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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The kidney, as an endocrine organ, secretes what?
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• renin
• erythropoietin |
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What is oliguria?
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• decreased urine output
• output of 40-60 cc/hr |
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What can be produce a positive blood in the urine?
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• intact erythrocytes
• hemoglobin (broken-up RBCs) • myoglobin (can be caused by trauma) |
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Glucose in the urine above this level should be considered abnormal
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above 0.3g/24 hr
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Protein in the urine above this level should be considered abnormal
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150 mg/24 hrs
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What is a normal specific gravity of urine?
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1.000 - 1.025
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Urine sedimentation is used to look for what?
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• crystals
• cells • bacteria • casts |
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What type of crystals are seen in acidic urine?
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cystine and uric acid crystals
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What type of crystals are found in alkaline urine?
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calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate
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Urinalysis shows mild WBC and intact RBCs. What differential diagnosis should be strongly considered until proven otherwise?
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kidney stone
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What are casts?
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• elements, made of protein, formed in disease states
• associated with low intra-renal urine flow or heavy proteinuria |
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What are different types of casts?
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• granular cast
• hyaline cast (devoid of cells) • red cell casts • renal tubular casts • waxy cast • white cell casts |
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What does the GFR measure?
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GFR measures the amount of plasma ultra-filtrate derived from blood in a specified time period
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What is a normal GFR?
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115 - 125 ml/ml
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How is urine concentrating ability measured?
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• measure urine osmolality after 18-24 hours of water deprivation and again after the administration of 5 units of vasopressin
• urine reaches a specific gravity of 1.023 in 90% of normal individuals |
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How is urine diluting ability measured?
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• measure urine osmolality and volume 5 hours after a water load of 20 ml/kg of body weight
• urine reaches a specific gravity of 1.003 |
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What diagnostic study is used to assess kidney size and evaluate the collecting system?
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renal ultrasound
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What does a small kidney on renal ultrasound generally imply?
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chronic renal disease
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What radiologic test is used to assess the relative contribution of each kidney to overall renal function?
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radionuclide scanning
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When are MRIs useful for evaluating kidneys?
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useful for evaluation of renal masses
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What are indications for performing a renal biopsy?
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• patients with proteinuria (Nephrotic syndrome), hematuria, or cast suggestive of glomerular diseases (Lupus)
• provides prognostic information • useful in patients with renal symptoms but normal findings (such as normal urinalysis) |
