Nervous System Anatomy

Front 1

Two parts of Skull

Back 1

Cranium (vault, base)

Facial skeleton

Front 2

Bones of the Cranium

Back 2

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Front 3

Sutures of the skull

Back 3

Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid

Front 4

Bregma

Back 4

where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet

Front 5

Lambda

Back 5

where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet

Front 6

Anterior (frontal) fontanelle

Back 6

fused at 7-18 months to form bregma

Front 7

Posterior (occipital) fontanelle

Back 7

Fused at 2-4 months to form lambda

Front 8

Cranial Fossae (x3)

Back 8

Anterior (holds frontal lobe), middle (holds temporal lobe), posterior (holds cerebellum)

Front 9

Anterior cranial fossa

Back 9

FOrmed by the cribriform plate and the orbital plate of frontal bone

Front 10

Middle cranial fossa

Back 10

Contains pituitary fossa (sella turcica), middle meningeal arteries

Front 11

Posterior cranial fossa

Back 11

Contains foramen magnum

Front 12

Nerve of olfactory foramina

Back 12

CNI

Front 13

Nerve of Optic foramen

Back 13

CNII

Front 14

Nerve of foramen rotundum

Back 14

CNV2

Front 15

Nerve of foramen ovale

Back 15

CNV3

Front 16

Nerve of internal auditory meatus

Back 16

CNVII, CNVIII

Front 17

Nerve of jugular foramen

Back 17

CNIX, X< XI

Front 18

CNS contains

Back 18

Brain and spinal cord

Front 19

PNS contains

Back 19

Cranial and spinal nerves

Front 20

Forebrain contains

Back 20

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) - 83% of brain volume

Diencephalon

Front 21

Brainstem contains

Back 21

-Midbrain

-Pons

-Medulla

Front 22

Hindbrain contains

Back 22

-Pons

-Medulla
-Cerebellum

Front 23

Orientation: Brainstem

Back 23

Diagonal axis

- Superior (rostal)

- Anterior (ventral)

- Inferior (caudal)

- Posterior (dorsal)

Front 24

Orientation: Cerebrum

Back 24

Flat horizontal axis

- Anterior (rostal)

- Superior (Dorsal)

- Posterior (caudal)

- Inferior (Ventral)

Front 25

Sulci

Back 25

valleys

Front 26

Gyri

Back 26

hill tops

Front 27

Transverse fissure

Back 27

Sperates cerebellum from cerebrum

Front 28

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Back 28

Runs between parietal and occipital lobes

Front 29

Central sulcus

Back 29

Runs between parietal and frontal lobes

Front 30

Lateral sulcus

Back 30

Runs between temporal lobe and frontal and parietal lobes

Front 31

Median longitudinal fissure

Back 31

Seperates the hemispheres

Front 32

5 Lobes of the Cerebrum

Back 32

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula

Front 33

Insula

Back 33

Lobe of the cerebrum

- Is buried deep within the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor

- Is covered by portions of the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes

Front 34

Corpus collosum (3 parts)

Back 34

Joins the left and right hemispheres

- Rostrum (anterior and inferior)

- Genu (bend)

- Body (long part)

-Splenium (posterior)

Front 35

Septum pellucidum

Back 35

Joins corpus collosum and fornix

Front 36

Diencephalon contains

Back 36

- thalamus

-hypothalamus

-pituitary gland

-pineal gland

Front 37

Commisural fibres

Back 37

Communicate between hemispheres

eg. corpus callosum

Front 38

Projection fibres

Back 38

Brain to spinal cord

eg. internal capsule

Front 39

Association fibres

Back 39

Within hemisphere

Front 40

Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) Structure

Back 40

- Caudate nucleus (comma shaped)

- Putamen (pod)

- Globus pallidus (pale globe)

Front 41

Lentiform nucleus: Structure

Back 41

putamen + globus pallidus

Front 42

Corpus striatum: Structure

Back 42

Lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus

Front 43

Striatum: Structure

Back 43

putamen + caudate nucleus

Front 44

Pallidum

Back 44

Globus pallidus

Front 45

Basal ganglia are functionally associated with...

Back 45

the subthalamic nuclei and substantia nigra (involved in motor control)

Front 46

Internal Capsule

Back 46

Fibres between the lentiform nucleus and thalamus/caudate nucleus

Front 47

Internal Capsule: Anterior Limb

Back 47

Between head of caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

Front 48

Internal Capsule: Posterior Limb

Back 48

Between thalamus and lentiform nucleus

Common site for stroke

Front 49

Middle Meningeal Arteries

Back 49

From external carotid artery

Supply to dura and cranium

Injury can cause epidural (extradural) haematoma

Front 50

Falx cerebri

Back 50

Partition between two cerebral hemispheres

- Lies in median sagittal plane

- Partially separates cerebral hemispheres

- Attaches to crista galli and tentorium cerebelli

Front 51

Tentorium cerebelli

Back 51

Partition between cerebellum and cerebrum

-More horizontal plane

-Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Front 52

Falx cerebelli

Back 52

Partition between two cerebellar hemispheres

- Runs along vermis

- Separates two cerebellar hemispheres

Front 53

Cisterns

Back 53

Enlarged subarachnoid space

Front 54

Spinal Meninges

Back 54

- No dural periosteal layer - meningeal layer = dual sheath

- Epidural space; between the spinal dural sheath and vertebral bony wall, containing fat tissue and venous plexus

- Lumbar cistern: lumbar puncture for CSF sampling (below L2)

- Strong pia mater: filum terminale, denticulate ligaments

Front 55

Blood supply to the brain

Back 55

Dual arterial supply to the brain

-Internal carotid artery

-Vertebral artery

Front 56

Internal carotid arteries: splits into...

Back 56

Middle cerebral arteries

Anterior cerebral arteries

Front 57

Vertebral arteries....

Back 57

Join to form Basilar artery

Front 58

Basilar artery

Back 58

SPlits to form posterior cerebral arteries

Front 59

Middle cerebral arteries

Back 59

-Joined to posterial cerebral arteries via posterior communicating arteries

- Supply almost all of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres

Front 60

Anterior cerebral arteries

Back 60

Joined by the anterior communicating artery

Supply the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres (anterior 2/3 only)

Front 61

Posterial cerebral arteries

Back 61

Joined to middle cerebral arteries via posterior communicating arteries

Supply the medial aspect of the hemisphere (posterior 1/3), occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobe regions, brainstem, 2rd and lateral ventricles

Front 62

Stroke: Occlusion of ACA

Back 62

-contralateral hemiplegia (one artery) or bilateral paralysis (two arteries) & impaired sensation

- greatest in the lower limb

Front 63

Stroke: Occlusion of MCA

Back 63

- a severe contralateral hemiplegia and impaired sensation

-most marked in the upper limb and face

-severe aphasia (if dominant hemisphere is affected)

Front 64

Stroke: Occlusion of PCA

Back 64

-contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

Front 65

Cavernous sinus encloses....

Back 65

-internal carotid artery

-cranial nerves 3,4,5 (two divisions) and 6

Front 66

Superior petrosal sinus drains

Back 66

into transverse sinus

Front 67

Inferior petrosal sinus drains

Back 67

into internal jugular vein

Front 68

Interventricular foramen connects

Back 68

lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle

Front 69

Cerebral aqueduct connects

Back 69

3rd and 4th ventricles

Front 70

Two lateral apertures of 4th ventricle connect

Back 70

4th ventricle with subarachnoid space

Front 71

One medial aperture of 4th ventricle connect

Back 71

4th ventricle with subarachnoid space

Front 72

Cranial Nerves: I

Back 72

I. Olfactory

Front 73

Cranial Nerves: II

Back 73

II. Optic

Front 74

Cranial Nerves: III

Back 74

III. Oculomotor

Front 75

Cranial Nerves: IV

Back 75

IV. Trochlear

Front 76

Cranial Nerves: V

Back 76

V. Trigeminal

Front 77

Cranial Nerves: VI

Back 77

VI. Abducens

Front 78

Cranial Nerves: VII

Back 78

VII. Facial

Front 79

Cranial Nerves: VIII

Back 79

VIII. Vestibulococlear

Front 80

Cranial Nerves: IX

Back 80

IX. Glossopharyngeal

Front 81

Cranial Nerves: X

Back 81

X. Vagus

Front 82

Cranial Nerves: XI

Back 82

XI. Accessory

Front 83

Cranial Nerves: XII

Back 83

XII. Hypoglossal

Front 84

Midbrain: Cerebral Peduncles

Back 84

- Consist of fibres descending from the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord

-Help to anchor the cerebrum to the brain stem

Front 85

Midbrain: Superior colliculi

Back 85

-Detecting movement of objects in the visual field

-Coordinating head and eye movements

Front 86

Midbrain: Inferior colliculi

Back 86

- Act in reflexive responses to sound (eg. startle reflex)

Front 87

Midbrain: Substantia nigra

Back 87

- Located deep to the cerebral peduncle

-Contains melanin pigment (precursor of dopamine)

-Functionally linked to the basal nuclei

Front 88

Midbrain: Red nucleus

Back 88

Rich blood supply

Iron pigment

Relay nucleus in some descending motor pathways

Front 89

Midbrain: Cerebral aqueduct

Back 89

-Drainage of ventricular system

Front 90

Midbrain: Cranial Nerves

Back 90

Oculomotor (III)

Trochlear (IV)

Front 91

Pons: Cranial Nerves

Back 91

Trigminal (V)

Abducens (VI)

Facial (VII)

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Front 92

Pons: Pneumotaxic Centre

Back 92

Respiratory centre, together with medullary centre

Front 93

Medulla: Pyramids

Back 93

Formed by the pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts

Pyramidal Decussation - fibres cross over to the opposite side at the foramen magnum level

Front 94

Medulla: Cranial Nerves

Back 94

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Vagus (X)

Accessory (XI)

Hypoglossal (XII)

Front 95

Medulla: Cardiovascular Centre

Back 95

Cardiac centre - adjusts rate and force of heart beat to meet the body's needs

Vasomotor centre - adjusts blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure

Front 96

Medulla: Respiratory Centre

Back 96

Control rate and depth of breathing (together with pons centre)

Front 97

Medulla: Other reflex centres

Back 97

Control activities such as coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, sweating etc

Front 98

Spinocerebellum

Back 98

Vermis + Intermediate Hemisphere

- Posture and movement of the trunk and limbs

Front 99

Cerebrocerebellum

Back 99

Lateral hemispheres

- Planning movement

Front 100

Vestibulocerebellum (floccolondular lobe)

Back 100

2x flocculus + nodulus

-Balance, head and eye movements