lesions sense fear?
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she failed to look spontaneously towards the eyes on a face
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Within the limbic system, autonomic/endocrine fxn, temperature, energy/water balance are associated with __________.
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hypothalamus
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three major systems acted upon by the hypothalamus
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- endocrine system
- autonomic nervous system - limbic system |
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Name the areas of the hypothalamus
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anterior hypothalamus (preoptic nucleus)
supraoptic nucleus (supraoptic, anterior, paraventricular, suprchiasmatic) middle hypothalamus (TUBERO VENTRAL MEDIAL, tubero dorsal medial, ARCUATE) posterior hypothalamus (medial mamillary, posterior nucleus) |
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main fxn of the preoptic nucleus in the ant hypothalamus
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sleep/wakefulness (circadian rhythm)
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main fxn of supraoptic, paraventricular, and suprachiasmatic nuclei
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SON- vasopressin
PVN - oxytocin suprachiasmatic - reg of sleep/wake cycle, body temp, circadian rhythm (melanopsin is chemical agent; lesion here leads to circadian rhythm disruption) |
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main fxn of tuberal ventro medial & arcuate nucleus
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TVM- if you deliver serotonin here, you feel full (satiety)
arcuate nucleus - if you deliver neuropeptide Y here, you get increased appetite (want to eat more) |
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main fxn of posterior hypothalamus
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medial mamillary (mamillary bodies) most important for memory processing
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What is the reward pathway?
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DA released from VTA --> nucleus accumbens --> prefrontal cortex( this signal tells our brain that certain actions are worth being repeated)
IMPORTANT: events assoc with increased DA transmission become salient and wanted; drugs of abuse hi-jack these pathways and puts you at risk for dependency |
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how do you get schizophrenia?
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increase in brain DA (and 5-HT)
1. cocaine/amphetamine blocks DA reuptake at synaptic cleft ==> schizophrenic manifestations 2. Tx for parkinsons will also go to limbic system to give you psychotic side effects bc you're increasing DA levels in the brain |
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what drug can decrease schizophrenic manifestations?
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chlorpromazine (blocks D2 receptors)
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The Locus ceruleus is part of the _______ pathway and influences what?
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noradrenergic
awakeness/arousal/vigilance/pos feelings of emotion also invovled in basic drive states: hunger (suppression), thirst, sex, REWARD AND ADDICTION |
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A1-A2 cells are found in the _____ and go to which four areas? What does NE do there?
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hypothalamus (inc CRH, inc ACTH, inc cortisol)
amygdala, septum, thalamus (pos. emotions; drive states) |
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A5 and A7 are located in the pons and go to which two areas? what do they do there?
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spinal cord - analgesia (inc pain threshold to optimize for stressful situation)
brain stem - autonomic reflexes (inc BP, HR) |
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How does the noradrenergic system affect the mesolimbic pathway?
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psychostimulants inc NE levels at VTA --> inc DA release in Nucleus accumbens --> psychotic stimulation
(this is how amphetamines work, calming ADD pts by inc global attn/focus so boday can focus on teacher and sit still) |
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where is serotonin made (3 pathways)
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rostral, medial, caudal raphe nuclei.
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5 areas that rostral raphe nuclei go to
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1) raphe - for self inhibition
2) sensory cortex - for visual perceptions (imp in hallucinations) 3) limbic system - for pleasure/anxiety (w/ lack of 5-HT here we have anxiety) 4)hypothalamus/thalamus - imp in thermoregulation 5) suprachiasmatic nucleus - important for sleep/wakefulness; serotonin induces sleep "Real Sorry Love Has To Sleep" |
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Where do pathways from the medial raphe nuclei go to (2)
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cerebral cortex (positive mood/affect)
basal ganglia (modulates mvmt) SSRIs affect projections that go to cortex to affect mood by keeping 5HT in clefts and inc pleasurable mood/feelings; ecstasy overdoes this effect |
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5HT2A receptors are blocked by new antipsychotics to do what?
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inhibit excess DA fxn
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Where do projections of the caudal raphe nuclei go?
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medulla and spinal cord (for gastric motility, uterine cramp, inc BPP, analgesia, and triggering vomiting)
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what are the brain areas invovled in depreession?
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1. hippocampus/frontal cortex (memroy impairment, feelings of doom/hopelessness, suicidal thoughts)
2. ventral striatum (NAcc) & amygdala (anhedonia-inability to experience pleasure, anxiety) 3. hypothalamus (loss of appetite/sleep) |
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3 main nuclei of the cholinergic system
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1. nucleus basalis
- projects to cortex - one of hte nuclei impaired in AD - plays role in learning/memory 2. septal nucleus: - projects ot hippocampus - role in learning and memories and other fxns of hippocampus; SEX drive 3. pedunculopontine nuclei: - projects to midbrain/THALAMUS - related to sleep-wake rhythms/turning on REM |
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Schizo's have less what?
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ChAT (enzyme that makes ACh)
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5 major cholinergic changes in Alzheimer's Dz
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-loss of cholinergic neurons
- depletion of Ach - dec ChAT aactivity - loss of nicotinic receptors - muscarinic receptors lost late in AD |
