Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
arthro
|
articulation
|
|
|
cerebello
|
cerebellum (little brain)
|
|
|
cerebro
|
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
|
|
|
cranio
|
skull
|
|
|
encephalo
|
entire brain
|
|
|
esthesio
|
sensation
|
|
|
ganglio
|
ganglion (knot)
|
|
|
glio
|
glue
|
|
|
gnoso
|
knowing
|
|
|
hypno
somni somno |
sleep
|
|
|
kinesio
|
movement
|
|
|
lexo
|
word or phrase
|
|
|
meningo
meningio |
meninges (membrane)
|
|
|
myelo
|
spinal cord or bone marrow
|
|
|
narco
|
stupor, sleep
|
|
|
neuro
|
nerve
|
|
|
phaso
|
speech
|
|
|
phobo
|
exaggerated fear or sensitivity
|
|
|
phoro
|
carry or bear
|
|
|
phreno
psycho thymo |
mind
|
|
|
schizo
|
split
|
|
|
somato
|
body
|
|
|
spino
|
spine
|
|
|
spondylo
vertebro |
vertebra
|
|
|
stereo
|
three dimensional or solid
|
|
|
taxo
|
order or coordination
|
|
|
thalamo
|
thalamus (a room)
|
|
|
tono
|
tone or tension
|
|
|
topo
|
place
|
|
|
ventriculo
|
ventricle (belly or pouch)
|
|
|
cata-
|
down
|
|
|
-asthenia
|
weakness
|
|
|
-lepsy
|
seizure
|
|
|
-mania
|
condition of abnormal impulse toward
|
|
|
-paresis
|
slight paralysis
|
|
|
-plegia
|
paralysis
|
|
|
central nervous system
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
brain
|
portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
|
|
|
cerebrum
|
largest portion of the brain, divided ito two halves known as cerebral hemispheres that are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum
|
|
|
frontal lobe
|
anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
|
|
|
parietal lobe
|
portion posterior to the frontal lobe responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature and touch
|
|
|
temporal lobe
|
portion that lies below the frontal lobe reponsible for hearing taste and smell
|
|
|
occipital lobe
|
portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes resposible for vision
|
|
|
cerebral cortex
|
outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, reponsible for higher mental functions
|
|
|
thalamus (diencephalon)
|
two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
|
|
|
gyri
|
ring or circle, convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres
|
|
|
sulci
|
ditch, shallow grooves that separate the gyri
|
|
|
fissures
|
splitting crack, deep grooves in the brain
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles
|
|
|
brainstem
|
region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum cerebellum and spinal cord responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature, three levels mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata
|
|
|
ventricles
|
series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fliud
|
|
|
cerebrospinal fliud
|
plasma like clear fliud circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
spinal cord
|
column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body
|
|
|
meninges
|
three membranes that cover the brain and spinal consists of the dura matter, pia matter and arachnoid
|
|
|
peripheral nervous system
|
nerves that branch from the central nervous system including nerves of the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves)
|
|
|
cranial nerves
|
12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
|
|
|
sprinal nerves
|
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
|
|
|
sensory nerves
|
nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain also called afferent nerves
|
|
|
motor nerves
|
nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands also called efferent nerves
|
|
|
autonomic nervous system
|
nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle cardiac muscle and various glands
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus (diencephalon)
|
|
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
division of the ANS concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations
|
|
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
division of the ANS that is most active in ordinary conditions, it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience
|
|
|
aphasia
|
condition without speech, impairment due to localized brain injury that affects understanding, retrieving, and formulating meaningful and sequential elements of language
|
|
|
dysrthria
|
condition of difficult articulation, group of related speech impairments that may affect the speed, range, direction, strength, and timing of motor movement as a result of paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech muscles
|
|
|
dysphasia
|
difficulty speaking
|
|
|
coma
|
general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with barying responsiveness a common method of assessment is the Glasgow coma scale
|
|
|
delirium
|
state of mental confusion due to disturbances in cerebral function, that are many causes, including fever, shock or drug overdose
|
|
|
dementia
|
impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss disorientation and confusion
|
|
|
motor deficit
|
loss of impairment of muscle function
|
|
|
sensory deficit
|
loss or impairment of sensation
|
|
|
neuralgia
|
pain along the course of a nerve
|
|
|
paralysis
|
temporary or permanent loss of motor control
|
|
|
flaccid paralysis
|
defective or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
|
|
|
spastic paralysis
|
stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
|
|
|
hemiparesis
|
partial paralysis of the right or left half or the body
|
|
|
sciatica
|
pain that follows the pathyway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression of trauma of the nerve or its roots
|
|
|
seizure
|
sudden, trasient disturbances in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulses
|
|
|
convulsion
|
to pull together type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles
|
|
|
syncope
|
fainting
|
|
|
tactile stimulation
|
evoking a response by touching
|
|
|
hyperesthesia
|
increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
|
|
|
paresthesia
|
abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
|
|
|
agnosia
|
any of many types of loss of nerological function associated with interpretation of sensory information
|
|
|
asterognosis
|
inability to judge the form of an object by touch
|
|
|
atopognosis
|
inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body
|
|
|
Alzheimer disease
|
disease os structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death
|
|
|
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
a condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control, also known as lou gehrig disease
|
|
|
cerebral palsy
|
condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination
|
|
|
cerebrovascular disease
|
disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
|
|
|
cerebral arteriosclerosis
|
hardening of the arteries of the brain
|
|
|
cerebral atherosclerosis
|
condition of lip buildup within the blood vessels of the brain
|
|
|
cerebral aneurysm
|
dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
|
|
|
cerebral thrombosis
|
presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
|
|
|
cerebral embolism
|
obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation
|
|
|
cerebrovascular accident stroke
|
damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease
|
|
|
transient ischemic attack
|
brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain usually caused by a partial oclusion that results in temporary neurological deficit
|
|
|
carotid TIA
|
ischemia of the anterior circulation of the brain
|
|
|
vertebrobasilar TIA
|
ischemia of the posterior circulation of the brain
|
|
|
encephalitis
|
inflammation of the brain
|
|
|
epilespsy
|
disorder affective the central nervous system characterized by recurrent seizures
|
|
|
tonic clonic
|
stiffeing jerking a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups previously termed grand mal seizure
|
|
|
absence
|
seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement previously termed petit mal seizure
|
|
|
partial
|
seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms
|
|
|
glioma
|
tumor of glidal cells graded by degree or malignancy
|
|
|
herniated disk
|
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes causing compression on the nerve root
|
|
|
herpes zoster
|
viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilaterally also known as shingles
|
|
|
Huntington disease
|
hereditary diease of the central nervous system
|
|
|
Huntington chorea
|
characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements and progressive dementia
|
|
|
hydrocephalus
hydrocephaly |
abnormal accumulatin of cerebrospinal fliud in the ventricles of the brain as a results of developmental anomalies, infectin, injury or tumor
|
|
|
meningioma
|
benign tumor of the coverings of the brain
|
|
|
meningitis
|
inflammtion of the meninges
|
|
|
migraine headache
|
paroxysmal attacks of mostly unilateral headache often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, and vomiting lasting hours days and caused by dilation of arteries
|
|
|
multiple sclerosis
|
disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination of nerve fibers with episodes or neurological dysfunction followed by recovery
|
|
|
myasthenia gravis
|
autoimmume disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength with activity and a return of strength after a period of rest
|
|
|
myelitis
|
inflammation of the spinal cord
|
|
|
narcolespy
|
sleep disorder characterized by a sudeen, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis and dreams intruding while awake
|
|
|
parkinson disease
|
condition of slowly progressive degeneration of an area of the brainstem resulting in a decrease of dopamine characterized by tremor rigidy of muscles and slow movements usually occuring later in life
|
|
|
plegia
|
paralysis
|
|
|
hemiplegia
|
paralysis on one side of the body
|
|
|
paraplegia
|
paralysis from the waist down
|
|
|
quadriplegia
|
paralysis of all four limbs
|
|
|
poliomyelitis
|
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
|
|
|
polyneuritis
|
inflammation involving two or more nerves often owing to a nutritinal deficiency such as lack of thiamine
|
|
|
reflex sympathetic dystrophy
|
condition of abnormal function of the sympathetic nervous system in reponse to pain perception usually as the result of an injury to an extremity
|
|
|
sleep apnea
|
periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep often causing snoring
|
|
|
spina bifida
|
congeital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches often resulting in pouching of spinal membranes or tissue
|
|
|
electroencephalogram
|
record of the minute electrical impulses of the rain used to identify neurological conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness
|
|
|
evoked potentials
|
record of minute electrical potentials that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory visual and sensory pathway disorders also used to monitor the neurological function of patients during surgery
|
|
|
nerve conduction velocity
|
electrical shock of peripheral nerves to record time of conduction used to diagnose various peripheral nervous system diseases
|
|
|
polysomnography
|
recording of various aspects of sleep to diagnose sleep disorders
|
|
|
lumbar puncture
|
introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose such as to obtain cerebrospinal fliud for testing also called spinal tap
|
|
|
magentic resonance imaging
|
nonionizing imaging technique using magnetci fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomical structures such as the tissues of the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
magnetic resonance angiography
|
use of magnetic resonance in imaging of the blood vessels useful in detecting pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis
|
|
|
intracrnial MRA
|
magnectic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circle of Willis
|
|
|
extracranial MRA
|
magnetic resonance image of theneck to bisualize the carotid artery
|
|
|
nuclear medicine imaging
|
radionuclide organ imaging
|
|
|
SPECT brain scan
|
scan combinng nuclear medicine and computer tomography technology to produce imagies of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes
|
|
|
positron emission tomography
|
technique combining nuclear medicine and computer tomography technology to produce images of brain anatoy and corresponding physiology - used to study stroke Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, metabolic brain diorders, chemistry of nerve transmissions in the brain etc, it provides greater accuracy than SPECT but is used less often beacuse of cost and limited availability of the radioisotopes
|
|
|
radiography
|
x ray imaging
|
|
|
cerebral angiogram
|
x ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium
|
|
|
computer tomography
|
computer tomographic x ray images of the head used to visualize abnormalities with
|
|
|
myelogram
|
x ray spinal cord made after intraspinal injection of contrast medium
|
|
|
reflex testing
|
test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus
|
|
|
deep tendon reflexes
|
involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon indicating function positive findings are noted when there is either no reflex response or exaggerated response to stimulus
|
|
|
Babinski sign or reflex
|
pathological response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot a positive sign is indicated when the toes dorsiflex
|
|
|
transcranial sonogram
|
image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels used in diagnosis and management of stroke and head trauma
|
|
|
craniectomy
|
excision of part of the skull to approach the brain
|
|
|
craniotomy
|
incision into the skull to approach the brarin
|
|
|
diskectomy
|
removal of a herniated disk often done percutanteously
|
|
|
laminectomy
|
excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to apprach the spinal cord
|
|
|
vertebral lamina
|
flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch
|
|
|
microsurgery
|
utilization of a microscope to dissect minute strcutures during surgery
|
|
|
neuroendovascular surgery
|
diagnosis and treatment of disorders within cerebral blood vessels performed in a specialized angiographic laboratory by interventional neuroradiologists common procedures include
cerebral angioplasty and stent embolization |
|
|
neuroplasty
|
surgical repair of a nerve
|
|
|
spondyosyndesis
|
spinal fusion
|
|
|
chemotherapy
|
treatment of malignancies infections and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
|
|
|
radiation therapy
|
treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede proliferation of maliginant cells
|
|
|
sterotactic fram
|
mechanical device used to localize to point in space targeting a precise site
|
|
|
thrombolytic therapy
|
dissolution of thrombi using drugs used to treat acute ischemic stroke
|
|
|
analgesic
|
agent that relieves pain
|
|
|
anticoagulant
|
drug that precents clotting of the blood commoly used to prevent heartattack and ischemic stroke
|
|
|
anticonvulsant
|
agent that prevents of lessens convulsion
|
|
|
hypnotic
|
agents that induces sleep
|
|
|
sedative
|
agents that has a calming effect
|
|
|
affect
|
emotional feeling or mood
|
|
|
flat affect
|
significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
|
|
|
apathy
|
lack of interest of display of emotion
|
|
|
catatonia
|
state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment usually including muscle rigidity staring and inability to communicate
|
|
|
delusion
|
persistent belief that has no basis in reality
|
|
|
grandiose delusion
|
persistent belief that he or she possesses great wealth intelligence or power
|
|
|
persecutory delusion
|
person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with intent to harm
|
|
|
dysphoria
|
restless dissatisfied mood
|
|
|
euphoria
|
exaggerated unfounded feeling of well-being
|
|
|
hallucination
|
false perception of the senses for which there is no reality most commonly hearing or seeing things
|
|
|
ideation
|
formation of thoughts or ideas
|
|
|
mania
|
state of abnormal elation and increased activity
|
|
|
neurosis
|
psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent
|
|
|
psychosis
|
mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment
|
|
|
thought disorder
|
thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction
|
|
|
major depression
major depressive illness clinical depression major affective disorder unipolar disorder |
disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration sleep actvity appetite and social behavior characterized by feelings of worthlessness fatigue and loss of interest
|
|
|
dysthymia
|
milder affective diorder characterized by a chonic depression persisting for at least 2 years
|
|
|
manic depression bipolar disorder
|
affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression
|
|
|
seasonal defective disorder
|
affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and remit in the spring
|
|
|
generalized anxiety disorder
|
most common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic excessive and uncontrollable worry about everyday problems that affects the ability to relax or concentrate but does not usually interfere with social interactions and employment
|
|
|
panic disorder
|
disorder of sudden recurrent attacks of intense feelings including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack such as rapid heart rate, chest pain, shortness of breath, chills, sweating and dizziness
|
|
|
phobia
|
exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic named for the object or circumstances such as agraphobia or acrophobia
|
|
|
posttraumatic stress disorder
|
condition resulting form an extremely tramaitc experience injury or illness that leaves the suffere with persistent thoughts and membories of the ordeal
|
|
|
obessive compulsive disorder
|
anxiety disorder featuring unwanted senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions which can interfere with all aspects of a person's daily life
|
|
|
hypochondriasis
|
preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary
|
|
|
autism
|
developmental disability commonly appearing during the first three years of life resulting from a neurological disorder affecting brain function evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself in social interactions
|
|
|
dyslexia
|
developmental disability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken words sentences or paragraphs affecting reading spelling and sef expressio
|
|
|
attention deficit and hyperactivity behavior
|
dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity distractibility and lack of control over impulses which interferes with the ability to function normally at school home or work
|
|
|
mental retardation
|
condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or below resulting in the inability to adapt to normal social activities
|
|
|
anerexia nervousa
|
severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in refusal to eat and body weight well below normal
|
|
|
bulimia nervosa
|
eating diorder characterized in binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestions through induced vomitting use of laxatives and excessive exercise
|
|
|
substance abuse disorders
|
mental disorders resulting form abuse of substances such as drugs alcohol or other toxins causing personal and social dysfunction
|
|
|
schizophrenia
|
disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment characterized by a broad range or positive and negative symptoms
|
|
|
disorganized
|
featuring disorganized speech behavio and flat of inappropriate affect
|
|
|
catatonic
|
featuring catatonia
|
|
|
paranoid
|
featuring delusions most often persecutory or grandiose types
|
|
|
shizoaffective disorder
|
concurent with major depression or manic depression
|
|
|
electroconvulsive therapy
|
electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions used to treat severely depressed patients
|
|
|
light therapy
|
use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorders
|
|
|
psychotherapy
|
treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with patients indivudally or in a group employing specific actions and techniques
|
|
|
behavioral therapy
|
treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior
|
|
|
cognitive therapy
|
treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking
|
|
|
psychotropic drugs
|
medications used to treat mental illnesses
|
|
|
antianxiety agents
anxiolytic agents |
drugs used to reduce anxiety
|
|
|
neroleptic agents
|
drugs used to treat psychosis espcially schizophrenia
|
