Nd Chapter 7:1 - 7:5

Front 1

65% of North American adults

Back 1

are overweight

Front 2

the most reliable therapy for the problem of being overweight

Back 2

decreased caloric intake
increased physical activity
diet modifications

Front 3

definition of energy balance

Back 3

energy input matches energy output

Front 4

energy input

Back 4

calories from food intake

Front 5

energy output

Back 5

metabolism
the digestion, absorption and transport of nutrients
physical activity

Front 6

positive energy balance

Back 6

-energy intake is greater than energy expended
-storage of excess energy in adipose tissue
-generally results in weight gain in adults

Front 7

Negative Energy Balance

Back 7

energy intake is less than energy expended

Front 8

weight loss

Back 8

combination of lean and adipose tissue

Front 9

Energy Balance problems of energy balance can stem from lifestyle contributions

Back 9

-excess food intake
-reduced physical activity
-slower rate of metabolism

Front 10

“food hunts man”

Back 10

-vending machines
-social gatherings
-convenient fast-serve restaurants and drive-up windows
-“super-sized” portions

Front 11

bomb calorimeter

Back 11

determine the caloric content of a food
-food is burned in a calorimeter chamber that is surrounded by water
-as food burns, heat is released which raises the temperature of the water
-an increase in water temperature is a reflection of energy in a food

Front 12

Basal Metabolism (Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR))

Back 12

-minimal amount of calories expended during a fasting state to keep a resting,
awake body alive in a warm, quiet environment
-accounts for 60% to 70% of the total energy use by the body (for a sedentary person)

Front 13

determination of energy needs related to basal metabolism

Back 13

-individual’s weight is converted into kilograms
-a rough estimate of BMR is 0.9 kcals/kg/hour for females and 1.0 kcals/kg/hour
for males
-take the hourly BMR times 24 hours to yield the entire BMR for one day

Front 14

factors that increase basal metabolism

Back 14

greater lean body mass

Front 15

lean body mass

Back 15

body weight minus fat storage weight

Front 16

thyroid hormones

Back 16

increase metabolic rate

Front 17

factors that decrease basal metabolism

Back 17

low calorie intake
age

Front 18

Energy for Physical Activity

Back 18

increases energy expenditure 25% to 40% beyond basal energy needs

Front 19

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

Back 19

-energy required to digest, absorb and process food nutrients
-5% to 10% of total kcals

Front 20

food composition influences TEF

Back 20

-TEF value of a protein-rich meal is higher than that of a carbohydrate-rich or fat-rich
meal
-more energy is required to metabolize amino acids into fat than to convert glucose to
glycogen or transfer absorbed fat to adipose tissue
-large meals result in higher TEF values than the same amount of food eaten over many
hours

Front 21

Thermogenesis

Back 21

increase in non-voluntary physical activity triggered by cold conditions or overeating

Front 22

brown adipose tissue

Back 22

specialized form of adipose tissue that participates in thermogenesis

Front 23

Direct Calorimetry

Back 23

measures body heat released by a person

Front 24

Indirect Calorimetry

Back 24

-measures the amount of oygen a person uses
-the human body needs one liter of oxygen to burn 4.85 kcals of energy

Front 25

EER

Back 25

Estimated energy Requirements

Front 26

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Back 26

-current method used for calculating healthy body weight
-body weight (kilograms)/height2 (meters)
-healthy weight for height is a BMI between 18.5 to 24.9

Front 27

BMI > 25

Back 27

-can start leading to increased health risks
-cut-off value for overweight

Front 28

BMI > 30

Back 28

-leads to increased health risks
-cut-off value for obesity

Front 29

BMI > 40

Back 29

indicates severe obesity and could involve major health risks

Front 30

Health Problems Associated With Excess Body Fat

Back 30

-surgical risks
-pulmonary disease and sleep disorders
-type 2 diabetes
-hypertension
-cardiovascular disease
-bone and joint disorders
-premature death
-pregnancy risks

Front 31

desirable amounts of body fat

Back 31

-8% to 24% for men
-21% to 35% for women

Front 32

some fat is associated with

Back 32

reproductive functions
(including estrogen production)

Front 33

calculation of body volume

Back 33

underwater weighing
air displacement
water displacement

Front 34

underwater weighing

Back 34

-most accurate of typical methods used to estimate body volume
-fat tissue is less dense than lean tissue (fat floats)
-the more fat tissue present, the less a person will weigh submerged

Front 35

air displacement

Back 35

body volume is quantified by measuring space a person takes up inside a measurement
chamber (BodPod)

Front 36

water displacement

Back 36

-submerge individual in a tank of water and determine the amount of water displaced
-water displacement is least accurate

Front 37

calculation of body density

Back 37

requires body volume and body weight
-body density = body weight/body volume

Front 38

determining total body fat content

Back 38

body density
skin fold thickness
bioelectrical impedance

Front 39

body density

Back 39

% body fat = (495/body density) – 450

Front 40

skinfold thickness

Back 40

-common anthropometric method used to estimate total body fat
-clinicians use calipers to measure the fat layer directly under the skin
-accuracy limitations

Front 41

bioelectrical impedance

Back 41

-uses a painless low-energy electrical current
-adipose tissue resists electrical flow since it is low in electrolytes and water (as
compared to lean tissue)
-more fat means greater electrical resistance

Front 42

DEXA scan

Back 42

-most accurate method for determining body fat content
-uses multiple low energy X-rays to measure body composition and bone mass/density
-allows a clinician to separate body weight into three separate components
-fat
-fat-free soft tissue
-bone minerals

Front 43

upper body (android) obesity

Back 43

-fat stored primarily in the abdominal area
-“apple on a stick” shape
-characteristic male pattern
-pot belly (large abdomen); small buttocks and thighs
-waist circumference
-greater than 40 inches in males and 35 inches in females

Front 44

lower body (gynoid) obesity

Back 44

-fat storage primarily located in the buttocks and thigh area
-encouraged by the hormones estrogen and progesterone
-typical female pattern
-“pear-like” shape

Front 45

Nature Contribute to Obesity?

Back 45

-nature is a reflection of the genetic background of an individual
-genes account for up to 70% of weight differences between people
-genes help determine metabolic rate, fuel use and differences in brain chemistry

Front 46

nurture

Back 46

(eating habits, nutrition, environment) has less to do with obesity than nature

Front 47

specific body types

Back 47

endomorph
ectomorph
mesomorph

Front 48

endomorph

Back 48

-stocky build, short trunk; wide chest and hips
-short stubby bones
-round head

Front 49

ectomorph

Back 49

-tall and slender; narrow chest and hips
-long, thin bones
-thin/narrow head

Front 50

mesomorph

Back 50

individuals will have a medium, muscular build

Front 51

set point theory

Back 51

proposes that humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat content

Front 52

adult obesity in males

Back 52

-not strongly linked to childhood
-tends to appear after the age of 30
-this pattern suggests a primary role of nurture in obesity, with less genetic influence

Front 53

several factors that promote fat storage

Back 53

-lower socioeconomic status
-overweight friends and family
-a cultural/ethnic group that prefers higher body weight
-lifestyle that discourages healthy meals and adequate exercise
-excessive television viewing
-easy availability of inexpensive high-calorie food

Front 54

factors That Encourage Excess Body Fat Storage and Obesity

Back 54

-age, race and gender
-menopause
-physical activity
-positive energy balance
-diet composition
-fat metabolism and uptake
-social and behavioral factors