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216 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
cerebellum
part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance
myoneural
pertaining to muscles and nerves
acetylcholine
a neurotransmitter
dendrite
part of the nerve cell that first receives the nervous impulse
gyri
elevated portions of the cerebral cortex
causalgia
burning sensation
plexus
a network of interlacing nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system
hypothalamus
portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, water balance, and body temperature
astrocytes
glial cells
synapse
space between nerve cell
medulla oblangata
part of the brain that controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels
aphasia
inability to speak
cauda equina
collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
myelogram
x-ray record of the spinal cord
subdural hematoma
collection of blood within the meningeal layers
paresthesia
abnormal sensation of tingling or prickling
radiculitis
inflammation of a spinal nerve root
glioblastoma
a highly malignant brain tumor
quadriplegia
paralysis of four extremities
cerebrovascular accident
cerebral aneurysm, thrombosis, or hemorrhage can be cause of what accident?
syncope
means fainting
myelomeningocele
spina bifida is associated with what?
shuffling gait
parkinson disease is characterized by what?
dyslexia
disorder of reading, writing and learning
anesthesia
condition of no nervous sensation
blood-brain barrier
blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter brain tissue and keep others out
astrocyte
type of glial cells (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
acetylocholine
neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
brainstem
mircoscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
axon
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptors
afferent nerve
lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
arachnoid membrane
middle layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord
autonomic nervous system
contains nerves that control involuntary body functions or muscles, glands and internal organs
efferent nerve
motor nerve that carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord
cerebrum
largest part of the brain
central nervous system
CNS. includes the brain and spinal cord
ependymal cell
glial (neuroglial) cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid
cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum; contains sheets of nerves
cerebrospinal fluid
circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
dura mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges
cranial nerves
twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
myelin sheath
white, fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell
glial cells
supportive and connective type of nerve cell; does not carry nervous impulses
meninges
membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
gyrus
sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the brain
neuron
nerve cell that carries that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the brain
neuron
nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body
ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS peripheral nervous system
motor nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; efferent nerve
nerve
macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses
pons
part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and rest of the midbrain
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell
parenchyma
essential, distinguishing tissue of an organ or system
pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of a meninges
receptor
organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to afferent nerves
microglial cells
phagocytic glial cell
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord including cranial and spinal nerves
parasympathetic nerves
involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing and gastrointestinal muscles
oligodendroglial cell
glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
sulcus
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
stroma
connective and supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells of the brain
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve
sensory nerve
carries messages toward the brain and spinla cord; afferent nerve
thalamus
main relay center of the brain
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves that influece bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
sciatic nerve
spinal nerve extending from the base of the psine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
stimulus
agent of change (light, sound, touch) that evokes a response
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
cerebral cortex
pertaining to the outer section of the cerebrum
epidural
collection of blood located above the dura mater
encephalopathy
disease of the brain
anecephaly
congenital absence of a brain
leptomeningeal
pertaining to the pia and arachnoid membranes
meningioma
tumor of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord
neuropathy
disease of nerves
polyneuritis
inflammation of many nerves
poliomyelitis
inflammtion of the gray matter of the spinal cord
cerebellopontine
pertaining to the cerebellum and the pons
radiculopathy
disease of a nerve root
vagal
pertaining to the tenth cranial nerve
comatose
pertaining to a state of unconsciousness
intrathecal
drugs are delivered into a space within the meninges
thalamic
pertaning to an area of the brain that is a relay station for nerve impulses
hyperesthesia
condition of increased senstaion
hypalgesia
diminished sensation of pain
bradykinesia
slow movement
tardive dyskinesia
abnormal movement occuring late in treatment (using antipsychotic drugs)
neuralgia
nerve pain related to the fifth cranial nerve
akinetic
pertaining to without movement
cephalgia
headache
hyperkinesis
excessive movement
narcolepsy
compulsion (seizure) to sleep
hemiparesis
weakness in the right or left side (half) of the body
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower portion of the body
syncopal
pertaining to fainting
ataxia
lack of coordination
apraxia
movements and behavior are not purposeful (actions are not appropriate)
hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body
neurosthenia
nervous exhaustion and fatigue
epilepsy
chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem
multiple sclerosis
destruction of myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS; replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue
huntington disease
hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
spina bifida
congenital defect in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebrae; may involve myelomeningocele
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain
Alzheimer disease
brain disorder marked by gradual, progressive mental deterioration; personality changes; and impairment of daily function
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
parkinson disease
degeneration of neurons in basal ganglia; occurring later in life and leading to tremors, muscle weakness, and slowness of movement
palsy
paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
dementia
mental decline and deterioration
herpes zoster
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves; marked by eruption of painful blisters
tourette syndrome
involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds
migraine
severe, recurrent, unilateral, vascular headache
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
brain tumor
abnormal growth of brain tissue (glial cells) and meninges
meningitis
inflammation of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord
cerebral concussion
temporary brain dysfunction after injury; usually clearing within 24 hours
HIV(human immunodeficiency virus) encephalopathy
brain disease occurring with AIDS. (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
aura
peculiar sensation that occurs before the onset of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure
gait
manner of walking
palliative
relieving symptoms, but not curing the illness
tonic-clonic seizure
major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements
aneurysm
enlarged, weakened area in an artery
tic
involuntary movement of small group of muscles, as the face; characteristics of tourette syndrome
ictal event
pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as the convulsions of an epileptic seizure
dopamine
neurotransmitter that is deficient in patients with parkinson disease
embolus
clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel
astrocytoma
malingnat tumor of a type of neuroglial cells in the brain
absence seizure
minor form of seizure
demyelination
destruction of the covering of axons of neurons in the CNS (central nervous system)
thymectomy
removal of gland in the mediastinum (treatment for myasthenia gravis)
occlusion
blockage of a vessel
Lumbar puncture (LP)
cerebrospinal fluid is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae
(magnetic resonance tomography) MRI of the brain and spinal cord
magnetic waves and radio wave energy create images (of the brain and spinal cord) in three planes
myelography
x-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast material within the subarachnoid space
positrion emission tomography (PET) scan of the brain
radioactive glucose is injected and detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
cerebral angiography
x-ray imaging of arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection
doppler/ ultrasound studies
sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries
CT (computer tomography) of the brain and spinal cord
X-ray technique that produces computerized multiple (especially cross-sectional) images of the brain and spinal cord
stereotatic radiosurgery
use of a specialized instrument (gamma knife) to locate and treat targets
electroencephalography
recording of the electrical activity of the brain
Alzheimer disease
AD. brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive dementia
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ALS. otherwise known as Lou Gehrig disease
cerebrospinal fluid
CSF. this fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and around the spinal cord
cerebrovascular accident
CVA. otherwise known as a stroke
electroencephalography
EEG. seizure activity can be detected via this procedure that records electrical activity in the brain
intracranial pressure
ICP. tumor or swelling in the brain can cause an increase in this pressure
myasthenia gravis
MG. an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
magnetic resonance angiography
MRA. imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material in the arteries supplying the brain and taking pictures using magnetic waves
multiple sclerosis
MS. disorder marked by destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the (CNS) central nervous system and replacement with hard scar tissue
seizure
Sz. a symptom of abnormal electrical activity in the brain
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TENS. technique using a battery-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain
transient ischemic attack
TIA. temporary interference with blood supply to the brain; mini-stroke
peripheral nervous system
PNS. nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
patient controlled anesthesia
PCA. patient controls her/ his pain medication
oligodendroglia
glial cell that produces myelin
subarachnoid space
contains cerebrospinal fluid
glioma
tumor of neuroglial cells in the brain
paresthesias
abnormal sensations
bell palsy
unilateral facial paralysis
pyogenic meningitis
inflammation of meninges with pus formation
shingles
herpes zoster infection with blisters in a band-like pattern on the body
cerebral embolus
blood clot that suddenly enters a blood vessels in the brain
glioblastoma multiforme
malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells
leptomeningitis
inflammation of membranes around the brain and spinal cord
neurasthenia
nervous exhaustion, "lack of nerve strength"
cerebral hemorrhage
breakage of blood vessel within the brain
cerebral palsy
paralysis and loss of muscular coordination caused by brain damage in the perinatal period
neurorrhaphy
suture of a nerve
paresis
slight paralysis
parenchymal
essential cells of an organ
embolism
obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot or foreign substance
glial
pertaining to supportive cells of the nervous system
dysphagia
difficult speech
analgesia
a condition of sensitivity to pain
neuropathy
disease of a nerve
dysesthesia
condition of painful nervous sensations
electroencephalogram
electrical record of the brain
encephal/o
brain
kines/o
movement
mening/o
meninges
neur/o
nerves
my/o
muscles
vag/o
vagus nerve
radicul/o
nerve root
tax/o
order, coordination
myel/o
spinal cord
esthesi/o
feeling, nervous sensation
quadri-
four
hypo-
deficient, below
hemi-
half
poly-
much, many
sub-
under, below
micro-
small
hyper-
excessive, above
dys-
painful, abnormal, difficult
epi-
above
para-
abnormal
-algesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
-paresis
weakness
-phasia
speech
-ptosis
prolapse
-sclerosis
hardening
-plegia
paralysis
-sthenia
strength
-praxia
action
-blast
immature, embryonic
-cele
hernia
epidural hematoma
collection of blood above the dura mater
anencephaly
condition of no brain (congenital anomaly)
meningeal
pertaining to the meninges
intrathecal injection
placement of substances (medications) into the subarachnoid space
anesthetics
agents that reduce or eliminate sensation
dyskinesia
involuntary, spasmodic movements