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123 Cards in this Set

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Sodium
135-145 mEq/L
Potassium?
3.5 to 5.1 mEq/L
Chloride
98-107 mEq/L
Bicarbonate (venous)
22-29 mEq/L
Function of Sodium?
(3)
Maintain osmotic pressure
Acid-base balance
Transmission of nerve impulses
Function of chloride?
(3)
Aids in digestion, retaining osmotic pressure & water balance
What are potassium levels used to evaluate?
Cardiac function, renal function, gastrointestinal function, and need for IV replacement therapy
what is aPTT used for?
Mointoring Heparin therapy
Screening for coagulation deficiencies
aPTT norm?
20 to 36 sec
aPTT therapeutic levels?
1.5 to 2.5 times normal
aPTT >90secs
Nursing action?
Initiate bleeding precautions
PT norm (adult male)?
9.6 to 11.8 sec
PT norm (adult female)?
9.5 to 11.3 sec
INR?
Warfarin
Satndard therapy: 2 to 3
High dose: 3 to 4.5
What are PT & INR used to monitor?
Warfarin therapy
Clotting time?
8 to 15 min
Platelet count?
150K to 400K
What is the Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)?
Rate at which erythrocytes settle out of whole blood in 1h. Detects illness associated with infection, inflammation, adavanced neoplasm, necrosis & infarction
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) norm?
0 to 30 mm/h
Hemoglobin (adult male)?
14 to 16.5 g/dL
Hemoglobin (adult female)?
12 to 15 g/dL
Hematocrit (adult male)?
42 to 52%
Hematocrit (adult female)?
37 to 45%
What is hemoglobin used to evaluate?
Anemia
What is hematocrit used to evaluate?
Anemia & polycythemia
Iron (adult male)?
65 to 174 mcg/dL
Iron (adult female)?
50 to 170 mcg/dL
Red blood cells (adult male)?
4.5 to 6.2 million u/L
Red blood cells (adult female)?
4 to 5.5 million u/L
Creatine Kinase (CK)?
26 to 174 units/L
CK-MB?
Cardiac
0 to 5% of total
CK-MM?
Muscle
95 to 100% of total
CK-BB?
Brain
0% of total
What does a Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) flip help diagnose?
LDH flip (LDH 1 greater than LDH2) helpful in diagnosing MI
Troponin I?
<0.6 ng/mL; >1.5 ng/mL indicative of MI
Troponin T?
0.1 to 0.2 ng/mL; >0.2 ng/mL indicative of MI
Myoglobin?
<90 mcg/L; elevation could indicate MI
What are natriuretic peptides used to diagnose?
CHF
Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP)?
22 to 27 pg/mL
Primary marker for CHF? and what is its norm?
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
< 100 pg/mL
What is albumin?
A main plasma protein of blood
What does the presence of albumin in the urine indicate?
Abnormal renal function
Albumin?
3.4 to 5 g/dL
What is alkaline phosphatase? and when are levels elevated?
Enzyme normally found in bone, liver, intestine, and placenta.Levels rise during bone growth, liver disease and bile duct obstruction.
Alkaline phosphotase?
4.5 to 13 King-Armstrong units/dL
What is ammonia? what do elevated levels indicate?
Byproduct of protein catabolism. Elevated levels in hypatic dysfunction which may lead to encephalopathy.
Ammonia?
10 to 80 mcg/dL
What does Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) identify & monitor?
Heptaocellular diseases of liver
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?
10 to 30 U/L
What is Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) used to evaluate?
Suspected hepatocellular disease
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
8 to 40 units/L
When is Amylase elevated?
Acute pancreatitis
Amylase?
25 to 151 units/L
What do elevate Lipase levels indicate?
pancreatic disease
Lipase?
10 to 140 units/L
What is Bilirubin?
Produced by liver, spleen and bone marrow; also byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown.
Total bilirubin?
<1.5 mg/dL
Bilirubin indirect (unconjugated)
0.1 to 1 mg/dL
(Blood)
Bilirubin direct (conjugated)?
0 to 0.3 mg/dL
(Excreted primarily by the intestinal tract)
What do elevated bilirubin levels indicate?
Jaundice
HDL?
30 to 70 mg/dL
LDL?
<130 mg/dL
Cholesterol?
140 to 199 mg/dL
Triglycerides?
<200 mg/dL
What does protein reflect?
total amount of albumin and globulins in the plasma
Protein?
6 to 8 g/dL
When is protein increased?
Addison's, chronic infection, autoimmune collagen disorders, Crohn's
When is protein decreased?
Burns, edema, cirrhosis, severe hepatic disease
What is uric acid an indicator for?
Gout
Uric acid (adult male)?
4.5 to 8 mg/dL
Uric acid (adult female)?
2.5 to 6.2 mg/dL
Fasting glucose?
70-110 mg/dL
Glucose 2h postprandial?
<140 mg/dL
Glucose tolerance test @ baseline, 30min, 60min, 90min, 120min?
Baseline: 70-110 mg/dL
30min: 110-170 mg/dL
60min: 120-170 mg/dL
90min: 100-140 mg/dL
120min: 70-120 mg/dL
Glycosated hemoglobin?
Diabetes:
7% or less good control
7 to 8% fair control
>8% poor control
What is the Diabetes Mellitus antibody panel?
Used to evaluate insulin resistance/allergy and to identify type 1 diabetics
Diabetes Mellitus antibody panel?
1:4 titer with no anitbodies detected
Serum Creatinine
0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?
8 to 25 mg/dL
Calcium?
8.6 to 10 mg/dL
What is calcium's role?
(3)
bone formation, nerve impulse transmission, myocardial and skeletal muscle contraction
Magnesium?
1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL
What is role of magnesium?
blood-clotting, neuromuscular activity, modifys activity of many enzymes
Phosphorous?
2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)?
0.2 to 5.4 microunits/mL
Thyroxine (T4)
5 to 12 mcg/dL
Free thyroxine (FT4)
0.8 to 2.4 ng/dL
Triiodothyronine (T3)?
80 to 230 ng/dL
WBC count?
4,500 to 11,000 cells/mm3
What does "a shift to the left" mean?
An increased number of immature neutrophils (bands) are present in the blood.
What does a low total WBC with a shift to the left inidcate?
Recovery from bone marrow depression or an infection in which demand for neutrophils is greater than bone marrows capcity to produce them
What does a high total WBC with a shift to the left indicate?
release of nuetrophils in response to an overwhelming infection/infammation
What does a "shift to the right indicate"?
Cells have more than usual number of nuclear segments eg. in liver disease, Down syndrome, megaloblastic & pernicious anemia
Hepatitis testing
Radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microparticle enzyme immunoassay
HIV tests
1.)Viral load testing - measures amount of HIV genetic material in the blood (decreased viral load indicates HAART is effective)
2.)Lymphocyte count - used to assess impact of HIV on the immune system
3.) Rapid antibody testing and Western Blot tests - monitor for the presence of HIV antibodies (diagnostic)
What does CD4+ T-cell count monitor?
Progression of HIV as levels decrease there is corresponding decrease in immunity
CD4+ T-cell count?
normal: 500 to 1600 cells
Problems occur: 200 to 400 cells
Severe immune system problems: <200 cells
Urine specific gravity
1.010 to 1.030
What does Radio idonine uptake test?
Thyroid function
Radio iodine uptake values?
3 to 10% at 2 to 4 hours
5 to 30% in 24 hours
Critical fasting glucose?
>300mg/dL
Glycosated Serum Albumin (fructosamine)?
Non diabetic: 1.5 to 2.7 mmol/L
Diabetic: 2 to 5 mmol/L

More sensative to recent change than HbA1C
reflects serum glucose level over last 2 to 3 weeks
Alkaline phosphotase is elevated in?
Paget's, rickets, hyperparathyroidism, myeloma, & sarcoidosis
pH?
7.35 to 7.45
Pco2?
35 to 45 mm Hg
Po2
80 to 100 mm Hg
HCO3
22 to 26 mEq/L
Dilantin (phenytoin) therapeutic level?
10 to 20 mcg/L
Digoxin (Lanoxin) therapeutic level?
0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL
Magensium sulphate (therapeutic level)?
4 to 7
Phenytoin (Dilantin) therapeutic level?
10 to 20
Theophylline (theraputic level)?
10 to 20
Lithium (therapeutic level)?
0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L
Serum osmolity?
285 to 295
ANA titer? Often postive in individuals diagnosed with?
Positive at 1:20 or 1:40
Often +ve in sytemic lupus erthematosus (SLE)
Interpretation of intradermal test results based on size of wheal after 15 to 30m?
negative <0.5cm
postive 0.5cm (+1) 1.0(+2) 1.5(+3) 2.0(+4)
What does a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test indicate?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) Risk categories?
NCI Risk Category
ANC
(0) Within normal limits
(1) ≥1500 - <2000/mm³
(2) ≥1000 - <1500/mm³
(3) ≥500 - <1000/mm³
(4) < 500/mm³
Lithium toxicity?
Mild: 1.5 mEq/L
Moderate: 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
Severe: >2.5mEq/L
Normal Intraocular pressure?
10 to 21 mm Hg
What does elevated serum antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer indicate?
Glomerulonephritis
pH of eye after irrigation (chemical)?
should return to pH of 6 or 7
ICP
0 to 15 mmHg