Nervous System

Front 1

Organization of Nervous System

Back 1

Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System

Front 2

Central Nervous System two divisions

Back 2

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 3

Peripheral Nervous System 2 divisions based upon function of their nerve fibers?

Back 3

Sensory & Motor

Front 4

Sensory fibers

Back 4

afferent, receive stimulus, sends impulse to the CNS

Front 5

Motor Fibers

Back 5

efferent, transmit impulses from the CNS to effector (muscle or gland) eg. skeletal muscles

Front 6

Divisions of Motor Fibers

Back 6

Somatic Motor System

Autonomic Motor System

Front 7

Somatic Motor System

Back 7

motor fibers to voluntary effectors eg. skeletal muscles

Front 8

Autonomic motor system

Back 8

motor fibers involuntary effectors eg smooth & cardiac muscles and glands.

Front 9

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Back 9

1. Parasympathetic Nervous System (craniosacral Division)

2. Sympathetic Nervous System( Thoracolumbar Division)

Front 10

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 10

the resting and digesting division

short postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter to elicit a relaxed calm state.

Long preganglionic fibers ariste from cranial & sacral spinal nerves.

Front 11

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 11

Thoracolumbar Division

The fight or flight division, long postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine(NE) as a neurotransmitter to elicit an excited, high energy state.

Short preganglionic fibers arise from thoracic & lumbar spinal nerves( ie. thoracolumbar div.)

Front 12

Central Nervous Systerm: The Brain

Back 12

1.enlarged anterior end of the CNS protected by the skull.

2. The evolution of the brain is the result of cephalization(forming of head).

3. In comparison to the remainder of the nervous system, the brain contains a disproportionate number of neurons aprox. billion.

Front 13

Brain embryology begins?

Back 13

1. begins in about 3 weeks from ectoderm

Front 14

Brain embryology 4th week

Back 14

A portion of the ectoderm ( neural plate) invaginates to form the neural tube.

Front 15

Brain embryology 5th week

Back 15

The rostral end of the neural tube forms three primary brain vesicles

1. forebrain/prosencephalon

2. Midbrain/Mesencephalon

3. Hindbrain/Rhombencephalon

4. The caudal end of the neural tube, beyond the rhombencephalon, becomes the spinal cord.

Front 16

Brain Embryology after the 5th week

Back 16

Five secondary brain vesicles develop from primary .

Front 17

Five Secondary brain vesicles that develop from primary

Back 17

Prosencephalon: Telencephalon- end brain

Diencephalon-between brain

Mesencephalon (becomes larger)

Rhombencephalon:

Metencephalon (after brain)

Myelencephalon(spinal brain)

Front 18

From the secondary brain vesicles the four primary brain regions develop

Back 18

Telencephalon-Cerebrum

Diencephalon-remains Diencephalon

Mesencephalon-brainstem(in part)

Metencephalon- brainstem(part) & Cerebellum

MMyelencephalon- Brainstem (in part)

Front 19

Four Primary Regions of the Brain

Back 19

1. Cerebrum

2. Diencephalon

3. Brainstem

4. Cerebellum(little brain)

Front 20

Cerebrum

Back 20

Most superior and massive

83 % brain mass

convoluted with shallow sulci(sulcus)& deep fissures.

Ridges between sulci are called gyri(sin. gyrus)

Front 21

Divisions of Cerbrum

Back 21

Hemispheres divided by longitudinal fissureseparated from cerebellum by transverse fissure.

Front 22

Lobes of Cerebrum 5 anatomically and functionally distinct lobes

Back 22

1.Frontal-anterior to central sulcus

2. Parietal-btwn central sulcus & parieto-occipital

3. Occipital- Posterior to parieto-occipital

4. Temporal-inferior to the lateral sulcus

5. Insula(Island of Reil)- within the lateral sulcus

Front 23

Functional regions of the Cerebrum

Axons=

Back 23

1. myelinated -white matter

2. unmyelinated -gray matter

Front 24

CNS Functional regions (3)

Back 24

1. Cerebral Cortex

2. Cerebral Medulla

3. Basal Nuclei

Front 25

Cerebral cortex

Back 25

superficial layer

1/8 in thick

gray matter

area of conscious thought & higher brain functions.

Front 26

Cerebral Medulla

Back 26

1. Inner white matter forming the bulk of cerebrum

2. Provides communication btwn cortex & other brain areas.

Front 27

Basal Nuclei

Back 27

1. caudate nucleus

2. Putamen

3. Globus pallidus

4. regions of gray matter deep within the medulla

5. serve in muscle coordination

Front 28

Diencephalon

Back 28

Gray matter forming the central core of brain between the cerebral hemispheres divided into three regions.

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus (below thalmus)

3. Epithalamus (above thalmus)

Front 29

Brain Stem

Back 29

Inferior portion of brain

joins spinal cord

three regions

1. Midbrain

2. Pons

3. Medulla

Front 30

Midbrain

Back 30

Develops from the embronic mesencephalon connecting the hindbrain and the forebrain; major regions of the midbrain

1. Cerebral Peduncles: spinal tracts to the medulla oblongata

2. Corpora quadregemina(quadruplet bodies)

pari of superior Colliculi(hills) for visual reflexes, and a pair of inferior colliculi for auditory refexes.

Front 31

Pons

Back 31

Bridge

from embryonic metencephalon

contains nuclei concerned with sleep, posture, respiration, swallowing and bladder control.

Front 32

Medulla Oblongata

Back 32

From embryonic myelencephalo

contains nuclei to control heart rate, vasoconstriction, breathing rate, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, sweating, vomiting and other functions.

Front 33

Cerebellum

Back 33

Little Brain

From embryonic metencephalon

consists of right and left cerebellar hemispheres connected by a vermis.

Modulates and coordinates voluntary movement of the limbs, maintains smooth muscle tone and posture, coordinates eye movements, and helps in learning motor skills.

Front 34

What three primary structures protect the CNS?

Back 34

1. Bone

2. Meninges

3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 35

The Meninges

Back 35

1. Membranes( sin. Meminx) three connective tissue membranes separating the brain and spinal cord from the skull and vertebrae.

Front 36

What are the three Meninges?

Back 36

1. Dura Mater(tough mother)

2. Arachnoid Mater(spider mother)

3. Pia Mater(gentle mother)

Front 37

Dura Mater

Back 37

1. Tough mother

2. superficial, very fiberous meninx, double layered in the skull.

2 parts

1. Periosteal layer-continuous with skull not in vertebrae.

2. Meningeal layer-surrounds brain and spinal cord. forms dura septa(falx cerebri) in longitudinal fissure btwn hemispheres(reduces brain movement.

Front 38

Arachnoid Mater

Back 38

Spider Mother

Middle Meninx- separated from dura mater w/serous fluid in subdural space

Arachnoid fibers located in subarachnoid space anchers to surface of brain

Arachnoid villi are extensions of this mater penetraing the dura and the superior sagittal sinus returning CSF to circulation.

Front 39

Pia Mater

Back 39

Gentle Mother

Deepest Meninx on surface of brain

very thin and delicate

Separates brain tissue from CSF

Provides attatchment site for arachnoid fibers and blood vessels