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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sodium
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135-145 mEq/L
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Potassium?
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3.5 to 5.1 mEq/L
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Chloride
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98-107 mEq/L
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Bicarbonate (venous)
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22-29 mEq/L
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Function of Sodium?
(3) |
Maintain osmotic pressure
Acid-base balance Transmission of nerve impulses |
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Function of chloride?
(3) |
Aids in digestion, retaining osmotic pressure & water balance
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What are potassium levels used to evaluate?
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Cardiac function, renal function, gastrointestinal function, and need for IV replacement therapy
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what is aPTT used for?
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Mointoring Heparin therapy
Screening for coagulation deficiencies |
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aPTT norm?
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20 to 36 sec
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aPTT therapeutic levels?
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1.5 to 2.5 times normal
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aPTT >90secs
Nursing action? |
Initiate bleeding precautions
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PT norm (adult male)?
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9.6 to 11.8 sec
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PT norm (adult female)?
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9.5 to 11.3 sec
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INR?
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Warfarin
Satndard therapy: 2 to 3 High dose: 3 to 4.5 |
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What are PT & INR used to monitor?
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Warfarin therapy
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Clotting time?
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8 to 15 min
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Platelet count?
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150K to 400K
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What is the Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
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Rate at which erythrocytes settle out of whole blood in 1h. Detects illness associated with infection, inflammation, adavanced neoplasm, necrosis & infarction
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) norm?
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0 to 30 mm/h
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Hemoglobin (adult male)?
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14 to 16.5 g/dL
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Hemoglobin (adult female)?
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12 to 15 g/dL
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Hematocrit (adult male)?
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42 to 52%
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Hematocrit (adult female)?
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37 to 45%
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What is hemoglobin used to evaluate?
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Anemia
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What is hematocrit used to evaluate?
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Anemia & polycythemia
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Iron (adult male)?
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65 to 174 mcg/dL
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Iron (adult female)?
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50 to 170 mcg/dL
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Red blood cells (adult male)?
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4.5 to 6.2 million u/L
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Red blood cells (adult female)?
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4 to 5.5 million u/L
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Creatine Kinase (CK)?
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26 to 174 units/L
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CK-MB?
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Cardiac
0 to 5% of total |
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CK-MM?
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Muscle
95 to 100% of total |
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CK-BB?
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Brain
0% of total |
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What does a Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) flip help diagnose?
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LDH flip (LDH 1 greater than LDH2) helpful in diagnosing MI
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Troponin I?
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<0.6 ng/mL; >1.5 ng/mL indicative of MI
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Troponin T?
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0.1 to 0.2 ng/mL; >0.2 ng/mL indicative of MI
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Myoglobin?
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<90 mcg/L; elevation could indicate MI
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What are natriuretic peptides used to diagnose?
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CHF
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Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP)?
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22 to 27 pg/mL
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Primary marker for CHF? and what is its norm?
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Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
< 100 pg/mL |
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What is albumin?
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A main plasma protein of blood
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What does the presence of albumin in the urine indicate?
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Abnormal renal function
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Albumin?
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3.4 to 5 g/dL
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What is alkaline phosphatase? and when are levels elevated?
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Enzyme normally found in bone, liver, intestine, and placenta.Levels rise during bone growth, liver disease and bile duct obstruction.
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Alkaline phosphotase?
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4.5 to 13 King-Armstrong units/dL
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What is ammonia? what do elevated levels indicate?
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Byproduct of protein catabolism. Elevated levels in hypatic dysfunction which may lead to encephalopathy.
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Ammonia?
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10 to 80 mcg/dL
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What does Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) identify & monitor?
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Heptaocellular diseases of liver
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Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?
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10 to 30 U/L
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What is Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) used to evaluate?
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Suspected hepatocellular disease
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Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
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8 to 40 units/L
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When is Amylase elevated?
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Acute pancreatitis
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Amylase?
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25 to 151 units/L
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What do elevate Lipase levels indicate?
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pancreatic disease
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Lipase?
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10 to 140 units/L
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What is Bilirubin?
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Produced by liver, spleen and bone marrow; also byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown.
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Total bilirubin?
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<1.5 mg/dL
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Bilirubin indirect (unconjugated)
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0.1 to 1 mg/dL
(Blood) |
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Bilirubin direct (conjugated)?
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0 to 0.3 mg/dL
(Excreted primarily by the intestinal tract) |
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What do elevated bilirubin levels indicate?
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Jaundice
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HDL?
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30 to 70 mg/dL
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LDL?
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<130 mg/dL
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Cholesterol?
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140 to 199 mg/dL
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Triglycerides?
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<200 mg/dL
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What does protein reflect?
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total amount of albumin and globulins in the plasma
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Protein?
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6 to 8 g/dL
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When is protein increased?
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Addison's, chronic infection, autoimmune collagen disorders, Crohn's
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When is protein decreased?
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Burns, edema, cirrhosis, severe hepatic disease
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What is uric acid an indicator for?
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Gout
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Uric acid (adult male)?
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4.5 to 8 mg/dL
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Uric acid (adult female)?
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2.5 to 6.2 mg/dL
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Fasting glucose?
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70-110 mg/dL
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Glucose 2h postprandial?
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<140 mg/dL
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Glucose tolerance test @ baseline, 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min?
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Baseline: 70-110 mg/dL
30min: 110-170 mg/dL 60min: 120-170 mg/dL 90min: 100-140 mg/dL 120min: 70-120 mg/dL |
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Glycosated hemoglobin?
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Diabetes:
7% or less good control 7 to 8% fair control >8% poor control |
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What is the Diabetes Mellitus antibody panel?
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Used to evaluate insulin resistance/allergy and to identify type 1 diabetics
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Diabetes Mellitus antibody panel?
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1:4 titer with no anitbodies detected
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Serum Creatinine
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0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL
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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?
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8 to 25 mg/dL
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Calcium?
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8.6 to 10 mg/dL
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What is calcium's role?
(3) |
bone formation, nerve impulse transmission, myocardial and skeletal muscle contraction
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Magnesium?
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1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL
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What is role of magnesium?
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blood-clotting, neuromuscular activity, modifys activity of many enzymes
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Phosphorous?
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2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)?
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0.2 to 5.4 microunits/mL
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Thyroxine (T4)
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5 to 12 mcg/dL
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Free thyroxine (FT4)
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0.8 to 2.4 ng/dL
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Triiodothyronine (T3)?
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80 to 230 ng/dL
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WBC count?
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4,500 to 11,000 cells/mm3
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What does "a shift to the left" mean?
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An increased number of immature neutrophils (bands) are present in the blood.
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What does a low total WBC with a shift to the left inidcate?
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Recovery from bone marrow depression or an infection in which demand for neutrophils is greater than bone marrows capcity to produce them
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What does a high total WBC with a shift to the left indicate?
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release of nuetrophils in response to an overwhelming infection/infammation
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What does a "shift to the right indicate"?
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Cells have more than usual number of nuclear segments eg. in liver disease, Down syndrome, megaloblastic & pernicious anemia
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Hepatitis testing
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Radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microparticle enzyme immunoassay
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HIV tests
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1.)Viral load testing - measures amount of HIV genetic material in the blood (decreased viral load indicates HAART is effective)
2.)Lymphocyte count - used to assess impact of HIV on the immune system 3.) Rapid antibody testing and Western Blot tests - monitor for the presence of HIV antibodies (diagnostic) |
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What does CD4+ T-cell count monitor?
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Progression of HIV as levels decrease there is corresponding decrease in immunity
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CD4+ T-cell count?
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normal: 500 to 1600 cells
Problems occur: 200 to 400 cells Severe immune system problems: <200 cells |
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Urine specific gravity
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1.010 to 1.030
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What does Radio idonine uptake test?
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Thyroid function
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Radio iodine uptake values?
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3 to 10% at 2 to 4 hours
5 to 30% in 24 hours |
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Critical fasting glucose?
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>300mg/dL
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Glycosated Serum Albumin (fructosamine)?
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Non diabetic: 1.5 to 2.7 mmol/L
Diabetic: 2 to 5 mmol/L More sensative to recent change than HbA1C reflects serum glucose level over last 2 to 3 weeks |
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Alkaline phosphotase is elevated in?
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Paget's, rickets, hyperparathyroidism, myeloma, & sarcoidosis
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pH?
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7.35 to 7.45
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Pco2?
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35 to 45 mm Hg
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Po2
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80 to 100 mm Hg
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HCO3
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22 to 26 mEq/L
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Dilantin (phenytoin) therapeutic level?
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10 to 20 mcg/L
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Digoxin (Lanoxin) therapeutic level?
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0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL
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Magensium sulphate (therapeutic level)?
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4 to 7
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Phenytoin (Dilantin) therapeutic level?
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10 to 20
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Theophylline (theraputic level)?
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10 to 20
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Lithium (therapeutic level)?
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0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L
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Serum osmolity?
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285 to 295
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ANA titer? Often postive in individuals diagnosed with?
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Positive at 1:20 or 1:40
Often +ve in sytemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) |
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Interpretation of intradermal test results based on size of wheal after 15 to 30m?
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negative <0.5cm
postive 0.5cm (+1) 1.0(+2) 1.5(+3) 2.0(+4) |
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What does a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test indicate?
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
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Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) Risk categories?
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NCI Risk Category
ANC (0) Within normal limits (1) ≥1500 - <2000/mm³ (2) ≥1000 - <1500/mm³ (3) ≥500 - <1000/mm³ (4) < 500/mm³ |
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Lithium toxicity?
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Mild: 1.5 mEq/L
Moderate: 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L Severe: >2.5mEq/L |
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Normal Intraocular pressure?
|
10 to 21 mm Hg
|
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What does elevated serum antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer indicate?
|
Glomerulonephritis
|
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pH of eye after irrigation (chemical)?
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should return to pH of 6 or 7
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ICP
|
0 to 15 mmHg
|