Nervous System

Front 1

auditory nerve

Back 1

the nerve that receives sound wave messages from receptor cells in the cochlea and sends them to the auditory portion of the brain

Front 2

cochlea

Back 2

-snail shaped structure in the inner ear filled with fluid
-contains receptor cells
-when the fluid in the cochlea mover, it triggers the receptor cells

Front 3

decibles

Back 3

units of measurement that measure the loudness of sound
-a loud ipod would measure 125 decibles and a whisper 30

Front 4

ear canal

Back 4

the sound waves are funneld through the pinna travel into the middle oart of the ear through it.

Front 5

ear infection

Back 5

-an infection that occurs in the ear canal
-its reffered to as swimmers ear and can be caused by fungus or bacteria which travels up the eustachian tube
-an inner ear infection is generally caused by a virus that damages the semicircular canals causing issues with balance
-viruses can damage the auditory nerve causing partial or complete hearing loss

Front 6

ear drum

Back 6

-is at the end of the auditory canal
-stretched tight like the top of a music drum and it vibrates when it is hit by sound waves
-when the eardrum vibrates it causes three small bones to vibrate
-it separates the outer ear from the middle ear

Front 7

eustachian tubes

Back 7

-a passage between your middle ear and throat
-have one on each side
-keep the pressure from building up by letting air move in and out of your middle ear.

Front 8

incus (or anvil)

Back 8

is the second tiny bony in the middle ear that receives sound waves messages in the form or vibrations from the malleus and sends it to the third tiny bone, the stapes

Front 9

inner ear

Back 9

-totally encased in the skull
-it is filled with fluid

Front 10

malleus (or hammer)

Back 10

-the first of the three tiny bones in the middle ear.
-it receives sound wave messages in the form of vibrations from the eardrum and sends them to the incus

Front 11

arachnoid mater

Back 11

one of three layers of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
-it is between the other two layers
-it is delicate and spiderweb like
-cerebrospinal fluid flows under this membrane

Front 12

nerves

Back 12

-made up of bundles of neurons
-certain nerves carry messages to the spinal cord brain
-other nerves carry messages from the brain
-nerves tend to be larger at the spinal cord and get smaller as they move away from the spinal cord

Front 13

nervous system

Back 13

-made up of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
-receives messages from the environment and sends them to the brain and sends messages from the brain to the structures of the body

Front 14

neurons

Back 14

special name for nerve cells
-they make up brain, nerves, and spinal cord
-send messages to and from the brain

Front 15

pia mater

Back 15

-the delicate innermost layer of the meninges-the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
thin ,mesh like
-closely covers the entire surface of the brain, running into the folds of the brain

Front 16

receptor cells

Back 16

-specialized nerve cells in the sense organs
-detect simuli from the environment like light, sound, smells, etc

Front 17

reflex

Back 17

-an action controlled by a nerve that goes to the spinal cord and not the brain
-saves time and allows the action to occur quickly
-

Front 18

sense organs

Back 18

-have specialized cells that pick up messages from the environment and send them to the brain.

Front 19

spinal cord

Back 19

-formed by narrowing of the medulla
-made of nerves that carry messages to and away from the brain
-runs down a channel created by the hollow centers of the vertebrae

Front 20

synapse

Back 20

are where neurons meet
-dendrites and axons don't actually meet because the synapses are tiny gaps
-where the nerve signals can jump from one to the next
-the dendrites receive nerve signals from other nerve cells and pass them to the axon
-the axon carries them long distances to dendrites of other nerve cells
-at the synapses, the signals always pass in the same direction
they dont work in reverse

Front 21

terminal fibers

Back 21

located at the end of axons
-release molecules that the dendrites or a nearby neuron receives

Front 22

axon

Back 22

-long,skinny part of a neuron and sends electrical impulses away from the neurons cell body
-main transmitters of the nervous system
-release molecules that the dendrites of a near neuron receives
-most neurons cells have one each

Front 23

cell body

Back 23

-general part of a cell and holds all of the general parts of a cell including the nucleus, which is the control center of the cell
-has structures that help make energy and get rid of cellular wastes

Front 24

cerebellum

Back 24

located under the cerebrum and is responsible for balance, movement, and coordination

Front 25

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 25

-helps protect the brain and nerve tissue, keeps it healthy and removes waste products
-the brain "floats" in it
-located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater
-also fills special spaces in the brain and spinal cord

Front 26

cerebrum

Back 26

-largest, most complex part of the brain
-consists of the cerebrum-the area with the folds and grooves
-controls intelligence, memory, personality, emotion, speech, and the ability to feel and move

Front 27

cranium

Back 27

part of the skeletal system that holds and protects the brain
-makes up the skull with mandible

Front 28

dendrites

Back 28

-long thin spidery looking part of a neuron
-one neuron may have more than 10,000 of them
-receive nerve messages and carry the signals toward the cell body

Front 29

dura mater

Back 29

the tough outermost of the 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord
-helps to protect the brain

Front 30

medulla

Back 30

along with the pons, makes up the brainstem
-takes in sends out, and coordinates all the brains messages
-also controls many of the bodys automatic functions ,like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, digestion, and blinking

Front 31

stapes

Back 31

stirrup shapes bone in the middle ear
smallest lightest bone in the human body
-transfers sound waves to the cochlea

Front 32

middle ear

Back 32

located between the eardrum and the oval window of the cochlea
-contains three tiny bones
-main function is to transfer sound waves to the cochlea

Front 33

semicircular canals

Back 33

connected to the cochlea
-filled with fluid
-when you move the fluid moves triggering nerve messages that make you aware of your position

Front 34

sound waves

Back 34

-made when noise causes air molecules to vibrate
-when they reach the tympanum, it vibrates the three tiny bones which transfer the vibration to the cochlea
-vibrations are turned into a nerve signal which is carried to the brain by the auditory nerve

Front 35

pinnae or auricles

Back 35

structures on the sides of your head which funnel sound waves into your auditory canal

Front 36

noise pollution

Back 36

any loud or constant that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life.
common form is from transportation- cars and planes, put also from power tools, barking dogs, appliances, etc

Front 37

distance vision

Back 37

allows you to see objects that are 20 feet or more from the viewer

Front 38

peripheral vision

Back 38

allows you to see left and right w/out turning your head. weaker in humans than other animals

Front 39

pupil

Back 39

-entrance to the inside of the eyeball
the muscles of the iris control the size of it
the bigger it is the more light is let in

Front 40

retina

Back 40

lines the back of the inside of the eyeball and is made of receptor cells that are sensitive to light. converts light to nerve messages

Front 41

iris

Back 41

colored part of the eye
-has muscle fibers that contract and relax to control the size of the pupil

Front 42

cornea

Back 42

tough, transparent outer layer that protects the front of the eye

Front 43

lens

Back 43

small disc made of clear living cells
-held in place by muscles that contract and relax causing it to bulge or flatten
-controls your ability to focus on objects near or far

Front 44

optic nerve

Back 44

attached to the back of the eyeball
-receives light messages from the retina and sends them to the brain

Front 45

tapetum

Back 45

reflective layer in the back of the eye in some animals. helps with night vision

Front 46

choroid

Back 46

-layer between the retina and the sclera. made up of layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye

Front 47

light pollution

Back 47

-excessive or disruptive artificial light
-disrupts ecosystems and has adverse health effects
-since the early 1980s a global dark sky movement has emereged with concerned people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution
-it can cause damage to the environment