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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the organization of the Nervous System.
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Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System + Autonomic Nervous System +Sympathetic Nervous System +Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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What are the componets of the Nervous System
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Sensory receptory
Neurologic Cells Neurologic Communicatuon Systems Vasculature |
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What do sensory recepotrs do?
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they send dignals to the neurons - they tell the brain what the body is doing
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What are the neurons?
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The are the actual nerves
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What is the function unit of the nervous system?
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Neurologic Cells - made of both neurons and glia cells
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What do the gila cells do?
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THey offer immune protections and physically cushion the neurons
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How does the nervous system communicate?
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via synapses. The synapses receive information between tissues, glands and other neurons
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Why is the vasculature so important to the nervous system?
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It provides the energy needed to supply the neurons high metabolic needs.
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What do the dendrites do?
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They communicate with adjacent cells - they receive the information
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Where is the cell body in a neuron
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In the dendrites
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What are the different parts of the neuron
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the denddrites, the cell body, the axon hillock, the axon, and the ason terminale
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What does the cell body do?
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Converts the message from the dendrites into the energy/or produces the chemical needed to elicate the response from the dendriates to the other tissue/cell via the axon terminal. The store house that causes the cell response.
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What is ment by an myelinated axon?
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An axon that has a lipoprotein that conducts energy more efficently.
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What does the axon terminal do?
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Releases the energy or chemial produced by the cell body onto adjacent tissue
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What is the gray matter?
What is the white matter? |
Gray matter - is the cell body
White matter - the myelinated liproproten axon |
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What is the blood brain barrier?
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The macrophpages in the glial cells that phogocitize any invader and the blood vessle that dont allow macromolecules into the capillary circulation
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Why is the blood brain barrier important?
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It prevents ion influs into the nerons so you dont have action potentials cross the axon when you dont want them to occur.
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Why is it difficult to treat a brain infection/abcess?
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the blood brain barrier
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What are the four type of glial cells
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Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes Ependymal Microglia |
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What are astrocytes
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glial cells found in both white and gray matter that act as metobolic buffers or detoxifies
Provide neutriets and electrical insulators for the neuron |
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What type of glial cell created the blood brain barrier?
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The astrocytes - they contribute to barrier functions controlling the flow of macromolecules between the blood, the CSF, and the brain.
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WHy type of glial cells are responsiable for repair are scar tissue in the brain
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Astrocytes
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What is astrocytoma
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a cancer of the glial cells that surrond the neuron - not the neuron its self. A common source of brain tumor.
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What are Oligodendrocytes?
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Glial cells that wrap around the axon of the CNS nerous to form myelin - know as schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system
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What are acquired demyelinating disorders?
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injury to oligodengroginal cells or not enough oligodendrocytes are made - as in the case of leukodystrophies
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What is progressive multifocal leukoencepalopathy?
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when the oligodendroglial nuclei harbor viral inclusions - often seen in immunocompromised pts. HIV, CA, post transplant
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What are ependymal cells?
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Glial cells that line the ventricular system of the brain
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If you have hydocephalus - which cells are injured?
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ependymal cells
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What is ependymoma
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maligant ependymal cells
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What part of the brain makes the CSF?
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choroid plexus
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Which of the TORCH infections cause injurey to the ependymal cells
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cytomegalovirus
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What are Microglia cells
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fixed macrophages in teh CNS
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If an organism gets past the oligodendrycytes and ependymal cells what is the "last line of defense?"
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The microglia cells - they hopefully will eat what ever the invador is
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What are the meninges?
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The connective tissue of the brain and skull
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Which fontanel closes first?
When? |
Posterior Fontanel
- 2 mths Anterior Fontaneal - 12 - 18 mths |
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What is craniosyastosis?
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Abnormal aligment of the cranial bones that cuaes premature closure of the sutures.
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What is lamboidal synastosis?
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Craniosyastosis causes by laying the child on their back all day
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What is Posterior Plagiocephaly
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Craniosyastosis caused by laying the child on their back all day - like lamboidal synastosis.
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Whay is craniosyastosis such a big deal?
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abnormal brain development
looks funny - the child will be made fun of on the play ground and have to become friends with the janator of the school for comfort. |
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What are the layers of the brain and skull?
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Skin, periosteum, bone, spidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachonid space, pia mater, gray matter, white matter
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What part of the meninges absorb the CSF?
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The arachnoid.
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What is inflammed during meningitis?
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the meninges, not the brain. The brain is not involved - YET.
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What are the causes of meningitis?
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systemic infection, (viral or bacherial) or an sterile inflamation - whihc would occur as part of a autoimmune disease
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Where is cerbral spinal fluid?
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In the subarachonid space - thats is what you must puncture to draw a LP/ the sub arah. space is fluent with the Spinal cord
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Why are infants at higher risk for meningitis?
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the blood brain barrier that typially prevents translocation of microorganisms is immautre during the first 1-3 mths of life
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Why do you have incresed ICP during meningitis?
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The arachnoid is inflamed and cnonot be reabsored by the arachnoid space. You are at risk for hydrocephaltis
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What part of the meninges is inflamed during meningits?
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the subarachnoid space
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Why is a secondary vascularitis so dangerous that is often assoicated with meningitis?
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It can cause ischema to the brain, seziures or ceberal infart.
Infection of the meninges causes inflamation of the blood cessles |
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What are the three layers of the meninges?
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Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia matter.
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Paraachyma is a fancy shmancy name for what
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the gray and white matter that makes up the brain
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What are the sulci and the gyri?
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The infoldings fo the brain parachyma. the sulci are primary foldings and the gyri are secondary foldings - they increase the surface area of the brain
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If you have an abseance of sulci and gyri what can you assume?
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they have decreaesed brain tissue. There was no need for the brain to compact its self
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What are congenital migratory diseases?
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the reduction of volume of brain and changes the patter of sulci and gyri.
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What is microencephaly?
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Decreased brain paranchyma due to altered cell proliferationa nd reduction in the number of neurons that reach the nerocortes, creates SIMPLIFICATION of the gyral foldings
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What is polymicrogyria?
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An abnormal contour of the small cerebral convoultions which appear small unsually numerous and irregulary formed due to localized tissue injury during the time of neuronal migration
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What is lissencephaly (agyria)?
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a marked decrease in gyri and culci in the brain, looks smooths - no need to fold - profound developmentatl delays
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What are the compartmentalizing connective tissue structures of the brain?
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The corpus collosum, the falx cerbri, and the tentorium cerebelli.
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What is the corupus collosum?
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In interal connective tissue structure that divides the cerebral cortex - makes the CSF.
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Falx cerebri - what is it?
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a surface connective tissue that divides the cerebral cortex surface
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What is the tentorium cerebelli?
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Connective tussue sturecute that separtes ceberal coretex from posterior fossa - the hind-brain cerevellum and brainstem
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What is agenesis of the coruus callosum?
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An absence of the white matter bundles that carry cortical projection between hemispheres.
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Describe the spectrum that you will see with agenesis of the corupus callosum
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May be complete or partial - when oly the caudial portion of the callosum is absent a lipoma may occuphy the defect. Found in clinically normal individuals and in associated with other malformation and mental retardation
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What is Aicardi Syndrome
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A x-linked syndrome, lethat in males and is assopciates with chorioretial defects and blindness, cornal and may have CHD. Will see retinal problems, seziures, die due to breainstem compressions.
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What does the frontal lobe control?
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Behavior, personality, abstract thinking, motor control and smell
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What do temporal lobes control?
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Hearing, crude vision, smell, and taste.
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What do parietal lobes control?
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Language, interpretion of somatic expresiences, motor control, spacial relationships and body postion
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What do occipital lobes control?
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Vision and spacial orientation
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Name al lthe lobes in the brain
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Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe |
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What are the structures of the mid-brain
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thalamus, hypothalamus, reticular activating system, basal ganglia
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What does the thalmus do?
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Relays impulses to and from cerebral cortex/spinal cord, controls consciousness
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What does the hypothalamus do?
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Regulatory structure of temperature, hunger, and hormones via the pitituatary gland.
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Where is the midbrain?
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above the brainstem and cerebellum
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What is reticualr activating system?
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controls consciousness - above the brian stem
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What does the basal ganglia do?
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Controls motor control and tone
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What is holoprosencephaly
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Imcomplete separation of the cerebral hemisphers across the midline so all midgrain structures are affected, cuases by mutations in the human sonich hedgehog geneand by functional alteration in the protins made by notochord and neural plate
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What do holoprosencephaly children look like
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range of expressions - some just have a flat midface, byt have neoendrocrine disorders. Vasopressin, cortisoal production is decreased. Hypothydroism, and high urine output. Cleft lip/plate, narrow set eyes, hypoplasia, cyclopia, no sence of smell
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What does the cerebellum do?
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Balance
Coordination of movement eye movement and vision hearing |
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What are the two parts of the brainstem?
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pons and medulla
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What does the brainstem do
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has the nuclei for crainal nerves 10 - 12
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what does the medulla do?
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has the respiratiory control
vasomotor/cardiac control |
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Cranial Nerve I - olfactory
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Smell
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Cranial Nerve II - optic
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Vision
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Cranial Nerve III - oculomotor
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Eye lid muscles and pupil response
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Cranial Nerve IV - Trochlear
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Eye movement - up and down (sunset eyes)
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Cranial Nerve V - Trigeminal
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Chewing, facial sensation, tympanic membrane
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Cranial Nerve VI - Abducent
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Lateral eye movement
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Cranial Nerve VII - Facial
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Facial muscles movement, vibrations of the stapes, salvation/taste
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What three things do you look for in increased ICP
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Pupil response
Eye movement up Eye movement side |
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What eye responses will you see first with ICP
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Cant look to the side (6)
Cant look up (4) Pupillary movement (3) |
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Cranial nerve VIII - vestubular
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Balance
Vestibulo - ocular reflex Cochlear hearing |
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Cranial Nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal
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Swollowing/mouth and pharynx
Salivation Taste Carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors |
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Cranial nerve X - vagus
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sensation of pharynx/swallow speech and gag
Parasympathetic intervetion to hear |
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Cranial Nerve XI - Accessory
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Swallow and speech
Movement of head and sholder muscles |
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Cranial Nerve XII - Hypoglossal
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Tougne movment and swolloing
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Why would you ask someone to move their head and sholders before extubating them?
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want to see if they can suck/swallow/prevent aspiration. Sees in the neuromuscualr relaxant has worn off - cant test speech - you you test accerrory muscles XI to encure that the nerves are intact
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What is Mobuis Sndrome?
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Congenital absence or underdevelopment of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves with small or absent brain stem nuclei that control the cranial nerves as well as decreased numbers of muscle fibers.
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What is the first symptom of mobius syndrome
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cant suck, excessive drooling, cant swallow, crossed eyes, facial paralysis, eye sensitivities, hearing and speech problems
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Why doe you see hypoglycemic neuro responses?
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cuz you only have a 2 min supplyl of glucose in the form of glycogen avaliavle to the brain
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