Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
In the majority of instances, a benign tumor may be distinguished from a malignant tumor on the basis of _
|
histopathology
|
|
|
The histopathology of Malignant tumors you see _
|
anaplasia
lack of differentiation, includes Pleomorphism Abnormal nuclear morphology Atypical mitotic figures!! Tumor giant cells Loss of polarity |
|
|
_is nearly always found in association with tissue damage & repair
Literal definition of _ is disordered growth |
Metaplasia
dysplasia |
|
|
Dysplasia Principally occurs in _, it is characterized by _
|
epithelium
Cells with some anaplastic features (e.g. pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, etc.) Some loss of polarity |
|
|
When dysplastic changes involve the full thickness of the epithelium = _
|
carcinoma in situ...now referred to neoplastic, no longer dysplastic (preinvasive cancer)
|
|
|
The rate of growth of a tumor is determined by three main factors: what are they?
|
Doubling time of the tumor cells
Fraction of tumor cells that are in the proliferative pool (growth fraction) Rate at which cells are shed or die |
|
|
T/F Growth of tumors is typically associated with a shortening of cell cycle time
|
False!
Ultimately the rate at which tumors grow is determined by an excess of cell production over cell loss (Growth fraction) |
|
|
Chemotherapy is most effective against tumors that have a _
|
high growth fraction
|
|
|
One strategy used in the treatment of tumors with a low growth fraction (e.g., cancer of colon and breast) is to _. This can be accomplished by _
|
first shift tumor cells from G0 into the cell cycle
debulking the tumor with surgery or radiation. The surviving tumor cells tend to enter the cell cycle and thus become susceptible to chemotherapy. |
|
|
The most common cause of peritoneal carcinomatosis is _
|
ovarian carcinoma
|
|
|
A _is defined as "the first node in a regional lymphatic chain that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor.“
|
sentinel lymph node
|
|
|
What are different types of metastatic spread?
|
Seeding of body cavities and surfaces (typically ovarian)
Lymphatic spread (carcinomas) Hematogenous (tumor penetrating into veins, most frequent is liver and lungs) |
|
|
with regards to Autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes...The inherited mutation is usually a _mutation occurring in _ of a tumor suppressor gene
|
point
a single allele |
|
|
Retinoblastoma and adenomatous polyposis are examples of _ cancer
|
autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes
Retinoblastona - mutant RB tumor suppressor gene Adenomatous -Mutation of APC tumor suppressor gene |
|
|
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and Xeroderma pigmentosum are examples of _
|
defective dna repair syndromes
HNPCC is the most common |
|
|
Explain why chronic inflammation can lead to cancer
|
Proliferating cells accumulate genetic defects
Chronic inflammation -> compensatory proliferation of cells so as to repair the tissue damage (regeneration) Activated immune cells release mediators & reactive O2 species -> DNA damage Activated immune cells also release mediators that promote cell survival, even in the face of DNA damage |
|
|
Tumors are _clonal
|
mono
|
|
|
_ are Normal genes involved in cellular growth & proliferation
|
Proto-oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes encode proteins that may function as: Growth factors or growth factor receptors Signal transducers Transcription factors Cell cycle components |
|
|
A carcinoma is a malignant tumor derived from _
|
epithelial tissue, - squamous, glandular, transitional
|
|
|
A sarcoma is a malignant tumor derived from _
|
connective tissue (bone)
|
|
|
The usual mechanism of dissemination for carcinomas is _ spread
|
lymphatic ( remember a carcinoma is derived from epithelial tissues)
|
|
|
The usual dissemination mechanism for sarcomas is _ spread
|
hematogenous spread
Remember sarcomas are derived from CT. Cells that enter into the portal vein metastasize into the liver, and those into the vena cava metastasize to the lungs. |
|
|
Seeding is commonly seen in what cancers?
|
ovarian (seed into the omentum)
peripherally located Lung cancer |
|
|
BCL2 is a (pro/anti) apoptotic factor.
|
anti.
Mutations involving the BCL2 gene, such as translocation 14:18 causes overexpression of BCL2 in B cells, (so they don't die when they should) causing B cell Follicular Lymphoma |
|
|
BAX is a (pro/anti) apoptotic factor.
|
Pro
BAX is activated by TP53 if DNA damage is excessive. BAX then inactivates BCL2, and subsequently allows cyt c to leak out of the mitochondia triggering apoptosis. |
|
|
An ABL t(9:22) leads to _
|
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
|
|
|
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia is caused by ...?
|
ABL Translocation (9:22).
ABL is a protooncogene that normally has nonreceptor tyrosine kinase activity. 22 is the Philadelphia chromosome |
|
|
A MYC t(8:14) leads to _
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
|
|
|
Burkitt's Lymphoma is caused By _
|
MYC translocation (8:14)
MYC is normally responsible for nuclear transcription |
|
|
A mutation in the APC gene will lead to _
|
familial polyposis (colorectal carcinoma)
|
|
|
The normal function of RB gene is _.
A mutation in this gene will lead to _ |
inhibits G1 to S phase. (similar to TGF beta and TP53)
retinoblastoma |
|
|
TGF - beta normally _.
A mutation in this gene leads to _ |
Inhibits G1 to S phase (similar to RB and TP53)
leads to pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas |
|
|
TP53 normally _ and _.
A mutation in this gene will lead to _ |
inhibits G1 to S phase (just like TGFbeta and TB), and it repairs DNA, and activates BAX gene (leading to apoptosis)
A muation in this gene will lead to a variety of cancers such as Lung, Colon, Breast, and Li Fraumeni syndrome |
|
|
Xeroderma pigmentosum has what type of heritance? What type of cancer does this predispose to?
|
Autosomal recessive. skin cancers
Defect in the excision repair pathway, after UV light damages cells, the repair mechanism cannot repair the DNA. It crosslinks adjacent pyrimidines producing pyrimidine dimers) |
|
|
RNA virus HTLV -1 is associated with what type of cancer?
What is the mechanism behind this? |
T cell leukemia and lymphoma.
HTLV1 activates the TAX gene, stimulates polyclonal T cell proliferation, inhibits TP53 suppressor gene |
|
|
DNA virus EBV predisposes the individual to what type of cancer?
|
Burkitt's lymphoma (also cns lymphoma in aids pts)
This is because EBV promotes polyclonal B cell proliferation which increases the risk for a translocation (8:14) --> Burkitt's lymphoma. |
|
|
The parasite Schistosoma hematobium increases risk for what type of cancer?
|
squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
|
|
|
HHV 8 is associated with what type of cancer?
|
Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS
|
|
|
Acanthosis Nigricans can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome for what underlying cancer?
|
Stomach Carcinoma
|
|
|
Seborrheic keratosis can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome for what underlying cancer?
|
stomach carcinoma
|
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome for what underlying cancer?
|
lung, breast, stomach
|
|
|
_ cells recognize altered _ antigens on neoplastic cells and destroy them
|
CD8 T cells
Class I antigens |
|
|
What does TNM stand for and what is most important?
|
This is staging criteria for cancer.
T= Tumor size N = are lymph Nodes involved? M = extranodal Metastases M is most important M>N>T |
|
|
Cachexia is a major effect that cancer plays on the host. What is the underlying mechanism for it?
|
TNFalpha is released by the host macrophages and tumor cells
It suppresses appetite. causes muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and fatigue |
|
|
Cushing Syndrome can present as a paraneoplastic syndrome for what underlying cancer?
|
Small cell carcinoma of the lung,
due to release to ACTH |
|
|
Gynecomastia can be a paraneoplastic syndrome for what type of cancer?
What is the ectopic hormone responsible for this? |
Choriocarcinoma (cancer of the testis)
hCG |
|
|
Hypercalcemia can be a paraneoplastic syndrome for what type of cancer?
What is the ectopic hormone responsible for this? |
Renal cell carcinoma, primary squamous cell carcinoma of the the lung, breast carcinoma, malignant lymphomas.
PTH-related protein and Calcitriol (Vit D) |
|
|
Hypocalcemia can be a paraneoplastic syndrome for what type of cancer?
What is the ectopic hormone responsible for this? |
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
Calcitonin |
|
|
Secondary polycythemia can be a paraneoplastic syndrome for what type of cancer?
What is the ectopic hormone responsible for this? |
Renal cell and hepatocellular carcinomas
Erythropoietin |
|
|
Hyponatremia can be a paraneoplastic syndrome for what type of cancer?
What is the ectopic hormone responsible for this? |
Small Cell Carcinoma of the lung
due to Antidiuretic hormone |
|
|
AFP is a tumor marker for what cancer(s)?
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac tumor
|
|
|
Bence Jones protein is a tumor marker for what cancer(s)?
|
Multiple Myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
|
|
|
CA-15-3 is a tumor marker for what cancer(s)?
|
Breast carcinoma
|
|
|
CA 19-9 is a tumor marker for what cancer(s)?
|
Pancreatic, Colorectal carcinomas
|
|
|
CA-125 is a tumor marker for what cancer(s)?
|
Surface derived ovarian cancer
(this is helpful in distinguishing benign from malignant) |
|
|
CEA is a tumor marker for what cancer(s)?
|
Colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas
|
|
|
LDH is a tumor marker for what cancer(s)?
|
Malignant lymphoma
|
|
|
_ is considered a hallmark of malignancy.
|
Lack of differentiation (anaplasia)
|
|
|
In the stomach, MALT Lymphomas are associated with _
|
H pylori infections
Malt is Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue, these are low grade B cell lymphomas |
