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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neoplasia
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form of hyperplasia with a heritable abnormality in the affected cells
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cancer
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malignant hyperplasia - capacity for infinite growth and dissemination
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anaplasia
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loss of cellular organization - morphological evidence of the process of cancer
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hyperplasia
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occurs when there is a stimulus to enter the cell cycle and we see evidence of cellular growth
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metaplasia
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substitution of one type of adult cell to another type
- due to chronic irritation, impaired nutrition or altered function |
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dysplasia
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cellular atypia
- loss of uniformity of individual cells and loss of architectural orientation |
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what phase are most cells in?
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quiescent
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Barrett's esophagus?
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change in cell type of esophagus from stratified squamos to intestine like due to acid reflux
- a type of metaplasia |
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carcinoma in situ
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cells have not metastasized and broken through the basement membrane
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what are exceptions to benign tumors?
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melanomas, adenomas (gland tumor), papillomas (epithelial cell tumors that stick out)
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how can benign tumors be dangerous?
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1. pressure effect - can grow really big
2. excess hormone secretion |
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sarcomas arise from?
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messenchyme (connective tissue)
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where do carcinomas arise from?
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epithelium of any of the 3 germ layers
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what are teratomas?
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contain cells from more than one germ layers
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what are pearls?
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squamos cell carcinoma
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fish like tumor or soft tissue tumor?
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sarcoma
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hamartoma?
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abnormal mixture of tissues normally present in the involved tissue
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Choristoma?
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when precursors of certain cells end up in wrong places
- tumor-like masses of heterotrophic tissues |
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7 characteristics of anaplasia?
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1. loss of resemblance to differentiated cells
2. pleomorphic and giant cells (mutliple nuclei in them) 3. high nuclei:cytoplasmic ratio 4. chromatin clumping 5. nucleoli prominent 6. abnormal mitotic figures 7. distorted architecture |
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Warburg Hyporthesis?
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cancer cells will undergo glycolysis without oxygen making tons of lactic acid and pyruvate.
- use pyruvate to make anabolic reactions such as amino acids |
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LKB1 gene? when is it mutated?
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AMP dependent protein kinase - cell energy sensor
- mutated in Puetz-Jegher syndrome (GI tumors) - allows uncontrolled energy metabolism |
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What are 4 ways cancer cells escape normal control mechanisms?
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1. aerobic glycolysis
2. loss of contact inhibition in presence of a carcinogen 3. infinite life span 4. increased growth potential |
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What are the 2 roles of APC?
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1. stimulates migration to the top of the crypt and the cell is desquamated (apop)
2. Sequesters B-cantenin and GSK-3B (glycogen synthesis kinase) phosphorylates it - destroyed |
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What does B-cantenin do?
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activates c-myc (trans factors) - cell proliferation
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What is the Wnt pathway?
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In the embryonic cell - Wnt inactivates GSK and B-cantenin helps cell proliferate
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What happens in a mutant polyp?
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mutated APC or B-cantenin - no migration, uncontrolled proliferation and no apoptosis
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which mutations are most often seen in somatic mutations?
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p53, pRb, p16
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What do viruses with T-antigens do?
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phosphorylate Rb and release E2F - cell proliferation
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actinic keratosis?
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mutation of p53 - UV damage on DNA results in abnormal cell population growing - can eventually lead to carcinoma
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What is Von Hipel Lindau disease?
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mutation in pVHL causes HIP to
1. induce differentiation of RBC 2. new growth of blood vessels - causes hemgioblastomas in brain, spinal cord, kidne and retina - normal pVHL destroys HIF |
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What happens when TGF-B component pathway is mutated?
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100% colon cancers and 80% pancreatic cancers
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What is mutated in 50% of pancreatic cancers?
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DPC4 - like the SMAD
- SMAD is phosphorylated by TGF-B in a time dependent manner |
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what does miRNA do?
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silence coding mRNA by:
1. stopping translation 2. destroying the messenger |
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which miRNA family does p53 activate?
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miR34 family and other miRNA
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oncogenes?
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altered normal genes that promote tumor growth
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proto-oncogenes?
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required for the growth and differentiation of normal cells
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What happens when HER-2 is amplified?
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primary breast cancer
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what leads to the increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis of breast cancer?
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over expression of HER-2
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what is over expression?
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lot of protein being made from one copy
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what is amplification?
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many copies of mRNA being transcribed
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what is herceptin?
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antibody to HER-2 receptor - given in breast cancer
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What is overexpressed in lung cancer?
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epidermal growth factor family
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overexp of ERBB1?
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squamos cell lung cancer, glioblastomas, head and neck tumors
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overexp of ERBB2 (HER2/NEU)?
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ovarian, brain and lung
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what is the most frequently mutated protein tyrosine kinase in melanomas?
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ERBB4 (HER 4)
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what is the most common way for a oncogene to be activated?
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mutation
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what happens when there is DNA damage on hotspots of proto-oncogenes?
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can become oncogenes - promote growth and can lead to bladder, colon or lung cancers
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how does avian hematopoetic neoplasia come about?
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virus integrates in c-myc (growth gene)
- the strong promoter it has increases transcription of c-myc |
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how does burkitt's lymphoma come about?
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c-myc on chromosome 8 transloactes with Ig gene on chromosome 14
- results in c-myc gene sitting in the promoter for Ig - jaw full of B-lymphocytes |
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how can c-myc be activated?
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1. viral promoter insertion - chicken B-cell lymphoma
2. chromosomal translocation - burkitts and plasmacytoma in mice 3. amplification - promyleocytic leukemia |
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how do you get chronic myeloid leukemia?
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philadephia chromosome - traslocation of Bcl on chromo 22 and Abl on chromo 9
- tyrosine kinase - strong transription |
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What are the extrinsic causes of cancer?
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1. aromatic compunds
2. metallic compounds 3. gases - alkylating agents |
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what does 2-napthalene?
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causes bladder cancer
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what can alkylating agents lead to?
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secondary myeloid cancers
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where are cyp enzymes found? role?
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ER
- hydroxylate/oxygenate and make molecules water soluble |
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xenobiotics?
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all foreign compounds in the body?
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what are the 3 phases in detox?
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ph I - cyt hydroxylate
ph II - detox enzymes (UDP-glucunoryl transferase and glutathione -S - transferase) conjugate into inactive compounds ph III - excretion |
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what can be altered by bacteria to produce dangerous compounds?
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nitrosamines, bile and tytophan
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what do bacteria do to benzpyrene?
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hydroxylate into a epoxide - damages DNA
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what can arsenic cause?
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squamous carcinoma of the skin
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what can asbestos cause?
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mesotheliomas
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what can vinyl chloride monomer cause?
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hemanendothileosarcoma
- reason for new car smell |
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what can high fat diet lead to?
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prostate and breast cancers
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how can you avoid cancer with diet?
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high in anti-oxidants
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what can thorotrast cause?
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sarcoma and other tumors
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what can IM injections of iron cause?
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sarcoma
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what was diethylstillbutrol used for and what did it cause?
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used in pregnancies to prevent miscarriages
- caused vaginal cancer in babies by age 8-9 |
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what can oral contraceptives lead to?
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benign liver tumors
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where can hormones cause cancer?
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breast, prostate, endometrium and thyroid
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how can physical carcinogens cause cancer?
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damage DNA - faulty repair - chronic hyperplasia (increases the chance that change in DNA is perpetuated)
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what can radiation cause?
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melanocarcinoma
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what can shistosoma lead to?
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squamous carcinoma of bladder due to chronic inflammation because of its ova
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H. pylori leads to?
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marginal B cell lymphoma of the stomach (MALToma)
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how can HTLV type 1 lead to cancer?
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infect CD 4s -- realease of GM-CSF - increases mutation chance of T cells
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what can HPV cause?
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carcinoma or cervix
- HPV 6, 11 |
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EBV causes?
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Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Hep B?
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cirrohsis --> hepatic carcinoma
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