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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 5 major types of neurotransmitters?
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1. acetylcholine
2. biogenic amines 3. amino acids 4. gases like NO and CO 5. ATP and adenosine |
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What are the two types of Acetylcholine receptors?
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nicotinic and muscarinic
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What are the three types of catecholamines?
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dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
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What do tyrosine kinase receptors do?
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initiate a cascade of events in the cell that affect cell proliferation and/or differentiation
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What is the anatomical difference between the central and peripheral nervous system?
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The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system is everything else
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List the spinal nerves in order starting at the top and the number of nerves in each category
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Cervical 8; Thoracic 12; Lumbar 5; Sacral 5; Coccygeal 1
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What are the 3 defining characteristics of the somatic nervous system that separate it from the autonomic?
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Voluntary excitation
1. consists of a single neuron between cns and skeletal muscle cells 2. innervates skeletal muscle 3. can lead only to muscle excitation |
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What are the 3 defining characteristics of the autonomic nervous system that separate it from the somatic?
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Involuntary excitation or inhibition
1. has two neurons connected by a synapse (Ganglion) between CNS and effector organ 2. innervates smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and GI neurons 3. can be either excitatory or inhibitory |
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What is a ganglion?
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cluster of neuron cell bodies outside CNS
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What is a nucleus?
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large membrane-bound organelle that contains cell's DNA; (neural) cluster of neuron cell bodies in CNS
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What is an axon?
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extension from neuron cell body, propagates action potentials away from cell body; aka nerve fiber
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Define "Nerve"
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A bundle of axons
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What types of cells are in the central nervous system?
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glial cells and neurons
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Define the Peripheral Nervous System
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The part of the nervous system consisting of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs.
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What types of cells are in the peripheral nervous system?
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sensory nervous cells and motor nervous cells
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How many nerve pairs are in the PNS?
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1. 12 pairs of cranial nerves
2. 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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What does afferent mean?
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conveys information from sensory receptors to the CNS
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What does efferent mean?
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conveys commands from the CNS to target tissues
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Characteristics of Preganglionic neuron
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1. Cell body resides in the CNS
2. Axons synapse on cell bodies of postganglionic neurons in ganglia. 3. Secret ACh 4. Are cholinoreceptors (have nicotinic receptors) |
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Characteristics of Postganglionic neuron
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1. Located outside the CNS
2. Axons travel to periphery where they synapse on visceral effector organs (heart, vasculature, bladder, etc) 3. Release ACh or norepinephrine. |
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Autonomic Nervous System: What are the two major anatomic divisions of the PNS?
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1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic |
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Characteristics of Sympathetic (part of the Autonomic Nervous System)
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1. Ganglia lie close to the spinal cord in a chain (sympathetic chain).
2. Most postganglionic neurons are adregenic 3. Preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar spinal cord (lower). |
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Characteristics of Parasympathic (part of the Autonomic Nervous System).
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1. Ganglia lie close to the effector tissue.
2. Most postganglionic nuerons are cholinergic (muscarinic receptors). 4. Pregangionic neurons originate in brain stem and sacral spinal cord. |
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Define Adrenergic Neurons
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Release norepinephrine (-> this binds to adrenoreceptors).
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Which type of neuron in the autonomic nervous system secrete ONLY ACh?
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Preganglionic neurons
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Which type of neuron in the autonomic nervous system secrete ACh or Norepinephrine?
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Postganglionic neurons.
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Define Cholinergic Neurons
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Release ACh (-> bind to cholinoreceptors such as nicotinic or musculinic receptors).
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Defining Characteristics of Adrenal Medulla
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1. Similar action as direct sympathetic nervous system (long acting effects).
2. Release large amounts of norepinephrine and epinephrine (similar to postganglionic nuerons that release ACh or norepinephrine). 3. Pregangionic cells of Sypmathetic nervous system connect to adrenal medulla. |