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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
approximately _____% of pregnancies are unplanned
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50%
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medical attention may not occur until after the first 2 to 3 months
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during pregnancy
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-HIV-positive status or AIDS; poor control of ____________ and hypertension
-women should aim for a healthy weight prior to becoming pregnant -eliminate tobacco -avoid alcohol consumption and illegal drugs -evaluate medications and herbal therapies |
many practices or conditions of the mother can harm the developing infant
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meeting ________ needs helps to prevent birth defects (spina bifida) and decreases the
risk of preterm delivery |
folate
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low intakes of calcium and iron are also a concern
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during pregnancy
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union of the egg cell and sperm cell during fertilization produces the ______
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zygote
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at 14 days the group of cells is called an _____________
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embryo
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the developing offspring in utero from the beginning of the third week to the
end of the eight week after conception |
embryo
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within___ days the heart is beating and the embryo is ___ of an inch long
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35; 1/30
eyes and limb buds are visible |
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at eight weeks the embryo is called a______
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fetus
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the organ that nourishes the fetus
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placenta
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-provides oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood to the fetus
-removes fetal waste -releases hormones that maintain pregnancy |
placenta
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the first trimester ends at ____ weeks
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13
most organs are formed and fetal movement is noted |
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during the____trimester, the embryo or fetus is most susceptible to major structural
abnormalities |
first
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-nutritional deficiencies
-adverse reactions to medications; illegal drugs -smoking or alcohol intake -high vitamin A intake -trauma or radiation exposure |
major structural
abnormalities |
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most spontaneous abortions occur during the_____ trimester
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first
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premature terminations of pregnancy that occur naturally
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spontaneous abortions
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early spontaneous abortions (miscarriage) usually result from a ___________ defect or
fatal error in fetal development |
genetic defect
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smoking, alcohol abuse, use of aspirin or NSAIDs and illicit drugs increase risk
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increase risk of spontaneous abortion
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fetus weighs ~ one ounce at the beginning of the _____ trimester
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second
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appendages are fully formed; fetus has ears and begins to form tooth sockets in its jawbone
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Second Trimester
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fetus may suck thumb and kick strongly enough to be felt by the mother
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Second Trimester
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mother’s breast weight increases
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Second Trimester
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___% increase due to the development of milk-producing cells and fat deposition (2 to 4
pounds) for lactation |
30
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the period of _________ secretion following pregnancy
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milk (lactation)
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___ stored in the breasts serves as an energy source to produce breast milk
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fat
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fetus weighs 2 to 3 pounds at the beginning of the________ trimester
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third trimester
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fetus will double in length and will increase its weight 3 to 4 times
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Third Trimester
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major maternal concern is the depletion of __________
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maternal iron stores by the fetus
(third trimester) |
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after____weeks of gestation, infant has a good chance for survival if cared for in a nursery for high-risk
newborns |
26
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period of intrauterine development
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gestation
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-time period from conception to birth
-40 weeks after the woman’s last menstrual period |
gestation
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preterm (infant born before ____ weeks of gestation)
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37
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-insufficient growth and development of the lungs
-decrease in vitamin (mainly vitamin A), minerals (iron and calcium) and fat stores that are normally accumulated during the last month of pregnancy -poor ability to suck and swallow |
preterm
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at 9 months, fetus weighs____pounds and is ~ 20 inches long
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7 to 9; 20
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-a gestation period longer than 37 weeks
-sufficient lung development is likely to have occurred by this time -a birth weight greater than 5.5 pounds -the longer the gestation, the greater the ultimate birth weight and maturation state -overall, a successful pregnancy is the outcome of a complex interplay between genes, various lifestyle practices and the environment |
infant goals
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associated with preterm birth
-less than 5.5 pounds |
low birth weight
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-full-term and preterm infants that weigh less than the expected weight for their
duration of gestation (the result of insufficient growth) -more likely than normal-weight infants to have medical complications -problems with blood glucose control -temperature regulation -problems with growth and development |
small for gestational age (SGA)
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the chances of producing a healthy baby are maximized with _____________, an adequate diet
and early and consistent prenatal care |
education
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recommended age for pregnancy is between 20 and ____ years of age
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35
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more likely to be underweight at the start of pregnancy and gain too little weight during
pregnancy |
pregnant teens
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__% of low birth weight infants are born to teenage mothers
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16
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the risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery increase modestly with maternal age beyond___ years
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35
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appears to increase the risk of birth defects, sudden infant death and childhood cancer
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smoking
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many chemicals in recreational drugs can cross the ___________ and affect the fetus
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placenta
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can result in reduced blood flow to the uterus and placenta (results in poor fetal
growth) and increases the risk of low birth weight and premature delivery |
marijuana
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-pregnant women, newborn infants and people with depressed immune function may
suffer severe symptoms -spontaneous abortion -serious blood infections |
Listeria infections
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-________________ milk, soft cheeses made from raw milk and raw cabbage are food sources
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unpasteurized (Listeria)
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extra nutrients and calories are ____ for fetal growth and development
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required
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extra nutrients and calories are _____ for maternal body changes
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necessary
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-placental development
-growth of the uterus and breasts -blood volume increases -body fat stores increase -__________ and kidneys work harder |
heart
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a daily diet containing only _____ kcal is shown to greatly restrict fetal growth and development
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1000
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calorie needs during the____ trimester are essentially the same as for the non-pregnant woman
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first
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average pregnancy requires 350 to 450 kcal more per _____ during the second and third
trimesters |
day
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some research suggests regular physical activity can lower a woman’s risk of developing
____ and _____ |
gestational diabetes and preeclampsia
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2 to 4 pounds of weight gain during the first ______________
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trimester
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¾ to 1 pound of weight gain per week during the ___ and _____
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second and third trimester
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a healthy goal for total weight gain for a woman of normal weight averages ____ to 35 pounds
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25
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the weight gain should yield a birth weight of ~ _____ pounds
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7.5 pounds
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women carrying twins should gain _____ pounds; if carrying triplets, weight gain ~ 50 pounds
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35 to 45
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-diabetes, hypertension, blood clots and spontaneous abortions
-for the fetus, there is a greater risk for birth defects and macrosomia (the fetus grows larger than average in utero and may lead to a Cesarian section) |
overweight and obesity during pregnancy
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should not be encouraged to lose weight
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if a woman gains too much weight during pregnancy
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if a woman is not gaining enough weight
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should not be encouraged to rapidly gain weight
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RDA for protein increases by an additional___grams per day
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25
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RDA for carbohydrate increases to ___ grams per day
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175 (prevents ketosis)
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_________ bodies are thought to be poorly used by the fetal brain, implying possible
slowing of fetal brain development |
ketone
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maintain 20% to ____% of total calories from fat
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30 (during pregnancy)
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pregnancy is ___ a time for a low-fat diet
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not
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the American Heart Association recommends no more than 7% of total calories from _____
and no more than 1% from _____ |
saturated fats; trans fat
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important to consume adequate _____ during pregnancy
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essential fatty acids
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-essential fatty acids are required for fetal growth, brain development and ____ development
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eye
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vitamin A intake should only increase by ~ ___%;
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10
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folate is required for _______ synthesis and therefore cell division
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DNA
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folate is required in the construction of ___ blood cells
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red
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___ deficiency is associated with neural tube defects (spina bifida)
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folate
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pregnant women need extra iodide for prevention of ____________
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goiter
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___ supports proper growth and development
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zinc
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iron is needed to synthesize ________ (red blood cells) for the mother during
pregnancy and to provide iron stores for the fetus |
hemoglobin
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_____ is required for mineralization of the fetal skeleton and teeth
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calcium
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active, 24 year old woman, 2200 kcal, first trimester)
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MyPyramid
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-sufficient protein
-vitamin D and vitamin B-6 -calcium, iron and zinc -vitamin B-___ supplement -use of a prenatal multivitamin and mineral supplement is advocated |
12 (vegans diet during preconception and pregnancy)
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-generally do not face special difficulties in meeting nutritional needs during pregnancy
-main concern is meeting folate, iron, zinc and vitamin B-6 needs |
lactoovovegetarians and lactovegetarians
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some women crave nonfood items
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pica
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produced by the placenta relax muscles in the uterus and GI tract
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hormones (like progesterone)
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-stomach acids can reflux into the __________________
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esophagus
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-often results as the ________ muscles relax during pregnancy
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constipation
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results from excessive straining during elimination
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Hemorrhoids
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placental hormones cause various body tissues to retain _________ during pregnancy
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fluid (results in edema - swelling)
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nausea experienced during the early stages of pregnancy
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Morning Sickness
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-avoid fried or greasy foods
-cook with good ventilation -eat saltine crackers or dry cereal prior to getting out of bed -eat smaller, more frequent meals -avoid large fluid intakes early in the morning -_________ in prenatal supplements may trigger nausea in some women |
iron (steps for controlling mild nausea)
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-normal increase in blood _______ during pregnancy that dilutes the concentration of red blood cells
-a mother’s blood volume usually expands ~ 150% above normal -red blood cells increase gradually to 20% to 30% above normal -leads to a dilution of ____ blood cells -a pregnant woman has a lower ratio of red blood cells to total volume |
volume
red (physiological anemia) |
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placental hormones decrease the efficiency of _______________
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insulin
(Gestational Diabetes) |
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_______ evels tend to return to normal after birth
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blood glucose l
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occurs in 3% to 5% of pregnancies
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Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
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-high blood pressure and edema
-excess protein in the urine -blood clotting changes -nervous system disorders |
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
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mild cases are known as preeclampsia
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Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
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severe cases of pregnancy induced hypertension are known as _____________
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eeclampsia
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bottle feeding with an infant formula is safe for infants but _____ equal the benefits derived
from human milk |
does not
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recommend breastfeeding exclusively for the first ____ months
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6
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-many problems in breastfeeding are due to a _______
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lack of appropriate information
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an anterior pituitary gland hormone
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prolactin
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stimulates the breast tissue to release milk (let-down reflex)
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oxytocin
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also stimulates the smooth muscle of the _____________ to contract during childbirth
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uterus (oxytocin)
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Cow’s milk should not be used in infant feeding until the infant is ____ year old
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one
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-too high in ___________
-too high in protein -proteins in cow’s milk may spur allergies in the infant -does not contain enough carbohydrate to meet infant needs -the major milk protein in cow’s milk is harder for an infant to digest as compared to proteins in human milk |
mineral (problems associated with cow’s milk)
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first fluid secreted by the human breast during late pregnancy and the first few days
after birth |
Colostrum
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Lactobacillus bifidus bacteria limit the growth of potentially toxic bacteria in the __________
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intestine
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is essentially like cream
-released 10 to 20 minutes into the feeding -infants need to nurse long enough to acquire this energy rich milk |
hind milk
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the fat composition of human milk changes during ______
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each feeding
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-vomiting or diarrhea
-fever -______ weather -follow the advice of a physician |
hot (supplemental water for infant)
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the ___ kcal difference should contribute to gradual loss of extra body fat acquired during pregnancy
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300
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milk production requires ~ _____ kcal per day
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800
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the Estimated Energy Requirement for lactation is ____ to _____ kcal above pre-pregnancy
conditions |
400 to 500
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____ cups of fluid per day for the mother encourages ample milk production
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13
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low iodide status during the first trimester of pregnancy may lead to ________________
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cretinism
|
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decreases the risk of neural tube defects in the developing fetus
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adequate folate intake
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act to minimize the damage created by free radicals
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antioxidant systems
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decreases the mother’s absorption of ________ and may reduce blood flow through the placenta
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iron
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component of aspartame (artificial sweetener; Nutrisweet and Equal)
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phenylalanine
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women are ____ to drink any alcohol during pregnancy or when there is a chance
pregnancy may occur |
advised not
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mercury contamination can harm the ______ system of the fetus
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nervous
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