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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nerves
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cells excited by something
sensory- to brain motor- to muscle can be a single fiber (neuron) or a collection of fibers (cluster) nerves communicate with each other terminal branches mesh with dendrites of next neuron to communicate cell body- with nucleus center axon- message sent through to terminal branches humps synapse to next cell body |
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myelin
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all nerves have some mylelin
white fiber that surrounds axon and terminal branches prevents short circuits the more myelin the faster the message gets sent nonmyelinated- 1 layer of myelin myelinated- 2 layers of myelin |
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Peripheral nervous system
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nerve cells highly specialized
has healing capacity healing rates: 1mm/day 1 inch/month joint and roots are abbreviated vertebrae are moveable UMN: from brain to point in spinal cord where exists and interfaces with next neuron LMN: cell body where dendrites are synapsing with spinal cord |
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reflex arch
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serves brain functions for more important activities
saves time for reflex to take place emergency shortcut certain locations in body that because of where they are, can respond faster than any other place in body (knee reflex) turns sensory input right into motor response no need to go to brain |
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cross over
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right side of brain controls left side of body
cross over takes place in spinal cord motor crossover takes place at same point it exists sensory crossover takes place about 2 levels above exit/entrance |
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Autonomic Nervous system
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controlls: sweating, goosebumps, chills, heartbeating
involuntary nervous system not consciously controlled exist outside spinal cord activated by sensory input, hormones and emotions |
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Autonomic Nervous subsystem
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1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic one increases/starts, one decreases/ends |
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Autonomic dysreflexia
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involutnary difficult reflexing
similar to reflex arch not exactly sensory or motor excessive response to stimulus because of lack of message to brain brain moderates communication when injury above T7, brain not able to communicate |
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Entrapment neuropathy
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muscles and bones have a certain path that nerves follow if these get blocked by compression then problems arise
example: carpal tunnel syndrom repetitive strain injury- compression of nerve actual disease of tunnels and adds to disease of nerves- more difficulty |
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Guillain-Barre syndrom
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autoimmune disease
upper GI infection antibodies wiping out myelin peripheral- outside nervous system infectious polyneuritis (inflammation of many nerves) starts infecting lower extremities and then 1-4 weeks, starts moving up body progressive de-myelenization by on antibodies return of functioning and myelin can happen mostly no side effects |
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Transverse Myelitis
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inflammation across spinal cord
tumors in spinal column usually slow growing and once removed, recovery looks good fast moving means |
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kernicterus
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between mom and child
mom RH negative and baby RH positive mom's blood begins to recognize babies blood as antigen and starts attacking it attacking starts after birth and blood transfusion is needed enzume attacking blood is called Bilireuben |
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Cerebral Palsy (CP)
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prenatal, perinatal and postnatal damage occurs
up to age 8/9 years old development during growth disturbance in motor functioning nonprogressive results from function of intracranial CNS tissue that is non-progressive and developed during growth and maturation stage of life |
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Mixed
Type of CP |
athetoid, spastic and ataxic at the same time
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Spastic
Type of CP |
70% of cases
spasms in antogonistic muscles rigid body person has trouble doing what they want can be so severe --> quadraplegic scizzory gait feet cross over hemiplegia, hemiperesis may have seizures |
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athetoid
Type of CP |
15% of cases
spasm in all 4 extremities caused by kernicterus problems speaking dysarthria facial grimacing hearing loss no seizures intelligence is preserved difficulty in life because of poor speech and language |
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Ataxic
Type of CP |
5% of cases
incoordination feet set far apart wide based walking poor balance difficulty reaching |
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causes of CP before birth
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6-7 million births
prenatal: before birth apoxia of mother- lack of oxygen tortia- twisting of umbilical cord intrauterine infection kernicterus breach birth premature baby low birth weight placenta plevia- detached from uterus |
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other problems with CP
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1. intelligence:
1/3 unaffected 1/3 mild MR 1/3 moderate to severe 2. seizures- 50% 3. visual problems awkward gaze strabismus- crossed eyes 4. hearing problems 5. dysarthria 6. personality and behavioral disorders |
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Gran Mal Seizure
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Tonic- Clonic Seizures
aura before seisure becomes weak, dizzy, and fall to floor tonic contractions generalized rigidity clonic contractions jerking incognant occurring in adulthood loss of control, lose consciousness |
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status epilepticus
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if tonic clonic seizure (grand mal) last more than 4 minutes
becomes dangerous and may die |
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Petite mal
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mostly children
very brief, few seconds others may not know mal= storm, turmoil absence of seizures loss of consciousness head drooping stagger in walk fixed daze |
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Jacksonian
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focal seizure
maybe combined with gran mal localized involuntary motor activities that are localized muscle group half body- one arm, one leg abnormal, involuntary motor act when goes to both halves- lose consciousness |
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psychomotor
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twilight state of consciousness
perform inappropriate acts not really with it strong emotion hallucinations- visual and auditory |
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autonomic epilepsia
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involuntary symptom
bradycardia- slow heartbeat tachycardia- fast heartbeat many symptoms can occur sweating blue or red in face sudden flushing hypertension |
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treatment of seizures
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1. medications- CNS depressants
2. combination of meds 3. 5-10% cannot be controlled 4. Take away drivers license until no seizure in 12 month period |
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seizure onset in adults
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idiopathic
congenital head trauma |
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seizure onset in adolescents
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trauma
tumor withdrawal from barbituates and alcohol |
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seizure onset in elderly
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vascular disease
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seizure onset in infancy
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birth injury
CP hypoglycemia congenital malformation |
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seizure onset in childhood
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3-5% of children have seizure disorders
majority outgrow due to fever meningitis idiopathic |
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types of seizures
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1% of general population have seizure disorder
1. gran mal (tonic clonic) 2. petite mal (absence seizure) 3. jacksonian (focal seizure) 4. psychomotor 5. autonomic epilepsia |
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explanation of seizure disorder/epilepsy
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symptom, not disease itself
bad sudden brain rhythms sudden discharge in CNS activity gray matter checmical signs and symptoms that interfere with normal functioning |
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Parkinson's disease
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progressive
later in life- 50-70s men and women equally part of brain called substantia nigra starts to deteriorate body stops producing dopanine in this area and problems start dopamine can be taken but only works for short time degeneration of brain 1st treatment- levadopa- dopamine replacement |
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Progression of Parkinson's
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decrease in ADL
decrease in incoordination initially minor, but then progresses facial blinking dull affect/no facial expression initiating movement/stopping shuffling gait depression bradycarnsia- slow motor functioning slow speech- dysarthria small writing- micrographia slow movements- bradykinesia tremors when sleep pellrose- fingers roll |
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Parkinsonian
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occurs earlier in life
meds may work for a little longer same symptoms due to designer drugs/boxing |
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multiple sclerosis
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the most recurrence- worst off person is
could be viral infection overreaction to autoimmune most common neurological disease 3 times more common in northern parts of US and Europe affects myelin of the body antigen enters, attacks myelin, body makes enzyme to kill antigen but then also kills myelin myelin can regenerate early signs: numbness, atoxia, speech, emotional |
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relapsing-remittal
Types of MS |
most common
sudden onset and relapse and remission no permanent damage until next occurance exacerbation- when things get worse |
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secondary progressive
Types of MS |
many/all started as second type
but after 5+ years, problems accumulate start with relapse remittal- gets worse slow worsening of ability without clear cut worsening |
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Amytrophys Lateral Sclerosis
(ALS) |
Lou Gherig's Disease
disease of cell bodies no known cause men motor neurons degenerate after age 40 starts in lower body and progression upwards in 3 years and then death no treatment no cure progress upwards to brainstem decreasing in breathing motor neuronsn in spinal cord only |
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poliomyelitus (polio)
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polio= gray
affects cell body disease of cell body virus --> contagious destruction of nerves for few days.. then subsides cell bodies completely destroyed and nothing to regenerate from prognosis depends on how many dead cell bodies attacks lowermotor neurons vaccine |
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post-polio syndrome
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normal diminishing of neurons
person had polio at young age and it resulted in some defecits as person goes through aging process, more deficits onset they think they are going through it again |
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Myasthenia Gravis
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diesase of myoneural junction
where muscle and nerve meet fluid at this spot is not being produced properly weakness in muscles progrressive condition disease where inability for impulse to travel |
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Muscular Dystrophy
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genetically determined
progressive deteriorazation of muscles |
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Duchennes
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children- male
wheelchair bound early death low IQ no problem in brain progressive weakness infant- delayed milestones |
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fascio/scalpulo/Humoral
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face, shoulder and upper body
males and females longer lifestyle |
