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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
functions of nervous system
communication
homeostatis

*sensation, integration, reaction*
anatomical divisions of nervous system
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
central nervous system (CNS) parts
brain
spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS) parts
nerves (cranial, spinal)
ganglia (sensory, autonomic)
peripheral nervous system (PNS) divisions
sensory division
motor division
sensory divisions (in PNS)
somatic sensory
visceral sensory
motor sensory divisions (in PNS)
somatic motor
visceral motor (aka: autonomic motor)
visceral motor divisions (in PNS)
sympathetic
parasympathetic
viscerosensory functions
sensation from internal organs
"viscus" = organs

example: nausea
somatosensory functions
sensation from the surface/skin
"soma" = body
visceromotor (autonomic) functions
motor (movement) to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
somatomotor fucntions
motor (movement) to skeletal muscles
characteristics of a neuron
excitability
conductivity
secretion
excitability
respond to stimuli
(mechanical, chemical, electrical)
conductivity
quickly transmit electrical signals over long distances
secretion
releases a neurotransmitter to affect another cell
functional classes of neurons
sensory/afferent
interneurons/association neurons
motor/efferent
sensory/afferent neurons
neurons conducts signals from receptors TO the CNS
interneurons/association neurons
confined ONLY to the CNS
motor/efferent neurons
neurons conduct signals FROM the CNS to effectors

effectors = muscles and glands
two types of cell bodies in the CNS
interneurons
motor

*most cell bodies are in the CNS*
two types of cell bodies in the PNS
sensory
visceromotor
nissl bodies
concenrations of ROUGH ER
responsibe for MAKING PROTEINS needed by the cell
neurofibrils
bundles of ACTIN FILAMENTS that SUPPORT the cell
dendrites
part on neuron that usually RECEIVES INCOMING INFORMATION

carries information to the cell body
axon (nerve fibers)
carries information away from the cell body
SINGLE process that transmits an action potential
sends signal to target(s)
initial segment of axon
MOST SENSITIVE to changes in membrane potential
first part of cell to DEPOLARIZE
axon collaterals
branches that allow one neuron to contact multiple targets
axon terminals
where axons terminate on their targets
(neurons, muscles, glands)
resting potential
base line charge of neuronal membrane
outer surface of membrane has more positive charge
high sodium [Na+] outside of membrane
polarity
difference in charge across the membrane
depolarization
neuron is stimulated
Na+ channels in membrane open
Na+ follows gradient and enters cell
POLARITY across membrane DECREASES

if membrane is depolarized beyond threshold, action potential will pass down the entire length of the axon
repolarization
after fixed time, Na+ channels close
Na+ exits cell
RESTING POLARITY is re-established
organization of cell bodies
neurons with common functions and destinations stick together

gray matter is cell bodies
gray matter
cell bodies
white matter
bundles of axons
gray matter in CNS
gray = nuclei = cell bodies with common function
white matter in CNS
white = tracts = axons with common function
gray matter in PNS
grey = ganglia = cell bodies with common function
white matter in PNS
white = nerves = axons with common destination
neuron shapes
distinguished by number of processes off cell body

*number depends on the number of dendrites*
*there is always just one axon*

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
multipolar neuron
many dendrites
MOST COMMON TYPE
many different functions
bipolar
one dendrite
rare
SPECIAL SENSES (vision, hearing, smell)
unipolar
one process is both dendrite AND axon
very common

GENERAL SENSORY cells in dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia
glial cells in the CNS
astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglial cells
oligodendrocyte
astrocytes
FORM TUNNELS FOR BLOOD VESSELS WITHIN THE CNS
look like multipolar neuron
remove ions from extracellular space
form scar tissue when neurons are injured

(glial cells in the CNS)
ependymal cells
secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
line the ventricles

(glial cells in the CNS)
ventricles
fluid-filled spaces in the brain
microglial cells
phagocytic cell
clean up debris in nervous tissue
macrophages of CNS
tiny

(glial cells in the CNS)
pligodendrocyte
forms myelin around large axons in the CNS

(glial cells in the CNS)
glial cells in the PNS
satellite cells
schwann cells
satellite cells
surround cell bodies in the PNS and separate them from the surrounding tissue

found in ganglia

(glial cells in the PNS)
ganglia
clusters on nerve cells in the body
schwann cells
associated with ALL axons in the PNS
myelinate the large axons

(glial cells in the PNS)
how schwann cells myelinate large axons in the PNS
each schwann cell myelinates PART of a SINGLE axon
takes many cells to cover entire axon
there are gaps between adjacent schwann cells
myelinated axons
"cinnamon bun"

axon is in middle
glial cell wraps around it and insulates it
myelination
the THICKER the axon,
the THICKER the myelin,
and the FASTER the action potential

myelin speeds the action potential
nodes of ranvier
short segments of the axon where there is NO myelin
ONLY sites that CAN depolarize
demyelination
myelin represses, gets thinner and shorter
parts of the axon's membrane is newly exposed

action potential gets slower at first then eventually comes to a complete stop
unmyelinated axons
"push pencil into side of bread dough"

myelin still goes around pencil, but not around and around and around like a myelinated axon (cinnamon bun)
unmyelinated fibers
thin axons are unmyelinated axons in the PNS
protected with schwann cells
single schwann cell "surrounds" many axons