Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 2 divisions of CNS? Direction of each?
|
Sensory=Afferent=IN
Motor=Efferent=OUT |
|
|
Somatic Sensory: 6
|
1) Skin Senses 2) Smell
3) Vision 4) Proprioception 5) Hearing 6) Balance |
|
|
What is proprioception?
|
The sense of the orientation of one's limbs in space.
|
|
|
Visceral Sensory: 3
|
1) Stretch 2) Pain of Viscera
3) Taste |
|
|
Somatic Motor: 1
|
1) Skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Visceral Motor: 3
Those 3 make up what system? |
1) Smooth muscle
2) Cardiacmuscles 3) Glands '=The Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
Nervous Tissue is...
Consists of which 2 cell types? |
Highly cellular.
Neurons and Glial cells |
|
|
Parts of a Neuron... 4
|
1)Cell body=Soma=Perikaryon
2) Dendrites 3) Axons 4) Axon terminals |
|
|
Neuron: Perikaryon
Contains? 4 |
1) Nucleus
2) Chromatophilic Substance 3) Neurofilaments 4) Neurotubles |
|
|
Chromatophilic Substance consists of?
|
Rough ER and ribosomes
|
|
|
Neurofilaments: Function 2
|
1) Maintain shape
2) Strengthen |
|
|
Neurotubules: 2
|
1) Microtubules
2) Allow for axonal transport Present within all parts of neurons. |
|
|
Dendrites: Function?
|
Primary (Axodendritic) Receptor Sites
|
|
|
Axons: Initial segment arises from? / Contain what that end with? / What doesn't it have?
|
Arises from AXON HILLOCK / Contain few COLLATERAL BRANCHES ending in AXON TERMINALS. / No Chromatophilic substance.
|
|
|
Axon Terminals: Contain?
|
Synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters.
|
|
|
Classification: Neuron: Structure: List 3
|
# of Processes (extensions) that extend from cell body...
1) Multipolar 2) Bipolar 3) Unipolar/Pseudounipolar |
|
|
Neuron: Structure: Multipolar
|
Most common structure. Most motorneurons and interneurons are MULTIPOLAR.
|
|
|
Neuron: Structure: Bipolar: Found where (4)?
|
2 extensions/processes
1) Embryonic stages 2) Inner Ear 3) Olafactory cells 4) Retina |
|
|
Neuron: Structure: Unipolar/Pseudounipolar
|
Most sensory neurons are unipolar (PNS)
|
|
|
Classification: Neuron: Function: 3
|
1) Sensory=Afferent (Unipolar)
2) Moter=Efferent (Multipolar) 3) Interneurons |
|
|
Neuron: Function: Sensory:
Direction and structure? |
Afferent=Toward CNS
Unipolar |
|
|
Neuron: Function: Motor:
Direction and structure? |
Efferent=Away from CNS
Multipolar |
|
|
Neuron: Function: Interneuron: Purpose and Structure?
|
Connects Sensory and Motor Neurons.
Multipolar |
|
|
Glial Cells: General size and amount vs. neuron. Capable of?
|
More numerous and smaller than neurons.
Capable of mitosis. |
|
|
Nerve Fiber=
|
Axon
|
|
|
What is a fascicle?
|
A GROUP of nerve fibers wrapped by PERINEURIUM
|
|
|
CNS: White Matter: General term for?
|
Areas of 1) myelinated axons and 2) glial cells.
(No cell bodies.) |
|
|
CNS: Gray Matter: General term for?
|
Areas of 1)Unmyelinated fibers, 2)cell bodies, and 3)glial cells.
|
|
|
Tract VS Nerve: Differences?
|
Tract=CNS vs Nerve=PNS
Tract: 1)Group of Nerve fibers with a common destination, 2)NO CTP Nerve: Fascicles surrounded by CTP |
|
|
Nucleus VS Ganglion: Differences?
|
Nucleus=Group of cell bodies within CNS
Ganglion=Cluster of cell bodies within PNS |
|
|
Spinal Reflex: Definition
|
A predictable and involuntary response to a stimulus.
|
|
|
Spinal Reflex: Reflex Arc (Sequence)
|
1. Receptor
2. Sensory (afferent) (3. Interneuron- 1 or more, makes a polysynaptic reflex) 4. Motor (efferent) 5. Effectors (muscles, glands) |
|
|
Brain aka Encephalon: What parts protect the brain (4)?
|
1. Skull
2. Cranial Meninges 3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 4. Blood-Brain Barrier (tight junctions in endothelium) |
|
|
Meninges: What is it? Functions (3)?
|
Connective tissue covering layers of the CNS
Function: 1) Cover, protect and support CNS, 2) Form venous sinuses (spaces b/w dural layers, 3) Provide subaracnoid space |
|
|
Meninges: 3 Layers
|
1) DURA MATER
2) ARACHNOID 3) PIA MATER |
|
|
Meninges: Dura Mater: 2 types: Which Layer?
|
Bilaminar: where separated, forms venous sinuses
1) Periosteal 2) Meningel |
|
|
Meninges: Arachnoid: made of? Subarachnoid space contains? Layer?
|
Collagen fibers.
Middle Layer Subarachnoid contains CSF |
|
|
Meninges: Pia Mater: Structure? Which Layer?
|
Highly vascular thin layer that adheres to and follows all contours of brain.
Deepest layer |
|
|
Dural Infoldings known as?
|
Meningeal Dura
|
|
|
Dural Infoldings: 2 types: Locations and Functions
|
1) Falx Cerebri: Within Sagittal Fissure: Separates the cerebral Hemispheres.
2)Tentorium cerebelli: Within Transverse Fissure: Separates Cerebrum and Cerebellum |
|
|
Brain Ventricles: What? Names?
|
Four spaces that produce, contain and circulate CSF.
2 Lateral Ventricles, Third Ventricle, Fourth Ventricle |
|
|
Brain Ventricles: 2 Lateral Ventricles: Where? Separated by? Connected to by what?
|
Each within a cerebral hemisphere, SEPARATED by Septum Pellucidum and connected to THIRD ventricle via interventricular foramina.
|
|
|
Brain Ventricles: Third Ventricle: Connected to by what?
|
Connected to FOURTH VENTRICLE via the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT
|
|
|
Brain Ventricles: Fourth Ventricle: Leads to? Where does the CSF drain to? Through valves where?
|
Leads to SUBARACNOID spaces of the brain and Spinal cord.
CSF drains into Superior Sagittal Sinus thru valves within arachnoid villi. |
|
|
CSF: Functions? Where is it made? Composition?
|
Cushions, protects and provides buoyancy for CNS./
Synthesized within the CHOROID PLEXUSES/ It is a filtrate of blood. |
|
|
Brain: Choroid plexus
|
= Pial capillaries and ependymal cells
|
|
|
CSF Circulation
|
Know Sequence
|
|
|
What are the 4 Main parts of the Brain?
|
1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon 3) Brain Stem 4) Cerebellum |
|
|
Cerebrum: How many lobes per hemisphere? Names?
|
5 lobes per hemisphere.
1) Frontal Lobe 2) Parietal Lobe 3) Occipital Lobe 4) Temporal Lobe 5) Insula Lobe |
|
|
Cerebrum: The 2 hemispheres are separated by? Composed of?
|
Separated by LONGITUDINAL FISSURE.
Composition: Gray Matter, (cortex), White Matter, and Nuclei, (deep areas of gray matter). |
|
|
What separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum?
|
The TRANSVERSE FISSURE
|
|
|
Cerebral White Matter: 3 types
|
1) Commissures Fibers/Tracts
2) Association Fibers/Tracts 3) Projection Fibers/Tracts (Tract: directional orientation of fibers) |
|
|
Cerebral White Matter: Commissures: Connects? Known as?
|
Connects corticles of 2 hemispheres, known as
CORPUS CALLOSUM |
|
|
Cerebral White Matter: Association: Connects?
|
Connect cortex within THE SAME HEMPISPHERE
|
|
|
CSF: Functions? Where is it made? Composition?
|
Cushions, protects and provides buoyancy for CNS./
Synthesized within the CHOROID PLEXUSES/ It is a filtrate of blood. |
|
|
Brain: Choroid plexus
|
= Pial capillaries and ependymal cells
|
|
|
CSF Circulation
|
Know Sequence
|
|
|
What are the 4 Main parts of the Brain?
|
1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon 3) Brain Stem 4) Cerebellum |
|
|
Cerebrum: How many lobes per hemisphere? Names?
|
5 lobes per hemisphere.
1) Frontal Lobe 2) Parietal Lobe 3) Occipital Lobe 4) Temporal Lobe 5) Insula Lobe |
|
|
Cerebrum: The 2 hemispheres are separated by? Composed of?
|
Separated by LONGITUDINAL FISSURE.
Composition: Gray Matter, (cortex), White Matter, and Nuclei, (deep areas of gray matter). |
|
|
What separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum?
|
The TRANSVERSE FISSURE
|
|
|
Cerebral White Matter: 3 types
|
1) Commissures Fibers/Tracts
2) Association Fibers/Tracts 3) Projection Fibers/Tracts (Tract: directional orientation of fibers) |
|
|
Cerebral White Matter: Commissures: Connects? Known as?
|
Connects corticles of 2 hemispheres, known as
CORPUS CALLOSUM |
|
|
Cerebral White Matter: Association: Connects?
|
Connect cortex within THE SAME HEMPISPHERE
|
|
|
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia): Function
|
Start, stop and regulate intensity of voluntary movements.
(Don't initiate whole process) |
|
|
Functional Brain System: Limbic System: Found where?
|
Structures in Diencephalon and medial aspect of Cerebral hemispheres.
|
|
|
Functional Brain System: Limbic System: 3 Parts
|
1) Amygdala: memories and expressions related to FEAR
2) Cingulate Gyrus: Conflict Resolution 3) Hippocampal formation: Memory consolidation/retrieval. |
|
|
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation: What & Where? RAS?
|
Network of neurons and fibers located in the core of ALL 3 parts of the brainstem.
RAS: "upward" tracts: Conciousness/alertness. |
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Premotor Cortex
|
Learned, repetitive movements and planning of movements
|
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Primary Motor Cortex
|
(in precentral gyrus) VOLUNTARY MOTOR MOVEMENTS
|
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Prefrontal Cortex
|
(anterior to motor cortex)
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS |
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Frontal Eye Field
|
Voluntary eye movements (NOT VISION)
|
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Broca's area:
|
Speech production
|
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Primary Somatosensory Cortex & Location
|
(Postcentral gyrus)
SKIN SENSES AND PROPRIOCEPTION |
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Somatosensory Association Area
|
Identifies WHAT IS BEING FELT
|
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Visual Cortex Location
|
OCCIPITAL LOBE
|
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Primary Auditory Cortex Location
|
SUPERIOR EDGE OF LATERAL LOBE
|
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Wernicke's area
|
RECOGNITION of spoken word
|
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Gustatory Cortex Location and Sense
|
Roof of Lateral Fissure;
Taste Sense |
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Olfactory Cortex Location and Sense
|
Medial aspect of Cerebrum;
Smell Sense |
|
|
Cerebrum: Cortex and Cortical Functions: Insula Function
|
Concious perception of visceral sensations
i.e. "I ate TOO much food." |
|
|
What is a "GYRUS"?
|
bumps of the brain
|
|
|
Brain: Diencephalon: 3 parts
|
1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus 3) Epithalamus |
|
|
Brain: Diencephalon: Thalamus: Nickname? Thalamic masses connected by? Function
|
"The editor"... Connected by INTERMEDIATE MASS.
Processes and relays information to the cerebral cortex, esp. sensory input. (mostly gray matter) |
|
|
Brain: Diencephalon: Hypothalamus: Does what? Connects to via?
|
Controls ANS, emotional responses, endocrine system, sleep-wake, body temp., hunger, thirst, (memory).
Connects to HYPOPHYSIS via INFUNDIBULUM |
|
|
Brain: Diencephalon: Epithalamus: Main gland? Secretes?
|
Pineal Gland (Hypophysis). Secretes Melatonin.
|
|
|
Brain: BRAIN STEM: Midbrain: Two parts divided by?
|
Divided into TECTUM and CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES by CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT.
|
|
|
Brain: BRAIN STEM: Midbrain: Tectum: contains what which are collectively known as?
|
Contains SUPERIOR CLLICULI (visual responses), and INFERIOR COLLICULI (auditory responses), collectively known as CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA
|
|
|
Brain: BRAIN STEM: Pons: Connects what via what?
|
"Bridges" cerebrum and cerebellum via PONTINE NUCLEI
|
|
|
Brain: BRAIN STEM: Medulla Oblongata: Controls? Main site for?
|
Vital Life Functions, including vasomotor (blood pressure). Main site for DECUSSATION of TRACTS.
|
|
|
What is DECUSSATION?
|
Fibers that cross over to cause contralaterality of R brain and Left Brain.
|
|
|
Cerebellum: 2 Hemispheres connected by?
|
VERMIS
|
|
|
Cerebellum: Outer gray matter known as? Folded into ridges called? Which are separated by?
|
Known as CEREBELLAR CORTEX. / Ridges called FOLIA CEREBELLI. / Separated by fissures.
|
|
|
CEREBELLAR CORTEX: Receives input on (3)? Functions to coordinate what and adjust what?
|
1)equilibrium,2)proprioception, and 3)planned motor activity.
Functions to smooth and coordinate body movements and adjust posture to maintain equilibrium. |
|
|
Cerebellum: Internal white matter known as? Function?
|
Known as Arbor Vitae which carries info to/from cerebellar cortex.
|
