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28 Cards in this Set

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Nemathelminthes (roundworms) Filaria:
Infected insect bites host releasing microfilaria (larval forms)→lymphatics→maturation→production of microfilaria→bloodstream→insect bite.
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (New World Hookworm, and Old World Hookworm):
entry through skin of feet from larvae in soil or orally via contaminated food/H2O→blood→lungs→trachea→esophagus→small intestine→eggs shed in feces→larvae hatch in soil. (Sx: Pneumnonitis, abd. Pain, nausea, colic, diarrhea, anemia-severe infxns. Adult worms can lay up 10-20K eggs per day.)
Ascaris lumbricoides (Nemathelminthes) Large Roundworms:
Ingest eggs→hatch in SI→blood→lungs→cough up and swallow→SI→Adults. (Eggs shed 60-75 days after infxn, grows to 30 cm and lays up to 200K eggs/day).
Strongyloides stercoralis (Nemathelminthes) China Diarrhea:
entry through skin from soil larvae (through feet)→cycle like that of hookworms, also auto infxn (Almost never find eggs, they hatch b4 passing with feces, so look for larval forms in stool. May cz pneumonitis, GI Sx, mimic PUD, Eosinophilia common.
Enterobius vermicularis (Nemathelminthes) Pinworms:
Most common helminth infxn in U.S. Entry via oral/fecal route. Highly infective in kids. Female lives in cecum, then travels distally to lay eggs on perianal skin at night. Eggs are football shaped, with one flat side. Scotch tape prep to pick up eggs off child’s anus in morming.
Trichuris trichiura (Nematheminthes) Whipworm:
Entry via oral/fecal route, ingested eggs hatch in SI→migrate to cecum, penetrate mucosa and mature. (Infxn can last 10 yrs or more, and can lead to rctal prolapse or appendicitis. Need large numbers to produce sx)
Trichinella spiralis (Nemathelminthes) Trichinosis:
Entry via oral by infected PORK, bear meat, walrus. (Marked eosinophilia, myalgia, and splinter hemorrhages in nail beds. Dx via muscle bx-tongue, deltoid, gastrocnemius).
Wuchereria bancrofti (Nemathelminthes) Filariasis, Elephantiasis:
Entry via skin via Anopheles, Culex and Ades mosquitoes (Draw blood for dx-best time between 10pm-4am. Leads to lymphagitis, can cz elephantiasis dt obstructed lymph flow).
Loa loa (Nemathelminthes) African Eye Worm: Vector
Vector is the biting mango fly and the reservoir host are Monkeys. (Sx appear > 1 yr after fly bite. Calabar swellings-forearm large painful pruritic nodules on extremities produced as worms migrate through subcutaneous tissues, can migrate under conjunctivae→irritation, pain, palpebral edema, impaired vision).
Taenia saginata & T. solium (Platyhelminthes) Beef Tapeworm and Pork Tapeworm:
Entry via oral via undercooked meat with cysticercus larvae→adults in SI→Proglottids with eggs shed in feces→ back to cows or pigs
Hymenolepis nana (Platyhelminthes) Dwarf Tapeworm:
(Most common Tapeworm infxn in N. America)Entry via ingestion of eggs or cysticercoid larval stage (found in beetles that contaminate grains and flour). Eggs hatch in SI→cysticeroid larvae→attach to SI wall and mature→eggs shed in feces or may→ autoinfxn if they hatch in SI.
Diphyllobothrium latum (Platyhelminthes) Fish Tapeworm:
Entry via oral via undercooked or pickled freshwater fish (Flesh has sparganum larva)-can live 25 yrs in intestine and grow up to 30 ft long. Cz B12 def.
Schistosoma sp. (Platyhelminthes) Flukes Schistosomes:
(Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium-Infective cercaria larvae from snails penetrate skin→Adults in mesenteric veins (S. mansoni & S. Japonicum), or urinary bladder veins (S. haematobium)→ eggs cz vessel inflammation→ feces or urine.
Fasciola hepatica (Platyhelminthes) Giant intestinal fluke and Liver fluke:
Entry oral/fecal route, ingestion of aquatic vegetation water chestunuts and watercress (can see with naked eye, assoc with eosinophilia. Cz intestinal or heptic dysfxn (hepatitis, biliary obstruction)).
Clonorchis sinensis (Platyhelminthes) Chinese liver Fluke:
Entry oral via ingesteing undercooked fish.
Paragonimus westermani (Platyhelminthes) Oriental lung fluke:
Oral entry via freshwater crabs/crayfish that are infected. Larvae hatch in stomach→migrate thru intestinal wall into abd cavity, then diaphragm→pleural cavity→Adults in lungs (Fever, cough, rusty (blood-tinged sputum), chest pain, pulmonary fivbrosis or bronchiectasis).
Plasmodium sp. (Sporozoans):
All cause malaria. Entry via bite of female mosquito that transmits infective sporozoite.
Toxoplasma gondii (Sporozoans) Toxoplasmosis:
Entry-infective oocytes from cat feces, dangerous during pregnancy and reactivation may occur in AIDS→encephalitis. (Dx IgM Ab or Bx).
Cryptosporidium parvum (Sporozoans):
Entry via ingestion of water or food, POOLS contaminated with oocysts excreted by infected humans or animals (Self limited enterocolitis; after 1 wk incubation, those ifected suffer diarrhea, cramps and fever with may last 1-2 weeks. Severe in immune compromised-may be fatal).
Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebae) Amebiasis, Amoebic dysentery:
Ingestion of infective cysts. Extensive necrosis of coloinc mucosa→dysentery. May→ peritoneal cavity→spread to liver and other organs.
Giardia lamblia (Flagellates) Giardiasis “Beaver Fever”:
Entry oral/fecal route, attaches to mucosal epithelia cells. See incrase in IgA and organisms very numerous when infected. Treated with Falgyl, Essential oil of oregano also effective for tx.
Trichomonas vaginalis (Flagellates) Trich:
Entry via sexual contact-pus cell that moves is how it is recognized.
Trypanosma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense (Hemoflagellates) African Sleeping Sickness:
Transmitted by bite of Tse-tse fly. T.b.gambiense range is Africa, T.b. rhodesiense range is Eastern Africa. Tse-tse fly bite→blood and lymph→CNS→lethargy, tremors, meningoencephalitis→convulsions→death.
Trypanosoma cruzi (Hemoflagellates) Chaga’s Disease:
Transmitted by Reduvid bug (kissing bug-bites around the mouth), parasite is released when the bug defecates into bite site (Dz mb asum, acute or chronic. Spreads systemically via blood. Bite site becomes indurated, then rash around eyes. Acute mb fatal. Chronic-hepatomegaly, myocarditis, encephalitis).
Leishmania donovani (Hemoflagellates):
Causes Visceral leishmaniasisTransmitted by Sandfly. Sandfly bites→injects organism→invades RE cells→reproduction→invasion of visceral tissues (liver, spleen, kidneys)→organ enlargement and dysfunction→death.
Leishmania tropica (Hemoflagellates):
Causes Cutaneous leishmaniasis-“oriental sore”. Sandfly bite→red papule at bite site→pruritic lesion enlarges and ulcerates→ulcer hardens and exudes serous fluid→ may have secondary bacterial infection. Lesion heals over months, leaves scar.
Know the roundworms that manifest microfiliariae larvae in blood.
Roundworms-Filaria:
Wuchereria bancrofti: Bancroft’s filariasis, Loa loa: African eye worm, Onchocerca volvulus: River worm.
Know the causes of elephantiasis, calabar swellings, and river blindness.
Elephantiasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti
Calabar swellings are caused by Loa loa
River Blindness is caused by