Nervous System

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The nervous system has two principal divisions called the central nervous system and the

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peripheral nervous system

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The central nervous system consist of the brain and the

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spinal cord

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The peripheral nervous system has sensory receptors located in

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sense organs

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There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of

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cranial nerves

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Nerve impulses from the central nervous system are transmitted to glands and

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muscles

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The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the somatic division and the

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autonomic division

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Sensory nerves are also known as

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afferent

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Motor Nerves are also known as

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efferent

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The first activity in the body's response to a stimulus is called

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reception

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The brain and the spinal cord are components of the

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central nervous system

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The axons and the dendrites extend from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands and form

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nerves

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The spinal cord passes downward from the brain and extends through a bony tunnel found in

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vertebrae

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The spinal cord is continuous with the

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brain (medulla oblongata)

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The three membranes surrounding and protecting the spinal cord are called

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meninges

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The outtermost mebrane surrounding the spinal cord is the

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dura mater

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The inner membrane surrounding the spinal cord and having many blood vessels is the

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pia mater

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Clear, watery fluid is found in the central canal of the spinal cord and is called

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cerebrospinal fluid

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Injury to the ventral root of the spinal cord results in a condition called

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paralysis

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The spinal cord serves as a coordination center for the

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reflex arc

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The brain receives impulses from the spinal cord as well as from 12 pairs of

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cranial nerves

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The brain is composed of two major

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hemispheres

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The brain consumes about one quarter of the body's

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oxygen

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The outer portion of the brain is mainly composed of

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gray matter

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The numerous convolutions of the brain are called

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gyri

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The anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere is occupied by a lobe called the

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frontal lobe

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At the posterior portion of the cerebral hemispheres is a lobe called the

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occipital lobe

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The region of the frontal lobe concerned with motor function for speech is

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broca's area

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The sense of smell is located deep within a portion of the brain known as the

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cerebrum

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The interpretation of visual patterns occurs in the lobe of the brain known as the

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occipital lobe

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The cavities of the brain are called the

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ventricles

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The brain region lying posterior to the medulla and serving as a coordinating center for motor activity is the

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cerebellum

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The cerebellum is composed of two lateral

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hemispheres

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Because it is a reflex center for coordinating muscle activity, the cerebellum helps smooth gait and maintain

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posture

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The nucleus of the diencephalon relaying sensory impulses into the cerebral cortex is the

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thalamus

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The nucleus of the diencephalon producing some hormones stored to be released by the pituitary gland is the

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hypothalamus

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Emotional experiences such as fear, anger, pleasure, and sorrow are regulated in a ring of tissue at the edge of the brain stem called the

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limbic system

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The rounded bulge in the brain stem separating the midbrain from the medulla is the

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pons

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The swollen stem of the brain connecting the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain is the

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medulla oblangata

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In the cerebrum of the brain, impulses cross over to opposite sides of the brain via the

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decussation of pyramids

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The network of nerve fibers in the medulla responsible for activating the cerebral cortex is the

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reticular formation

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The sensory somatic system is composed of spinal nerves and

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cranial nerves

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The human body has spinal nerves numbering

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31 pairs

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The cranial nerve associated with smell is the

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olfactory nerve

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The cranial nerve with sensory and motor functions controlling the heart, blood vessels, and organs of the viscera is the

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vagus nerve

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The spinal nerves communicate impulses between various parts of the body and the

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spinal cord

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Bodies where spinal nerves combine temporarily before passing to the destination points are known as

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plexuses

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The autonomic nervous system operates in a manner that is

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involuntary

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The purpose of the eye is to gather light from the environment and form an image on cells of the

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retina

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The nerve that carries impulses from the eye to the brain is the

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optic nerve

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The inner coat of the posterior wall of the eye is composed of the

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retina

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The outer wall of the eye consists of the cornea and the

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sclera

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The thin, watery fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye is

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aqueous humor

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The jellylike substance substance that fills the posterior cavity of the eye is called

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vitreous humor

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The posterior chamber of the eye lies between the iris and the

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lens

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The pupil of the eye is an opening in the portion of the eye known as the

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iris

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The eyelids are covered on their surfaces by the mucous membrane called the

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conjunctiva

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Tears bathe the eyeball and keep it moist; they are produced by the

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lacrimal apparatus

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Twilight vision is concerned with retinal cells known as

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rods

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Daylight vision and close, detailed vision are permitted by retinal cells known as

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cones

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The optic disc contains no visual receptors and is therefore called the

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blind spot

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The lobe of the brain where visual patterns are interpreted is the

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occipital lobe

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The process of the light focusing due to the elasticity of the lens is called the

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accommodation

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Aging can cause reduced accommodation, a condition known as

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presbyopia

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Nearsightedness can be corrected by utilizing glasses having lenses that are

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biconcave

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The condition of farsightedness is correctly known as

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hyperopia

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Irregular curvature of the lens or cornea results in a disorder known as

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astigmatism

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The sex-linked genetic trait in which a person cannot detect certain colors is called

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colorblindness

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The major lobe of the brain in which hearing perception occurs is the

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temporal lobe

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The technical name for the eardrum is the

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tympanic membrane

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The middle ear bones, which transmit sound to the inner ear, are known as the malleus, incus, and

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stapes

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The long, slender tube leading from the pharynx to the middle ear is the

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auditory tube

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The snail-like structure of the internal ear is called the

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cochlea

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The sense of taste is technically known as the

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gustatory sense

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Taste buds are located on the upper surface of the tongue within tiny elevations called

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papillae

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The five primary tastes are sweet, sour, salty, umami, and

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bitter

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Impulses of taste are transmitted to the brain over the facial nerve or the

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glossopharyngeal nerve

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The sense of smell is called the

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olfactory sense

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The interpretations of smell are made in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum and in the

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frontal lobe

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The sense of equilibrium is associated with the canals and passageways found in the

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inner ear