Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Primary vs secondary neurulation
|
Primary - neuroal tube formation from L1-cranially
Secondary is formation of caudal neural tube from the caudal eminence. |
|
|
What protein causes neural plate to form
|
SHH
|
|
|
What do the neural crest cells differentiate into?
|
1) DRG
2) sensory ganglion for cn 5,7,8,9,10 3) Sympa/para gnaglion 4) chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla) 5) Melanocytes 6) Leptomeninges (pai and arachnoid) 7) Schwann cells |
|
|
Placdoes
|
Induced to become neural crest like cells. become:
-olfactory epithelium -lens of eye -hair cells of inner ear -parts of ganglia of cn 5, 7-10 |
|
|
Alar plate
|
Derived from dorsal thickening of mantel layer. Becomes sensory
|
|
|
Basal Plate
|
Derived from ventral thickening of mantel layer. Becomes motor.
|
|
|
Sulcus limitans
|
Seperates the alar and basal plates.
|
|
|
What signaling molecules signal the formation of the basal and alar plates
|
SHH released by the floor plate leads to basal plate formation
BMP released by roof plate leads to alar plate formation |
|
|
What do the ventricular, mantel and marginal layers become in the spinal cord
|
ventricular zone - ependymal layer that lines central canal.
mantle layer - grey matter marginal layer - white matter |
|
|
Ventral induction
|
process by which rostral end of neural tube develops into brain
|
|
|
Retinoic acid
|
teratagen which modulates hox gene expression altering hindbrain development
|
|
|
Anencephaly
|
failure of anterior neuropore to close, fatal, not much brain
|
|
|
Encephalocele
|
Partial failure of the anterior neuropore to seal.
-meningocele -meningoencephalocele (meninges + brain) -meningohydroencephalocele - all + ventricular system |
|
|
Arnold-chiari malformation
|
vermis herniates through foramen magnum, get hydrocephalus (dialtion of ventricles with csf) and syringomyelai (fluid filled cavity in spinal cord)
|
|
|
Spina bifida
|
Failure of posterior neuropore to close and failure of vertebral arches to fuse.
|
|
|
spina bifida occulta
|
least severe, get a hair tuft
|
|
|
meningocele
|
spina bifida with meninges protruding
|
|
|
meningomyelocele
|
spina bifida with part of spinal cord protruding
|
|
|
Rachischisis
|
spinal bifida where spinal cord is esposed to surface, most severe
|
|
|
Hirschsprungs disease
|
Neurocristopathy. Absesnce of para ganglia in colon. Get megacolon, constipation.
|
|
|
Dandy walker malformation
|
due to improper formation of the rhombic lip:
-agenisis of cerebellar vermis -dilation of 4th ventricle -enlarged posterior fossa |
|
|
Holoproencephaly
|
Failure of proencephalon to cleave. Caused by mutation in SHH. Get 1 large brain and associated with shit like cyclopia and cleft palate
|
|
|
Schizencephaly
|
disorder of neuronal migration, not proper cortex, get developmental delay and siezures.
|
|
|
Lissencephaly
|
Defect in cell migration of cerebral neurons, dont have gyri
|
|
|
heterotopias
|
cortical neurons fail to reach cortes, get islands of gray matter.
|
|
|
perinatal hypoxic ischemia encephalopathy
|
Accounts for 30-70% of neonatal seizures.
Hypoxic hypoxia - diffuse damage to BG, thalamus, hippocampus Ischemic hypoxia - damage to watershed (boundry zones) which are areas between 2 arterial systems which only recieve the small terminal twigs. |
|
|
Erbs palsy
|
C5-C6 lesion, effects from deltoid to brachioradialis. Extension and pronation of the elbow
|
|
|
Klumpkes paralysis
|
C8-T1 lesion, hand muscles paralyzed. Damage to cervial sypas can lead to horners syndrome - miosis, ptnosis,
|
|
|
Grades of intraventricular hemmorhage
|
Grade 1 - Originates in periventricular germinal matrix, near head of caudate.
2 - ruptured into lateral ventricle 3 - ventricular dilation due to hemorrhage 4 - extends into brain itself |
|
|
periventricular leukomalacia
|
deep white matter has poor perfusion, immature oligos are also prone to damage, leads to brain damage, cerebral palsy, spastic diplegia
|
