Nervous System

Front 1

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

Back 1

neuron

Front 2

What does the neuron do?

Back 2

Transmits information

Front 3

Can neurons reproduce?

Back 3

NO

Front 4

Neurons have a high requirement for

______________________

Back 4

oxygen

Front 5

If a neuron is damaged but the cell body remains intact, what is possible?

Back 5

the neuron can regenerate cell processes

Front 6

Which cells are "helpers" to the neuron, providing structural & functional support and protection?

Back 6

neuroglia

Front 7

Neuron structure:

what is the largest part of the neuron?

Back 7

the central cell body

Front 8

What are the two types of cell processes and what are their functions?

Back 8

Axons - conduct nerve impulses AWAY

Dendrites - receive nerve stimuli

Front 9

Parts of Neuron

(8)

Back 9

1. cell body
2. nucleus
3. dendrites
4. axon
5. myelin sheath
6. node of ranvier
7. schwann cells
8. axon terminals

Front 10

Dendrites _____________ stimuli from other parts

of the body and _______________ stimuli to the

_____________ ______________.

Back 10

receive

conduct

neuron cell body

Front 11

Dendrites serve as sensory receptors for:

(6 things)

Back 11

1. heat
2. cold
3. pressure
4. touch
5. stretch
6. PAIN

Front 12

Axons conduct impulse _____________ from the

___________ toward _____________ ____________.

Back 12

away

cell

another neuron

Front 13

3 Physical characteristics of dendrites

Back 13

1. short

2. numerous

3. multi-branched

Front 14

3 physical characteristics of axons:

Back 14

1. long process

2. single

3. may be coated with myelin

Front 15

Myelinated axons conduct impulses

________________ than unmyelinated ones.

Back 15

faster

Front 16

What is the myelin sheath?

Back 16

cell membrane of glial cells tightly wrapped

around the AXON

Front 17

Which cells are found IN the brain & spinal cord?

Back 17

oligodendrocytes

Front 18

Which cells are found OUTSIDE the brain and

spinal cord?

Back 18

Schwann cells

Front 19

What is the node of Ranvier?

Back 19

the gap between adjacent glial cells

Front 20

What does the Central Nervous System include?

Back 20

brain & spinal cord

Front 21

What does the Peripheral Nervous System include?

Back 21

everything else

(cranial nerves + spinal nerves)

Front 22

Direction of nerve impulse:

Afferent nerves conduct impulses _____________

the Central Nervous System

Back 22

TOWARD

Front 23

Afferent nerves are also called:

Back 23

sensory nerves

Front 24

What do afferent nerves do?

Back 24

conduct sensations from sensory receptors in the skin & other place in the body TO the CNS

Front 25

Efferent nerves conduct impulses ______________

the central nervous system.

Back 25

away from

Front 26

Efferent nerves are also called _________________.

Back 26

motor nerves

Front 27

What do efferent nerves do?

Back 27

cause skeletal muscle contraction & movement

Front 28

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

Back 28

controls and coordinates automatic functions

Front 29

Give an example of the autonomic nervous system at work.

Back 29

Slowing of heart rate in response to increased

blood pressure.

Front 30

What is myelin?

Back 30

white matter

(the "crescent roll" around the hot dog)

Front 31

What disease is a result of impaired or lack of myelin?

Back 31

multiple sclerosis

Front 32

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

Back 32

controls actions under voluntary, conscious

control

Front 33

If a nerve has a myelin coat, where does it have to go through the depolarization / depolarization process?

Back 33

only at the node of Ranvier

Front 34

Which type of nerve tells you to pull your hand back from the hot stove?

(afferent or efferent?)

Back 34

efferent

Front 35

Which nervous system coordinates learned muscle control?

(like a toddler learning to put hands out when falling)

Back 35

autonomic

Front 36

the resting state of the nerve is a state of being:

Back 36

polarized

Front 37

what returns the cell to its polarized state?

Back 37

the Na / K pump

Front 38

In depolarization, which channel opens?

Back 38

Sodium

Front 39

In repolarization, which channel opens?

Back 39

Potassium

Front 40

In a polarized (resting) state, is the sodium inside or outside of the cell?

Back 40

outside

Front 41

What is the threshold stimulus?

Back 41

All or nothing response

(neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength or not at all)

Front 42

During a polarized (resting) state, what kind of charge does the cell have?

Back 42

negative

Front 43

What is the refractory period?

Back 43

Time period during which a neuron is insensitive to additional stimuli

Front 44

What is the benefit of the refractory period?

Back 44

It allows the message to only go in one direction:

forward

Front 45

What is saltatory conduction?

Back 45

rapid means of conducting an action potential

(depolarization in myelinated axons at node of Ranvier)

Front 46

What is a synapse?

Back 46

the junction between 2 neurons

(or between a neuron & a target cell)

Front 47

What is the synaptic cleft?

Back 47

the gap between adjacent neurons

Front 48

What goes across the synaptic cleft to the post-synaptic membrane?

Back 48

neurotransmitters

Front 49

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do?

Back 49

cause an INFLUX of SODIUM

(which causes post-synaptic membrane to move TOWARD THRESHOLD)

Front 50

What do inhibitory neurotransmitters do?

Back 50

move the charge within the post-synaptic cell further AWAY from the threshold

Front 51

Name 3 types of neurotransmitters

Back 51

1. Acetylcholine

2. Catecholamines

3. GABA

Front 52

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

Back 52

can be either depending on location in body

Front 53

What are 3 examples of a catecholamine?

Back 53

1. epinephrine

2. norepinephrine

3. dopamine

Front 54

Name the 4 parts of the brain

Back 54

1. cerebrum

2. cerebellum

3. diencephalon

4. brain stem

Front 55

What is the cerebrum made of (2 things)

Back 55

1. white matter

2. gray matter

Front 56

Which matter makes up the outer layer of the brain?

Back 56

gray matter

Front 57

What is the cerebrum responsible for? (3 things)

Back 57

higher order behaviors -

• learning
• intelligence
• awareness

Front 58

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

(4 things)

Back 58

1. coordinated movement

2. balance

3. posture

4. complex reflexes

Front 59

What is the diencephalon?

Back 59

passageway between brain stem & cerebrum

Front 60

Name 3 structures of the diencephalon?

Back 60

1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

3. pituitary gland

Front 61

What is the function of the thalamus?

Back 61

relay station for regulating sensory input to cerebrum

Front 62

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Back 62

interface between nervous & endocrine systems

Front 63

What is the job of the pituitary gland?

Back 63

"master gland" of endocrine system

Front 64

What causes cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens?

Back 64

If the mother contracts FIV or FeLV while pregnant.

Front 65

What is the brain stem responsible for?

Back 65

basic body support

Front 66

Brain stem connects brain to ______________.

Back 66

spinal cord

Front 67

What are the 3 components of the brain stem?

Back 67

1. medulla oblongata

2. pons

3. mid-brain

Front 68

Many of which type of nerves originate from the brain stem?

Back 68

Cranial nerves

Front 69

What are the meninges?

Back 69

connective tissue layers that surround the brain & spinal cord.

Front 70

What are the 3 layers of the meninges in order from OUTER to INNER?

Back 70

1. Dura mater

2. Arachnoid mater

3. Pia mater

Front 71

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 71

cushioning & protection of brain & spinal cord

Front 72

What does the blood-brain barrier separate?

Back 72

capillaries in the brain

from

nervous tissue

Front 73

Name some things that can pass through the blood-brain barrier?

Back 73

inhalant anesthesia

alcohol

Front 74

Only things that are ____________________ are able to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Back 74

lipophilic

Front 75

define liphophilic

Back 75

able to combine with or dissolve in FAT

Front 76

Obese patients - the fat in their body harbors

_____________________.

Back 76

anesthesia

Front 77

How does anesthesia affect obese patients in terms of coming out of anesthesia?

Back 77

it takes them longer than normal to wake up

Front 78

If an obese animal is 15 lbs and needs anesthesia, what should you do when determining how much to give them?

Back 78

Treat them as if they weigh less - maybe 12 lbs.

Front 79

What are the 12 cranial nerve pairs?

Back 79

1. olfactory 7. facial

2. optic 8. vestibulocochlear

3. oculomotor 9. glossopharyngeal

4. trochlear 10. vagus

5. trigeminal 11. spinal accessory

6. abducent 12. hypoglossal

Front 80

mnemonic device for 12 cranial nerves:

Back 80

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Go Vegas After Hours!

Front 81

Spinal Cord: Medulla

1. What is it?

2. What is it composed of?

3. What is the center of it?

Back 81

1. the central part of the spinal cord

2. gray matter

3. central canal

Front 82

Spinal Cord: CORTEX

1. what is it?

2. where is it?

3. what is it made of?

Back 82

1. the outer part of the spinal cord

2. surrounds the gray matter

3. white matter

Front 83

What type of cells are found in the gray & white matter of the spinal cord?

Back 83

CNS oligodendrocytes

Front 84

Cerebrospinal fluid is taken from what part of the spinal cord?

Back 84

cortex

Front 85

Spinal Cord:

What do dorsal nerve roots contain?

Back 85

sensory fibers

Front 86

Spinal Cord:

What do ventral nerve roots contain?

Back 86

motor fibers

Front 87

Dorsal horns are neurons in the gray matter that forward ___________________ nerve impulses to the brain or to other parts of the spinal cord.

Back 87

sensory

Front 88

Ventral horns are neurons in gray matter that forward _______________ (_____________) nerve impulses to the spinal nerves.

Back 88

motor (efferent)

Front 89

Autonomic Nervous System is made up of which two nervous systems?

Back 89

1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

Front 90

Autonomic nervous system controls functions at the ____________________________ level.

Back 90

subconcious

Front 91

In the sympathetic nervous system, where do the nerves emerge from?

Back 91

the thoracolumbar system

(thoracic & lumbar regions)

Front 92

In the parasympathetic nervous system, where to the nerves emerge from?

Back 92

cranial-sacral

(the brain and sacral-vertebral)

Front 93

Parasympathetic neurons travel directly from the CNS to its ________________ _________________.

Back 93

target organ

Front 94

In the sympathetic nervous system, the 1st nerve is ______________ and the 2nd nerve is __________.

Back 94

1st nerve = SHORT

2nd nerve = LONG

Front 95

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the 1st nerve is ______________ and the 2nd nerve is __________.

Back 95

1st nerve = LONG

2nd nerve = SHORT

Front 96

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system?

Back 96

norepinephrine

Front 97

Adrenergic receptors (catecholamine) to epinephrine or norepinephrine are found in the blood vessels in which 3 areas of the body?

Back 97

1. skin

2. GI tract

3. skeletal muscle

Front 98

What are the 3 types of adrenergic receptors?

Back 98

Alpha 1

Beta 1

Beta 2

Front 99

What are Alpha 1 receptors responsible for?

Back 99

vasoconstriction of the:

• skin
• GI tract
• kidney

Front 100

What are Beta 1 receptors responsible for?

Back 100

increase heart RATE & FORCE of contraction

Front 101

What are Beta 2 receptors responsible for?

Back 101

bronchodilation

Front 102

Somatic reflexes involve contraction of _____________________ muscle.

Back 102

skeletal

Front 103

Autonomic reflexes regulate what 3 things?

Back 103

1. smooth muscle

2. cardiac muscle

3. endocrine glands

Front 104

Contralateral reflex - where does it start and where does it go?

Back 104

Starts on one side of the body and travels to the opposite side.

Front 105

Name an example of a contralateral reflex.

Back 105

1. catching yourself as you fall (other foot steps forward)

(pull one cat's foot as they sleep and the other foot will respond)

Front 106

In an ipsilateral reflex, the _____________ and the ________________ are on the same side of the body.

Back 106

stimulus & response