Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How does cancer arise?
|
From damage to cells due to environment and genetics.
|
|
|
What do oncogenes do?
|
facilitate and encourage cancer growth
onco = cancer |
|
|
What is an adenoma?
|
benign epithelial tumor in glands
|
|
|
What is a cystadenoma?
|
benign adenoma that makes large cysts in fat and ovary
|
|
|
Name 2 types of cystadenomas.
|
Papillomas
Polyp |
|
|
What is a papilloma?
|
benign epithelial tumor with fingerlike projections
|
|
|
What is a polyp?
|
benign tumor that reaches into mucosa and into lumen of hollow organs
|
|
|
Where do carcinomas come from? Are they benign or malignant?
|
epithelial cells
malignant |
|
|
Where do sarcomas come from? Are they benign or malignant?
|
mesenchymal tissue
malignant |
|
|
What is metastasis?
|
spreading/invadine
|
|
|
disorganization and abnormal growth of epithelial cells caused by disruption in cell maturation
|
DYSplasia
|
|
|
What is the earliest form of a precancerous lesion seen in a biopsy?
|
low grade dysplasia
|
|
|
What is high grade displaia?
|
carcinoma in situ; high chance of turning into cancer but can still be treated
|
|
|
How do cancer cells spread?
|
penetrate BM to invade tissue
|
|
|
Grading of tumors refers to...
|
histological appearance (I-IV)
|
|
|
Stage is based on...
|
TMN
T- size of tumor M- node involvement M- metastasis |
|
|
change from one mature cell type or another in response to chronic irritation, pathogen, or carcinogen
|
metaplasia
|
|
|
How do we treat metaplasia and why?
|
Treat by reserving damage in order to prevent change into dysplasia and cancer
|
|
|
What is the 2nd most common form of skin cancer?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
From what does squamous cell carcinoma arise?
|
metaplasia
|
|
|
abnormal disorganized new growth in a tissue or organ leading to formation of growth or mass
|
neoplasia
|
|
|
Is neoplasia malignant or benign?
|
Both
|
|
|
Give an example of a benign neoplasm.
|
Melanocytic nevi
|
|
|
Can viruses cause neoplasms?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Do chemicals and toxins cause neoplasms?
|
yes
|
|
|
Do diseases cause neoplasms?
|
yes
|
|
|
HPV causes...
|
cervical and penile carcinoma
|
|
|
EBV causes...
|
burkitts lymphoma
|
|
|
HBV and HCV causes...
|
hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
|
nitrosamines cause...
|
esophageal and stomach cancer
|
|
|
asbestos cause...
|
lung cancer
|
|
|
tobacco causes...
|
lung cancer
|
|
|
actinic keratosis causes
|
squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
ulcerative collitis causes
|
colonic adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
MG causes
|
thyroid carcinoma
|
|
|
dysplastic nevi cause
|
malignant melanoma
|
|
|
barret's esophagus causes
|
esophageal cancer
|
|
|
List 3 tumor suppressor genes.
|
Rb
BRCA 1 + 2 P53 |
|
|
loss of Rb causes
|
retinoblastoma
osteosarcoma |
|
|
breast and ovarian cancer are caused by loss of
|
BRAC 1 + 2
|
|
|
P53 controls
|
apoptosis
|
|
|
Gain of c-myc oncogene causes
|
burkitts lymphoma
|
|
|
gain of ras oncogene causes
|
colon cancer
|
|
|
Acute renal familiar is?
|
abrupt decline in renal fxn
|
|
|
Decreased renal blood flow leading to decreased glomerular filtration rate is called...
|
prerenal acute renal failure
|
|
|
prerenal renal failure can be due to...
|
cholesterol plaques
|
|
|
acute tubular necrosis, ischemia, or toxins cause...
|
intrinsic acute renal failure
|
|
|
intrinsic acute renal failure causes what to occur...
|
patchy necrosis
obstruction to tubules by debris back flow of fluid across the tubule decreaed GFR, granular or epithelial casts in urine |
|
|
bilateral outflow obstruction due to kidney stones, benign prostatic hypertrophy or neoplasia is...
|
postrenal acute renal failure
|
|
|
what happens in chronic renal failure?
|
urine is not made and wastes are not excreeted
|
|
|
what happens as a result of chronic renal failure?
|
anemia
hyperkalemia renal osteodystrophy metabolic acudosis urema HTN |
|
|
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of ...
|
glomerulous
|
|
|
Name 2 types of nephritic syndromes.
|
nephritic
nephrotic |
|
|
Nephritic syndrome is due to...
|
blood loss in urine
|
|
|
nephrotic syndrome is due to...
|
protein loss in urine > 3.5g
|
|
|
HTN, edema, urine sediments with hematuria and blood casts with proteinuria are seen in
|
nephritic
|
|
|
hyperalbuminemia, hyperlipidiemia, and edema are seen in
|
nephrotic
|
|
|
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis is caused by what?
|
group A beta hemolytic streptococci
|
|
|
What type of glomerulonephritis is associated w/ pulmonary hemorrhages and iron deficiency anemia?
|
good pastures dz
|
|
|
what do tests show in good pastures?
|
+ antiglomerular basilar Ab
IgG in glomerular BM |
|
|
pyelonephritis is...
|
urinary tract infection that reaches cortex of kidneys causing WBC casts in urine
|
|
|
Kwashiorkor
|
protein malnutriotion
|
|
|
Kwashiorkor results in what findings.
|
skin lesions, anemia, edema, liver malfxn
|
|
|
Describe what a Kwashiorkor pt looks like.
|
small child w/ swollen belly
|
|
|
Marasmus is due to what?
|
protein calorie malnutrition causing tissue wasting. Pt shows wasting and wt loss.
|
|
|
Alcholics have what findings.
|
increase liver enzymes
increase GGT decrease pyruvate dehyrdohenase decrease vit B |
