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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aqueduct of Sylvius
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Small channel for the passage of CSF between the 3rd and 4th ventricles
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The CSP is located:
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between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles
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The CSF circulates around the brain and spinal cord to serve as a _________ _________
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shock absorber
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CSF is produced daily by the:
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Choroid plexus
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CSF continually circulates through the __________ and ______________ space
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ventricles and subarachnoid space
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Pools of CSF are called:
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Cisterns
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The largest cistern is called the
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Cisterna magna
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The cisterna magna is located at the base of the ______________
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Cerebellum
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The lateral ventricles lie just __________ the corpus callosum
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Below
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The ____________ ______________ lie just inferior to the corpus callosum
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lateral ventricles
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The _____________ ____________ are separated from each other by the cavum septum pellucidum
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lateral ventricles
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The lateral ventricles are separated by the:
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Cavum septum pellucidum
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The CSP is filled with CSF that filters from the ventricles through the :
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septal laminae
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The septal laminae is the way in which the __________ receives CSF from the ventricles
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Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP)
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The _________ ___________ has no direct communication with the ventricular system
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lateral ventricles
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The _______ _______ is inferior to each lateral ventricle
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3rd ventricle
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What does the 3rd ventricle lie inferior to?
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lateral ventricles
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The 3rd ventricle and lateral ventricles are connected by the:
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Foramen of Monro
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Foramen of Monroe
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Connection between the 3rd ventricle and the lateral ventricles where CSF flows
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The ___________ __________ is inferior to the to the 3rd ventricle
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4th ventricle
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The 4th ventricle is inferior to what structure?
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3rd ventricle
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The 3rd and 4th ventricle are connected by what CSF channel?
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Aqueduct of Sylvius
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Aqueduct of Sylvius
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The connection between the 3rd and 4th ventricles where CSF flow
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The passage of CSF into the subarachnoid space comes from holes on the floor of the 4th ventricle. These 3 holes are called:
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Foramen of Magendie
Foramina of Luschka |
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Foramen of Magendie and Foramina of Luschka
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three holes on the floor of the ventricle that open into the subarachnoid space for the passage of CSF
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The largest component of the CNS:
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Cerebrum
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The two cerebral hemispheres communicate through what structure?
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Corpus callosum
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The cerebral cortex is also known as
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Gray matter
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The ______ _______ is the outermost surface of the cerebral hemispheres
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cerebral cortex
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The cerebral cortex consists of raised ridges called ______ that are separated from one another by _____
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The cerebral cortex consists of raised ridges called GYRI that are separated from one another by SULCI
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Sulci
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grooves or indentations of the cortex that separate the gyri from one another
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Gray matter is composed of:
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Densely packed neurons with no myelin covering
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Basal Ganglia control functions in:
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motor skills
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Basal ganglia are:
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a highly specialized collection of cell clusters just superior to the thalamus
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White matter is composed of _________ nerve axons that carry information between the neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
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Myelinated
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White matter carries information between neurons in the ________ and __________ _________
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Brain and spinal cord
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White brain matter is located _________ to the cerebellum and superior to the __________ _________
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White brain matter is located INFERIOR to the cerebellum and superior to the BRAIN STEM
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White matter includes:
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Corpus Callosum
Diencephalon -Thalami -Hypothalamus -Epithalamus |
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Gray matter includes:
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Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia |
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The corpus callosum is flat, contains broad nerve fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres and form the roof of the __________ _________
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lateral ventricles
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The roof of the lateral ventricles is the:
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corpus callosum
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This structure contains nerve fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres
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corpus callosum
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The diencephalon lies just __________ to the corpus callosum
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Inferior
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This structure encloses the 3rd ventricle
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diencephalon
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The diencephalon encloses the _________ _______
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3rd ventricle
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The diencephalon of the brain includes:
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Thalami
Hypothalamus Epithalamus |
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The Thalami form most of the ____________ lateral walls
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ventricle's
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The ____________ form most of the ventricle's lateral walls
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thalami
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The _________ fuse in midline forming a bridge of gray matter called the massa intermedia
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thalami
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The thalami fuse in midline forming a bridge of gray matter called what?
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Massa intermedia
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The ______________ make up the largest portion of the diencephalon
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thalami
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The thalami control:
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-Input and output to and from the brain
-Sensations -Regulates sleep, wakefulness, auditory, visual |
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The __________ is located just inferior to the thalamus at the base of the brain
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Hypothalamus
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What structure communicates directly with the pituitary gland?
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Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus functions and controls:
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-body temp
-fluid balance -metabolism -thirst -Appetite -Sex drive |
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The epithalamus is located in what portion of the diencephalon
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anterosuperior
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What structure contains the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle and the pineal gland?
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epithalamus
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The epithalamus lies __________ to the 3rd ventricle
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posterior
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Vermis
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Median portion of cerebellum. Connects cerebellar hemispheres
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The cerebellum occupies the _________ ________
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posterior fossae
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This structure is located inferior to the tentorium
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Cerebellum
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The cerebellum lies ________ to the pons and medulla oblongata
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posterior
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The __________ __________ are 3 pairs of nerve tracts that connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.
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cerebral peduncles
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The 3 cerebral peduncles are:
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1. inferior cerebral peduncle
2. middle cerebral peduncle 3. superior cerebral peduncle |
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The __________ cerebral peduncle connects with the medulla
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inferior
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The middle cerebral peduncle connects with the __________
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pons
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What connects the cerebellum with the midbrain?
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the superior cerebral peduncle
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The brain stem consists of the:
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla oblongata |
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The midbrain is the ___________ portion of the brainstem
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superior
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The midbrain is situated where?
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where the pons and cerebellum unite
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Anterior to the midbrain are what structures?
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Cerebral peduncles
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________ to the midbrain is the tectum
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Posterior
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Posterior to the midbrain is the:
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Tectum
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The tectum is made up of:
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Superior and inferior colliculi
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The __________ __________ are a major part of the mesencephalon
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cerebral peduncles
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The cerebral peduncles are a major part of what portion of the brain?
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Mesencephalon
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The cerebral peduncles are the "_________" of the cerebrum
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"Stalk"
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Where are all of the axons passing up to or down from the brain carried?
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cerebral peduncles
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The cerebral peduncles are located in the most ________ part of the midbrain
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ventral
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The CSP is present at birth but obliterates by what age?
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3-6 months (80% of cases)
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The CSP is up to _____ cm in width with parallel walls
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1 cm
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What is the width of the CSP?
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1 cm or less
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The CSP is part of the ventricular system.
True or false |
False.
The CSP is not part of the ventricular system |
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The CSP is not connected with the:
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subarachnoid space
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The length of the corpus callosum is about ______ cm and its width is ______cm
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10 cm long
2.5 cm wide |
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What lies superior to the lateral ventricles
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Corpus callosum
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This develops between 12-22 weeks of gestation.
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Corpus Callosum
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When does the corpus callosum begin to develop?
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12-22 weeks gestation
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Corpus callosum is divided into 4 portions:
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1. anterior= "Genu"
2. Posterior= "Splenium" 3. Middle 4. Rostrum |
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The roof of the CSP and cavum verage is the:
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corpus callosum
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the corpus callosum is made up of what kind of fibers?
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white matter
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The ___________ is located just above the brainstem and beneath the occipital lobes
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cerebellum
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The cerebellum is ___________ to the pons
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dorsal
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What structure is posterior to the cerebellum
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Cisterna Magna
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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Movement coordination
Balance Equilibrium Muscle tone |
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The function of the parietal lobe:
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interpret impulses that allow us to recognize sensations
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The parietal lobe is located:
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posterior to the central fissure
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This lobe is also known as the auditory area
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Temporal lobe
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The olfactory area is deep in this lobe
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Temporal lobe
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The temporal lobe functions to interpret what?
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Auditory information
Olfactory information |
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The temporal lobe is located where?
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Adjacent to the Sylvian fissure
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Adjacent to the sylvian fissure is:
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the temporal lobe
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What part of the brain interprets visual impulses?
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Occipital lobe
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The primary motor area is located anterior to the central fissure in what lobe?
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Frontal lobe
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The frontal lobe is located where in relation to the central fissure?
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anterior to the central fissure
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The __________ part of the frontal lobe is believed to house the higher intellectual reasoning function.
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Anterior part of the frontal lobe
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Complex memories are most likely stored where?
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Temporal and frontal lobes
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Speech function is located at the junction of what?
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Temporal, pariental and occipital horms
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The __________ rests superior to the brainstem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
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diencephalon
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The diencephalon rests __________ to the brainstem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
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superior
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What 3 structures make up the diencephalon?
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Thalamus
Hypothalamus Epithalamus |
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The structures of the brainstem include:
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla oblongata |
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The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata make up what structure?
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Brainstem
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The pons contains nuclei that are involved in the control of ___________
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breathing
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the __________ __________ helps control HR, breathing, and vomiting among other functions
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Medulla oblongata
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The ________ ________ directs CSF into the subarachnoid space
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4th Ventricles
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The flow of CSF is as Follows
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Choroid Plexus-->Lateral Ventricles-->3rd Ventricle
-->4th Ventricle-->Subarachnoid space |
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CSF goes from the choroid plexus and is filtered into the lateral ventricles via the:
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septal laminae
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CSF travels from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle via the:
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Foramen of Monro
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CSF travels from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle via the:
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Aqueduct of Sylvius
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CSF travels from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space via what 3 holes?
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Foramen of Magendie
Foramina of Luschka |
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The __________ can be seen on US at 16-24 weeks gestation.
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Cerebellum
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The cerebellum can be seen on US at __-__ weeks gestation.
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16-24 weeks
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The 2 divisons of the nervous system are:
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1. Central Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System |
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The nervous system functions include:
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Behavior
Control of other organ systems Rxn to env. changes Communicative, reflective, creative, perceptive |
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How many spinal nerve pairs are there?
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31 pairs
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What are the nerve plexuses?
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Cervical
Brachial Lumbar Sacral |
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What are the cervical spinal nerves?
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C1-C8
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What are the thoracic spinal nerves?
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T1-T12
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What are the lumbar spinal nerves?
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L1-L5
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What are the sacral spinal nerves?
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S1-S5
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2 divisions of prenatal life:
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1. Embryonic Period
2. Fetal period |
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The embryonic period starts at fertilization and ends when?
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8 weeks
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What occurs during the embryonic period?
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Organogenesis
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Carnigie Stages
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The 23 developmental stages of the embryonic period
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How many stages of development are there in the embryonic period?
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23
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What is the name for the 23 developmental stages of the embryonic period?
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Carnigie Stages
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What is the time frame of the fetal period?
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Everything after the embryonic period up until birth
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What occurs during the Fetal Period of prenatal life?
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Development and growth of existing organs
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What are the bones of the Cranium?
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Parietal
Temporal Frontal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid |
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A newborn skull is about _____% of an adult skull
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25%
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By the end of the 1st year of life, the skull reaches ____% of the adult size.
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75%
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How long does it take for the skull to reach 75% of the adult size?
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1 year
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What is the widest part of the skull?
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Distance between the two parietal bones
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What are the interlocking joints that unite the cranial bones called?
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Sutures
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The Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into 2 areas
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Sensory Division (afferent)
Motor Division (efferent) |
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The efferent division of the PNS is most commonly divided into 2 subcategories
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1. Somatic Nervous System
2. Autonomic Nervous System |
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The Somatic Nervous System functions to do what?
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Sends sensory info to the CNS and motor nerve fibers that project to skeletal muscles
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The Autonomic Nervous System is made up of
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Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division |
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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system functions to:
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mobilize body systems during emergency situations
"Fight or Flight" |
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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system functions to:
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conserve energy
promotes nonemergency functions "Rest and Digest" |
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The Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for:
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INVOLUNTARY muscle movements
Impulses are carried from CNS to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle |
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Name the 5 sutures:
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Sagittal Suture
Frontal Suture Coronal Suture Lamboidal Suture Squamosal Suture |
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The 4 Fontonelles are:
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Anterior
Posterior Sphenoidal Mastoidal |
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What suture(s) close around 2-3 months of life?
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Sphenoidal
Mastoidal |
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The Anterior fontanelle closes around ___-___ months of life.
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18-24 moths
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The _________ ______________ closes around 18-24 months after birth.
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Anterior fontanelle
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This joins the parietal bones in the midline on the superior surface of the skull
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Sagittal suture
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The frontal suture is located between the ________ bones
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frontal
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The ________ __________ is located between the parietal and frontal bones
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Coronal Suture
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This is the joining of the parietal and occipital bones
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Lamboidal suture
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The squamosal suture is located between the inferior borders of the ___________ bones and the superior borders of the ____________ bones
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The squamosal suture is located between the inferior borders of the PARIETAL bones and the superior borders of the TEMPORAL bones
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The meninges cover the _______ and ______ ______
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Brain and Spinal cord
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The ___________ contain cerebral spinal flud and protect vessels and venous sinuses
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Meninges
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The meninges have 3 layers:
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1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid 3. Pia Mater |
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What is the innermost layer of the meninges?
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Pia Mater
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The ______ ______ follows the folds and fissures of the brain
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Pia mater
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Which layer of the meninges is composed of connective tissue
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Pia Mater
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This structure houses most of the brains arteries and veins
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Pia Mater
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This is the middle layer of the meninges
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Arachnoid
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The arachnoid and the pia mater are separated by the :
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subarachnoid space
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The subarachnoid space contains CSF and communicates with the 4th ventricle through what?
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Foramen of magendie
Foramina of Luschka |
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What does the subarachnoid space communicate with?
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4th Ventricle
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This structure bridges over the folds and fissures of the brain
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Arachnoid
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The outermost layer of the meninges:
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Dura mater
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What is the tough inelastic membrane of the meninges called?
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Dura mater
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The 2 layers of the dura mater are:
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1. endosteal aka: Periosteum
2. Inner meningeal layer |
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The __________ adheres to the inner surface of the skull
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Periosteum
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This true, smooth tissue envelops the brain closely following the arachnoid.
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inner meningeal layer
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Epidural space
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between the layers of the dura mater
(between the periosteum and meningeal layer) |
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Subdural space
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Between the Dura mater and the arachnoid
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What crosses the subdural space that are highly vulnerable to injury
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cerebral veins
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Why are the cerebral veins of the subdural space so susceptible to injury?
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Little supporting structures
Blood that accumulates here has no pathway to escape |
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What are the 3 inward extensions of the dura mater?
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1. Falx Cerebri
2. Falx Cerebelli 3. Tentorium Cerebelli |
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The Falx Cerebri is the inward extension of the dura mater in the _______ _______
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longitudinal fissure
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The ______ _______ forms a partition between the cerebral hemispheres (Not the CC)
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Falx cerebri
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The _______ ______ separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum
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Falx cerebelli
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This is continuous with the falx cerebri
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Falx cerebelli
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The _____ _____ forms a tent-like covering over the cerebellum
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Tentorium cerebelli
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What structure separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?
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Tentorium Cerebelli
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What kind of embryonic tissue does the brain develop from?
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ectoderm
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When does the ectoderm begin to thicken and form the neural plate?
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3 weeks of pregnancy
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The ectoderm begins to thicken at 3 weeks of pregnancy and forms the _________ _______
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Neural plate
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Define: Invatinate
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to turn inside out or fold in on itself
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The neural plate invaginates and forms the _______ ______
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Neural fold
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When does the neural fold fuse at each end to form the neural tube?
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4th week of pregnancy
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At 4 weeks of pregnancy the neural fold fuses at each end to form what structure?
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Neural tube
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The process of forming the neural tube is called what?
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Neurulation
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What is the approximate weight of the brain?
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1.3 - 1.4 kg
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The prosencephalon is made up what secondary vesicle(s)
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Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
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The mesencephalon is made up what secondary vesicle(s)
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Mesencephalon
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The rhombencephalon is made up what secondary vesicle(s)
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Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
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Telencephalon and Diencephalon are the secondary vesicles to what primary vesicle?
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Prosencephalon
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Metencephalon and Myelencephalon are the secondary vesicles to what primary vesicle?
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Rhombencephalon
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The Telencephalon will become what in the adult brain?
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Cerebrum
Cerebral Hemispheres Lateral Ventricles Sup. portion of 3rd ventricle |
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The Diencephalon will become what in the adult brain?
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Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus)
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The Mesencephalon will become what in the adult brain?
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Brainstem-->Midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct |
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The Metencephalon will become what in the adult brain?
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Brainstem-->Pons
Cerebellum 4th ventricle |
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The Mylencephalon will become what in the adult brain?
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Brainstem-->Medulla oblongata
4th Ventricle |
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The ________ can be seen around 16-24 weeks with a diameter that correlates 1:1 with GA
|
Cerebellum
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When can you see the Cerebellum on US
|
16-24 weeks
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The Rhombencephalon becomes very prominent at ________ weeks gestation
|
9 weeks
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The rhombencephalon is often mistaken for a true cyst in the posterior part of the brain. We would NOT be concerned if we saw this cystic structure before ______ weeks gestation
|
9 weeks
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