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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cerebellum
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part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance
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myoneural
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pertaining to muscles and nerves
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acetylcholine
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a neurotransmitter
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dendrite
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part of the nerve cell that first receives the nervous impulse
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gyri
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elevated portions of the cerebral cortex
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causalgia
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burning sensation
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plexus
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a network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system
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hypothalamus
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portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, water balance, and body temperature
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astrocytes
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glial cells
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synapse
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space between nerve cell
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medulla oblangata
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part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels
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aphasia
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inability to speak
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cauda equina
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collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
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myelogram
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x-ray record of the spinal cord
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subdural hematoma
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collection of blood within the meningeal layers
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling
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radiculitis
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inflammation of a spinal nerve root
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glioblastoma
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a highly malignant brain tumor
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quadriplegia
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paralysis of four extremities
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cerebrovascular accident
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cerebral aneurysm, thrombosis, or hemorrhage can be cause of what accident?
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syncope
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means fainting
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myelomeningocele
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spina bifida is associated with what?
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shuffling gait
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parkinson disease is characterized by what?
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dyslexia
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disorder of reading, writing and learning
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anesthesia
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condition of no nervous sensation
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blood-brain barrier
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blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter brain tissue and keep others out
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astrocyte
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type of glial cells (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
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acetylocholine
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neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
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brainstem
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mircoscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
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axon
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carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptors
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afferent nerve
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lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
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arachnoid membrane
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middle layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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autonomic nervous system
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contains nerves that control involuntary body functions or muscles, glands and internal organs
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efferent nerve
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motor nerve that carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord
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cerebrum
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largest part of the brain
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central nervous system
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CNS. includes the brain and spinal cord
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ependymal cell
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glial (neuroglial) cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid
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cerebral cortex
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outer region of the cerebrum; contains sheets of nerves
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cerebrospinal fluid
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circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
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dura mater
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thick, outermost layer of the meninges
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cranial nerves
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twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
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myelin sheath
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white, fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell
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glial cells
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supportive and connective type of nerve cell; does not carry nervous impulses
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meninges
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membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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gyrus
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sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the brain
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neuron
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nerve cell that carries that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the brain
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neuron
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nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body
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ganglion
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collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS peripheral nervous system
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motor nerve
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carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; efferent nerve
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nerve
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macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses
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pons
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part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and rest of the midbrain
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neurotransmitter
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chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell
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parenchyma
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essential, distinguishing tissue of an organ or system
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pia mater
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thin, delicate inner membrane of a meninges
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receptor
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organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to afferent nerves
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microglial cells
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phagocytic glial cell
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peripheral nervous system
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nerves outside the brain and spinal cord including cranial and spinal nerves
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parasympathetic nerves
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involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing and gastrointestinal muscles
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oligodendroglial cell
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glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
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sulcus
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depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
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stroma
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connective and supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells of the brain
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vagus nerve
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tenth cranial nerve
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sensory nerve
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carries messages toward the brain and spinla cord; afferent nerve
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thalamus
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main relay center of the brain
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sympathetic nerves
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autonomic nerves that influece bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
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sciatic nerve
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spinal nerve extending from the base of the psine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
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stimulus
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agent of change (light, sound, touch) that evokes a response
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ventricles of the brain
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canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
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encephalitis
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inflammation of the brain
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cerebellar
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pertaining to the cerebellum
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cerebral cortex
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pertaining to the outer section of the cerebrum
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epidural
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collection of blood located above the dura mater
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encephalopathy
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disease of the brain
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anecephaly
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congenital absence of a brain
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leptomeningeal
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pertaining to the pia and arachnoid membranes
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meningioma
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tumor of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord
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neuropathy
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disease of nerves
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polyneuritis
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inflammation of many nerves
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poliomyelitis
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inflammtion of the gray matter of the spinal cord
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cerebellopontine
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pertaining to the cerebellum and the pons
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radiculopathy
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disease of a nerve root
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vagal
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pertaining to the tenth cranial nerve
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comatose
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pertaining to a state of unconsciousness
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intrathecal
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drugs are delivered into a space within the meninges
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thalamic
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pertaning to an area of the brain that is a relay station for nerve impulses
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hyperesthesia
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condition of increased senstaion
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hypalgesia
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diminished sensation of pain
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bradykinesia
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slow movement
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tardive dyskinesia
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abnormal movement occuring late in treatment (using antipsychotic drugs)
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neuralgia
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nerve pain related to the fifth cranial nerve
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akinetic
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pertaining to without movement
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cephalgia
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headache
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hyperkinesis
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excessive movement
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narcolepsy
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compulsion (seizure) to sleep
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hemiparesis
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weakness in the right or left side (half) of the body
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paraplegia
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paralysis of the lower portion of the body
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syncopal
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pertaining to fainting
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ataxia
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lack of coordination
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apraxia
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movements and behavior are not purposeful (actions are not appropriate)
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hemiplegia
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paralysis of one side of the body
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neurosthenia
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nervous exhaustion and fatigue
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epilepsy
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chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem
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multiple sclerosis
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destruction of myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS; replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue
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huntington disease
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hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
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spina bifida
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congenital defect in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebrae; may involve myelomeningocele
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hydrocephalus
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abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain
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Alzheimer disease
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brain disorder marked by gradual, progressive mental deterioration; personality changes; and impairment of daily function
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myasthenia gravis
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autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
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parkinson disease
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degeneration of neurons in basal ganglia; occurring later in life and leading to tremors, muscle weakness, and slowness of movement
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palsy
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paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
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dementia
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mental decline and deterioration
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herpes zoster
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viral infection affecting peripheral nerves; marked by eruption of painful blisters
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tourette syndrome
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involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds
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migraine
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severe, recurrent, unilateral, vascular headache
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cerebral contusion
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bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
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brain tumor
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abnormal growth of brain tissue (glial cells) and meninges
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meningitis
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inflammation of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord
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cerebral concussion
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temporary brain dysfunction after injury; usually clearing within 24 hours
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HIV(human immunodeficiency virus) encephalopathy
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brain disease occurring with AIDS. (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
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aura
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peculiar sensation that occurs before the onset of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure
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gait
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manner of walking
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palliative
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relieving symptoms, but not curing the illness
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tonic-clonic seizure
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major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements
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aneurysm
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enlarged, weakened area in an artery
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tic
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involuntary movement of small group of muscles, as the face; characteristics of tourette syndrome
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ictal event
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pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as the convulsions of an epileptic seizure
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dopamine
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neurotransmitter that is deficient in patients with parkinson disease
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embolus
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clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel
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astrocytoma
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malingnat tumor of a type of neuroglial cells in the brain
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absence seizure
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minor form of seizure
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demyelination
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destruction of the covering of axons of neurons in the CNS (central nervous system)
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thymectomy
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removal of gland in the mediastinum (treatment for myasthenia gravis)
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occlusion
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blockage of a vessel
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Lumbar puncture (LP)
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cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae
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(magnetic resonance tomography) MRI of the brain and spinal cord
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magnetic waves and radio wave energy create images (of the brain and spinal cord) in three planes
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myelography
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x-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast material within the subarachnoid space
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positrion emission tomography (PET) scan of the brain
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radioactive glucose is injected and detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
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cerebral angiography
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x-ray imaging of arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection
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doppler/ ultrasound studies
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sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries
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CT (computer tomography) of the brain and spinal cord
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X-ray technique that produces computerized multiple (especially cross-sectional) images of the brain and spinal cord
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stereotatic radiosurgery
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use of a specialized instrument (gamma knife) to locate and treat targets
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electroencephalography
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recording of the electrical activity of the brain
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Alzheimer disease
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AD. brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive dementia
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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ALS. otherwise known as Lou Gehrig disease
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cerebrospinal fluid
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CSF. this fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and around the spinal cord
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cerebrovascular accident
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CVA. otherwise known as a stroke
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electroencephalography
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EEG. seizure activity can be detected via this procedure that records electrical activity in the brain
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intracranial pressure
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ICP. tumor or swelling in the brain can cause an increase in this pressure
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myasthenia gravis
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MG. an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
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magnetic resonance angiography
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MRA. imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material in the arteries supplying the brain and taking pictures using magnetic waves
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multiple sclerosis
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MS. disorder marked by destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the (CNS) central nervous system and replacement with hard scar tissue
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seizure
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Sz. a symptom of abnormal electrical activity in the brain
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transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
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TENS. technique using a battery-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain
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transient ischemic attack
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TIA. temporary interference with blood supply to the brain; mini-stroke
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peripheral nervous system
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PNS. nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
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patient controlled anesthesia
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PCA. patient controls her/ his pain medication
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oligodendroglia
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glial cell that produces myelin
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subarachnoid space
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contains cerebrospinal fluid
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glioma
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tumor of neuroglial cells in the brain
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paresthesias
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abnormal sensations
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bell palsy
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unilateral facial paralysis
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pyogenic meningitis
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inflammation of meninges with pus formation
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shingles
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herpes zoster infection with blisters in a band-like pattern on the body
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cerebral embolus
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blood clot that suddenly enters a blood vessels in the brain
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glioblastoma multiforme
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malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells
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leptomeningitis
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inflammation of membranes around the brain and spinal cord
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neurasthenia
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nervous exhaustion, "lack of nerve strength"
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cerebral hemorrhage
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breakage of blood vessel within the brain
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cerebral palsy
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paralysis and loss of muscular coordination caused by brain damage in the perinatal period
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neurorrhaphy
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suture of a nerve
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paresis
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slight paralysis
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parenchymal
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essential cells of an organ
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embolism
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obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot or foreign substance
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glial
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pertaining to supportive cells of the nervous system
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dysphagia
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difficult speech
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analgesia
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a condition of sensitivity to pain
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neuropathy
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disease of a nerve
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dysesthesia
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condition of painful nervous sensations
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electroencephalogram
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electrical record of the brain
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encephal/o
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brain
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kines/o
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movement
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mening/o
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meninges
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neur/o
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nerves
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my/o
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muscles
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vag/o
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vagus nerve
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radicul/o
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nerve root
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tax/o
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order, coordination
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myel/o
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spinal cord
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esthesi/o
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feeling, nervous sensation
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quadri-
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four
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hypo-
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deficient, below
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hemi-
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half
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poly-
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much, many
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sub-
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under, below
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micro-
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small
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hyper-
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excessive, above
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dys-
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painful, abnormal, difficult
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epi-
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above
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para-
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abnormal
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-algesia
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excessive sensitivity to pain
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-paresis
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weakness
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-phasia
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speech
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-ptosis
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prolapse
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-sclerosis
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hardening
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-plegia
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paralysis
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-sthenia
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strength
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-praxia
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action
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-blast
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immature, embryonic
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-cele
|
hernia
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epidural hematoma
|
collection of blood above the dura mater
|
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anencephaly
|
condition of no brain (congenital anomaly)
|
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meningeal
|
pertaining to the meninges
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intrathecal injection
|
placement of substances (medications) into the subarachnoid space
|
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anesthetics
|
agents that reduce or eliminate sensation
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dyskinesia
|
involuntary, spasmodic movements
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