Neoplasia Tumor Terminology

Front 1

describe the parenchyma and the stroma of neoplastic cells.

Back 1

parenchyma: neoplastic cells that determines the tumor's biologic behavior. stroma: non neoplastic supportive tissue

Front 2

define desmoplasia.

Back 2

abundant collagenous stroma due to stimulation by parenchal cells

Front 3

describe adenomas

Back 3

benign epithelial neoplasm, forms glandular pattern, and/or is a tumor derived from glands. bronchial, renal, hepatic, thyroid

Front 4

describe papilloma

Back 4

benign epithelial neoplasm, produces micro or macro finger like, warty projections. breast, choroid plexus

Front 5

describe cystadenoma.

Back 5

benign epithelial neoplasm forming a cystic structure. common in ovary

Front 6

describe papillary cystadenoma

Back 6

beningn epithelial neoplasm forming a cystic structure and containing papillary projections on the internal surface

Front 7

describe polyp.

Back 7

neoplasm that produces visible projections above surfaces (colon, uterine, nasal). malignant polyps are better designated as polypoid carcinoma.

Front 8

what are the connective tissue derivatives of mesenchymal origin and which is the mos common benign tumor in men.

Back 8

fibroma, lipoma, chondroma, osteoma. (most common benign tumor in men)

Front 9

what are the tumors of mesenchymal origin that are of endothelial or related tissue. which is the most common benign tumor in women.

Back 9

hemangioma, lymphangioma, leiomyoma (smooth muscle, uterine leiomyoma is most common benign tumor in women), rhabdomyoma (striated muscle)

Front 10

what tumors are composed of more than one neoplastic cell type but derived from one germ cell layer.

Back 10

pleomorphic adenoma or mixed tumor of salivary gland

Front 11

this is a tumor composed of more than one neoplastic cell type derived from more than one germ layer. give common sites and characteristics of the tumor

Back 11

teratoma. ovary, testis, and midline sites. may contain hair, teeth, bones, muscle, glandular epithelium and neural tissue

Front 12

cellularly differentiate carcinomas and sarcoma.

Back 12

carcinomas are epithelial in nature while sarcomas are derived from connective tissues.

Front 13

describe the hydatidiform mole

Back 13

benign neoplasm of the chorionic villi and resembles grapes grossly

Front 14

what is a melanocytic nevus?

Back 14

benign tumor of melanocytes

Front 15

describe the histo look of squamous cell carcinoma and tissues commonly infected.

Back 15

pavement epithelium and keratin pearls. lung, skin, cervix, esophagus

Front 16

describe origin of adenocarcinoma and tissues that can have it.

Back 16

arrises from glandular epi. can be lung, distal esophagus to rectum, pancreas, liver, breast, endometrium, ovaries, kidney and prostate

Front 17

where can transitional cell carcinomas be found?

Back 17

BLADDER, ureter and renal pelvis

Front 18

what are common tissues for sarcoma and how do you name them?

Back 18

fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, etc. add sarcoma to end of tissue to get the name

Front 19

define choristoma.

Back 19

ectopic rest of normal tissue, eg pancreatic tissue in Meckels diverticulum, adrenal tissue in renal capsul

Front 20

define hamartoma

Back 20

non neoplastic overgrowth of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site, due to aberrant differentiation. eg chondroma of the lung. totally benign

Front 21

3 carcinomas that do not follow the usual naming rules (they do not end in carcinoma)

Back 21

hepatoma, melanoma, seminoma

Front 22

define hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia.

Back 22

increase in cell size, increase in cell number, replacement of one tissue by another, cytologic abnormality which is a precursor of malignant neoplasm, loss of differentiation

Front 23

define carcinoma in situ

Back 23

dysplastic cells that involve the entire epithelial thickness but do not penetrate the basement membrane, this is a pre invasive stage

Front 24

describe th differentiation of malignant tumors.

Back 24

can be well to poorly differentiated

Front 25

describe specefic histological findings in terms of the morphology of malignant cells

Back 25

pleomorphism, hyperchromasia (increased DNA), increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio to 1:1 (normal is ~1:5), chromatin clumping, large nucleoli, atypical and bizarre mitosis, tumor giant cells, anaplastic cells growing in a disorganized fashion

Front 26

describe the factors in rate of growth of tumors

Back 26

benign grow more slowly than malignant, increased hormones means faster, increased blood supply, well differentiated grow slowly, poorly grows quickly

Front 27

describe the number of primary vs secondary tumors

Back 27

primary tumors seem to be singular while secondary tumors are usually multiple, not you can have multiple primary tumors

Front 28

describe the pathways of spread of malignancy and what type of tumors spread in specefic ways?

Back 28

seeding body cavities via exfoliation of malignant cells: primary ovarian cancers and peripherally located lung cancers. lymphatic spread which is the usual spread for carcinomas, spreads to nodes along drainage route, lung to hilar nodes and breast to axillary nodes. hematogenous spread is the usual mechanism for dissemination of sarcomas, cells that enter the vena cava go to the lung, note that renal and hepatocellular carcinomas can be lymphatic and hematogenous.

Front 29

describe the different bone metastatses.

Back 29

vertebral column is most common bone site due to the baston paravertebral venous plexus. osteoblastic metastases are radiodense, have increased serum alkaline phosphatase indicating reactive bone formation (eg prostate cancer). osteolytic metasteses are radiolucent, have pathologic fractures that are probly from induced osteoclasts, have hypercalcemia and can be from lung cancer. note there will be pain in the bone metastasis if treated with radiation.

Front 30

describe the grading of tumor

Back 30

based on degree of differentiation and number of mitoses, aggresiveness of neoplasm, four grades, I is well differentiated, IV is poorly differentiated

Front 31

describe the staging of tumor

Back 31

determines extent of spread, based on size, spread to lymph nodes, and presence or absence of metastasis. two systems are TMN staging and american joint commmittee on cancer staging.

Front 32

geographic/ethnic factors for:
1. choriocarcinoma 2. prostate cancer 3. testicular CA 4. penile CA 5. urinary bladder CA 6. Burkitt lymphoma 7. multiple myeloma 8. CLL 9. nasopharyngeal 10. esophageal 11. stomach CA 12. colorectal CA 13. hepatocellular CA 14. skin CA 15. breast CA 16. cervical CA

Back 32

1. pacific rim 2. american blacks 3. African blacks. 4. non existent in circumsized 5. squamous cell CA in area where schistosomal infection occurs. 6. Africa 7. American and S. African blacks 8. elderly in europe and north america. 9. EBV and far east 10. alcohol, tobacco, poor, african americans 11. japan 12, US in low fiber and high fat diet 13. hep B aflatoxin B in diet 14. color of skin and exposure to sunlight, new zealand and australia 15. north america and europe. 16. HPV and multiple sex partners

Front 33

describe what cancers are associated with 1. cig smoke 2. sun 3. nitrosamines (smoked fish) 4. polyvinyl chloride and thorotrast 5. nickel, chromium, uranium, radon, beryllium 6. diethylstilbesterol 7. low fiber diet 8. high fat diet

Back 33

1. CA of mouth, pharynx, larynx, lungs, esophagus, pancreas, and bladder. 2. SCC, BCC and melanomas of skin. 3. gastric adenocarcinoma 4. hepatic angiosarcomas 5. lung CA 6 clear cell CA of the vagina 7. adenocarcinoma of colon 8. breast cancer

Front 34

most carcinomas occur when (age-wise)?

Back 34

bw 55 and 74.

Front 35

describe the tumors seen in infants under 1 yr.

Back 35

neuroblastoma, wilms (nephroblastoma), rhabdomyosarcoma of head, neck, and GU tract, retinoblastoma. blastomas are tumors of immature cells that resemble fetal anlage or primodia of adult organs AKA small blue cell tumors

Front 36

what are the cancers of children under 5 (in decreasing order)?

Back 36

ALL, neoplasms of CNS, Burktt's lymphoma

Front 37

common tumors of 6 to 15?

Back 37

osteosarcoma, ewings sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor and medulloblastoma

Front 38

what is a common CA bw 25 and 40?

Back 38

testicular germ cell tumors

Front 39

what cancer has a biphasic age incidence?

Back 39

hodgkins disease (20 and 60 yrs)

Front 40

what are the inherited CA syndromes (AD)?

Back 40

familial retinoblastoma, familial adenomatous polyposis (APC), multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, li fraumeni syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, breast and ovarian tumors (BRCA1 and BRCA2), melanoma, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

Front 41

traits of familial cancers?

Back 41

early age onset, seen in 2 or more close relatives of index case, multiple and bilateral tumors, familial cancers are not associated with specefic marker phenotypes, sibs have relative risk bw 2 to 3.

Front 42

what are the autosomal recessive syndrome that can lead to what cancers? what is a commonality bw them all?

Back 42

characterized by chromosomal or DNA instability. xeroderma pigmentosa: BCC and SCC of skin. ataxia telangiectasia: acute leukemia. bloom's syndrome: acute leukemia. fanconis anemia: acute leukemia

Front 43

what are 5 precancerous/acquired preneoplastic disorders?

Back 43

chronic atrophic gastritis of pernicious anemia: gastric adenocarcinoma. actinic keratosis of skin: SCC. ulcerative colitis: adenocarcinoma of colon. chromosomal breakage syndrome: leukemia. leukoplakia of oral cavity, vulva, or penis: SCC