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308 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theorist working within psychoanalysis approach to career theory. He emphasized sublimation as means of career choice.
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A.A. Brill
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Father of Cognitive Psychology
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Aaron Beck
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Integration or adoption of cultural beliefs/customs from a majority/dominant culture
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Acculturation
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the degree to which one has achieved on a standardized test.used primarily in education, designed to evaluate a person's current state of knowledge of skill - NCE
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Achievement
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Measures what the person has learned
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Achievement Test-
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An evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
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Adaptive Conservatism
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The completion and termination stage. Members deal with saying Good-Bye. Members often feel improved insight, awareness, accomplishment, and enhanced self-esteem.
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Adjourning Stage
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Culture that likes to be taught concrete skills and strategies for change. Systems based family therapy that includes nuclear and extended family, short term counseling, and behavior modalities are effective. Counselor self-disclosures, topics related to spirituality, and group work may be beneficial
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African Americans
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Levinson's Seasons of Life Theory: Age 28-33. Lifestyle changes, both mild and severe. Having kids. Marriage, and/or Moving home
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Age 30 Transitions
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Father of individual psychology; worked on birth order
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Alfred Adler
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created the first intelligence test with Theodore Simon; created a 30-question test with school-related items of increased difficult; used his own daughters as test subjects in order to investigate mental processes; cited as one of the pioneers in projective testing based on his work with inkblots; created the first IQ test around 1905 to discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children so that mentally retarded children could be taught separately
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Alfred Binet
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The client best copes by changing or altering external factors in the environment
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Alloplastic Viewpoint
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The same population is given alternate forms of the identical test.
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Alternate Forms or Parallel Forms
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Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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Altruism
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Developed career theory based on a personality approach.The theory is primarily analytic.
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Anne Roe
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The process of assessing or estimating attributes (surveys, observations, clinical interviews, testing)
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Appraisal
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the abililty to learn a task or skillfrequently the pontential for achievementoften used to predict success in an occupation and meausre of homogenous segment of ability
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Aptitude test
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Information that is passed from generation to generation in the collective unconscious. Consist of the Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow
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Archetypes
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a pioneer in the behavior therapy movement, especially in regard to the use of systematic desensitization; his approach to counseling is multimodal, eclectic, and holistic; BASIC-ID; worked closely with Joseph Wolpe
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Arnold Lazarus
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using art to reveal the unconscious or to express emotions the client cannot otherwise areticulate
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Art Therapy
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Sparked controversy in 1969 article that the closer people are genetically the more alike their IQ scores. Felt Whites had 11-15 point advantage over Blacks due to Blacks being breed for strength not intelligence.
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Arthur Jensen
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Culture that has been called the most diverse group and are patriarchal. Academic and professional success is valued. The often speak very low and desire assertiveness training and therapies that emphasize insight or existential issues. The counselor is seen as a trained expert.
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Asian Americans
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The individual adheres to the highest possible ethical standards
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Aspirational Ethics
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Figuratively speaking, learning to stand, without being pushed down, or pushing back. Assertiveness is not aggression. It does not have to be loud. Group setting can be a safe setting for practicing assertiveness
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Assertiveness Training
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So much acculturation to the point of becoming part of the dominant culture
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Assimilation
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Concerned with the ways in which people explain (or attribute) the behavior of others. The theory divides the way people attribute causes to events into two types. External or "situational" attributions assign causality to an outside factor, such as the weather. Internal or "dispositional" attributions assign causality to factors within the person, such as ability or personality.
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Attribution Theory
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Erikson Stage: 1-3 years old Learning to be independent, dress themselves. Aim is self-control without loss of self-esteem. Centered with potty training Basic virtue is: Will
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Autonomy v. Shame
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Change comes from within
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Autoplastic Viewpoint
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Type of Operant Conditioning in which an organism learns to avoid an unpleasant stimulus by engaging in a particular response
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Avoidance Conditioning
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Describes theories of learning that emphasize the observable components of behavior.
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Behaviorism
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Krumboltz believed that decision making is a skill which can be learned. Krumboltz acknowledged the role of genetics and the environment but focused on what can be changed via learning.
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Behavioristic Model of Career Development (Decision-Making Theory)
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Graphic illustration of the normal distribution of a data set
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Bell Curve
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a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes (autonomic responses), such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature, more effectively; hooking the client to a sophisticated electronic device that provides biological feedback; devices include a mirror and a scale; Menninger Clinic in Kansas
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Biofeedback
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The total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure
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Career
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A therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting
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Career Counseling
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John Crites
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Career Maturity
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release of accumulated emotions. Catharsis is used in gestalt therapy. One of the potential dangers of gestalt theapy involves catharsis. Sometimes an inexperienced therapist may lead a person to the point of catharsis, releasing intense emotion without knowing how to take the client from there.
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Catharsis
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Type of learning involving the association of responses such that each response acts as the stimulus for the following response.
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Chaining
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significance of differences between two or more groups of subjects, objects, or events that fall into defined categories by comparing observed frequencies with expected frequencies
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Chi-squared
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Learning that occurs as the result of the pairing of a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the confitioned stimulus eventually elicits the response normally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
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Humans will feel uncomfortable if they have two incompatible or inconsistent beliefs and thus the person will be motivated to reduce the dissonance
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Cognitive Dissonance
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A mental representation of physical space
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Cognitive Maps
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a goal, a value that provides a feeling of belonging and unity. Beginning building cohesion is the task of the first group session
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Cohesion
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All humans have collected universal inherited unconscious neural patterns. This information is passed on from generation to generation.
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Collective Unconscious
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A social system in which individuals submit to the interest or subscribes to the values of groups such as peers, family, community, co-workers, leaders, government or any affiliation that may provide a sense of belonging for the individual.
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Collectivism
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Piajet: 7 to 12 years old. Logical thinking and Accommodation Linked to direct manipulation of objects. Conservation in this stage. Reversibility in this stage. 4 areas of thinking: numerical operations, conservation, class inclusion, and ordering
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Concrete Stage
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Deals with how well the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose
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Concurrent Validity
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A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of classical conditioning.
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Conditioned Response
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The previously neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning.
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Conditioned Stimulus
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Misunderstanding based on the emotional content/desired meaning of a used word. One word may hold different connotations for different cultures
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Connotative Error
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Awareness of self and the world around you.- your perceptions, sensations, feelings, thoughts, memories, and fantasies
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Conscious Mind
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ascertains the social implications of using tests.
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Consequential validity
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the notion that a substance's mass, weight, and volume (in the order mastered - MWV) remain the same even if it changes shape; Piaget's term; mastered during the concrete operations stage
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Conservation
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Refers to a test's ability to measure a theoretical construct (intelligence, self esteem, depression, etc.)..Any trait you cannot directly measure or observe can be considered construct
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Construct Validity
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checks whether the test examines or samples the behavior being measured.
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Content validity
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Behavior must be assessed in the context of culture in which the behavior occurs
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Contextualism
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Occurs when each behavior is reinforced
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Continuous reinforcement
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Kohlberg's level of morality where the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation; the individual wishes to conform to the roles in society and live up to society's expectations so that authority and social order can prevail; stages: interpersonal expectations & law-and-order *It is against the rules to skip school*
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Conventional Morality
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Measurement of the linear relationship between 2 variables
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Correlation Coefficient
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Group who opposes values of an ideal culture
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Counter Culture
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It doesn't yield insight. it is mechanic. It treats the symptoms and not the cause. It changes behavior but not the underlying feelings
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Criticisms of Behavior Therapy
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Intelligence from experimental, cultural, and educational interaction. Is measured by tests that focus on content.
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Assumes that reality is defined by one set of cultural assumptions that are insensitive to cultural variation among individuals
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Cultural Encapsulation
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The immediate knowledge, sensation, connection and rapport that counselor may experience when encountering clients from their own culture.
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Cultural Intuition
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The customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups. The values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group. Attitudes and beliefs which characterize members of a group.
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Culture
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Items are known to the subject regardless of their culture. Attempts to expunge items which would be known only to an individual due to their background
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Culture-Fair Test
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Questions go from easy ones to those which are more difficult in each section
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Cyclical Test
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Revealing information that is extremely damaging to a client's reputation.
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Defamation
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people engaging in uncharacteristic behavior when usual identities were reduced.
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Deindividuation
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When the CS is delayed until the US occurs.
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Delay Conditioning
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Defense Mechanism: Not accepting the truth
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Denial
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View career choice as an ongoing process rather than a single decision made at one point in time.
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Developmental Career Theorists
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The ability to control reason over emotion. People often secure their level of this from a multigenerational transmission process (opposite of Fusion)
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Differentiation
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Indicates the number of people who answer the question correctly
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Difficulty Index
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Defense Mechanism: Dealing with feelings in a way that is less threatening, less possible negative outcome. *kick the dog syndrome*
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Displacement
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A developmental career theorist. Emphasizes the self-concept.
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Donald Super
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1st three are occupational category.Middle third are tasks in relation to data, people, and things.Last third help alphabatize titles.
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DOT 9-digit coding system
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Posits that the presence of an audience causes arousal which creates dominant or typical responses in the context of the situation.
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Drive Theory
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things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong; common to teens; William Perry
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Dualistic thinking
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Levinson's Seasons of Life Theory: Age 17-22. This is where the person leaves adolescence and begins to make decisions about adult life....college, moving out, serious relationship etc. etc..
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Early Adult Transition Stage
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Associated with Trait-Factor theory and instruments like the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scale
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Edmund Williamson
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Felt career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts. A psychoanalyst approach to career theory.
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Edwin Bordin
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Reality Principle- secondary process thinking, rational, realistic, and oriented towards problem solving- works by reason- functions in conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind- executive of personality
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Ego
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the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else; occurs in the preoperational stage
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Egocentrism
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The ability to retain a visual image of a scene with extreme clarity and in extreme detail.
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Eidetic Imagery
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Insiders perceptions of culture. The counselor would adopt an eclectic position when helping
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Emic
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Levinson's Seasons of Life Theory: Age 22-28. Here a person makes more concrete decisions regarding occupation, friendships, values and lifestyles.
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Entering into Adult World
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biological term borrowed from embryology; states that each stage emerges from the one before it, the process follows a given order and is systematic
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Epigenetic
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Founder of Transactional Analysis
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Eric Berne
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an ego psychologist who developed a psychosocial theory that includes the whole lifespan and focuses on the resolution of psychosocial crises; stages are described using bipolar or opposing tendencies; theory is epigenetic in nature; the individual does not totally succeed or fail, but rather leans toward a given alternative; a maturationist; believed each developmental stage needs to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage
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Erik Erikson
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Most are related to confidentiality
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Ethical Dilemmas
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Define standards of behaviors set forth by organizations.
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Ethics
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Uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others
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Ethnocentrism
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Emphasizes the universal traits of humans. Counselor sticks to one approach no matter the client.
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Etic
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Discovering that life can have meaning even if it is seemingly unjust and unfair at times.
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Existential Factors
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In existential therapy, the issues confronted are the meaning of life, freedom and responsibility, anxiety as a condition of life, isolation, death and nonbeing. Existentialism is predicated on the assumption tht we are free to choose and therefore we are responsible for our choices. This leads to anxiety, which can an impetus for change and growth. Existentialism notes that it is through our recognition of death that we find meaning in life.
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Existential Issues
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Will lower behavior after an initial extinction burst or response burst. *example: Time Out*
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Extinction
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The tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people. The extrovert seeks external rewards
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Extroversion
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The extent that test looks or appears to measure the intended attribute
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Face Validity
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How the family members are arranged in the perception of the family member
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Family Constellation
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The group helps abet family of origin issues and feelings and the group allows you to work through them
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Family Reenactment
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Roe's two dimensional system of occupational classification
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Fields and Levels
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Reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement for a response occurs at a consistent interval of time, regardless of number of response
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Fixed Interval Schedule
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A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement for a response occurs after a fixed number of correct responses. (E.g., after every 10th response)
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Fixed Ratio Schedule
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Inherited neurological that decreases with age and is not very dependent on culture. Tested by what has been called content-free reasoning
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Fluid Intelligence
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The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
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The person is forced to make a choice out of the best possible answer
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Forced Choice
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Piajet: 12 years old and up. Abstract thinking. Can solve Cause and Effect problems
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Formal Operations
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The initial stage. This is the get acquainted stage in groups.
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Forming Stage
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Felt intelligence was a single or so called unitary factor. Intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic
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Francis Galton
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Associated with the beginning of the guidance movement
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Frank Parsons
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The short answer test format
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Free choice or Free response test
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Blurring of psychological boundaries between the self and others. A person driven by this can't separate thinking and feeling well.
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Fusion
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Erikson Stage: Middle Adulthood 40-65 years oldGuiding the next generation. ParentingBasic Virtue is: Care
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Generatively v. Stagnation
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Graphic diagrams of the family from a minimum of three generations
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Genograms
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Emphasizes organization and perception, with the view that stimuli are percieved as wholes rather than as separte parts.
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Gestalt Theory
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Career choice process is open-ended and lifelong.
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Ginzberg 1972
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Based on a small research sample they concluded that occupational choice takes place over a six to ten year period; the period is irreversible; and always has the quality of compromise.
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Ginzberg early 1950
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A membership that can be defined with some degree of unity and interaction and a shared purpose.
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Group
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Refers to forces which tend to bind group members together.
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Group Cohesiveness
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Refers to the material discussed in a group setting.
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Group Content
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Groups that work with issues mainly preventative. They do not deal with rediation of severe psychological pathology.
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Group Guidance
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Tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
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Group Polarization
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Referes to what the group is discussing. Analyzing the communications and interactions.
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Group Process
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May emphasize the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
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Group Psychopathology
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A process of reeducation that includes both conscious and unconscious awareness and both the present and past. psychotheraperutic intervention in a group setting
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Group Psychotherapy
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occurs when no one expresses an opinion or dissent and there is an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking.
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GroupThink
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A developmental and educational process within a school system
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Guidance
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is a form of learning in which an organism decreases or ceases to respond to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
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Habituation
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tendency to allow an overall impression of a person or one perticular character or trait to influence the total rating of that person
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Halo Effect
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A verbal or physical assault motivated by prejudice and the perception that the victim is a member of a minority group
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Hate crime
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Type of reactivity in which people modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness to being observed
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Hawthorne Effect
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one method used by Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual; the individual's reason for the decision (rather than the decision itself) could be used to assess moral development
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Heinz Story
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I. Created the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).II. TAT is a projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story.III. Called the study of personality “personology
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Henry Murray
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Measures various factors during the same testing procedure.
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Horizontal Tests
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Therapy that emphasizes the client. Emphasizes the relationship between client and therapist. Sees the quality of that relationship as sufficient in itself to effect change
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Humanistic Therapy
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The location in memory where visual stimuli (images) are stored.
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Iconic Store Memory
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Pleasure principle; sex drive, thirst, hunger, and aggression. - all unconscious desires- Eros (libido) and Thanatos (death)- impulsive- engaged in illogical, irrational, and fantasy thoughts.
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ID
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Societal Norm
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Ideal Culture
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is a state of not developing or possessing a distinct identity.
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Identity diffusion
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A commitment to something without personal exploration of self. This often results in delays of optimal psychological health and self esteem.
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Identity foreclosure
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is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined, but who are actively exploring alternatives.
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Identity moratorium
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Erikson Stage: Adolescence 12 to 18 years old Learning roles they will have as adults. Working towards being part of society. Begin to explore and form identity. An 'Identity Crisis' may take place. Basic virtue: Fidelity
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Identity v. Role Confusion
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Associated with Social Learning Theory. The members of the group copy or model the leader and other group members
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Imitative Behavior
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This could be advice or even psychodynamic insights
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Imparting Information
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Erikson Stage: 5-12 years oldChild's peers will have a bigger influence on self-esteem. Learning new things.Basic virtue: Competency
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Industry v. Inferiority
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Erikson Stage: 3 to 5 years oldExploring their interpersonal skills through play and activities.Basic virtue is: Purpose
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Initiative v. Guilt
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an approach to convincing people to change their mind.
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Inoculation Effect
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In plain english, the group members expect the group to work.
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Installation of Hope
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Pertains to perceived genuineness of group members. - Example: Suzie reaches out to Martha understanding her problem even though this has not happened to her personally.
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Integrated Congruent Relationship
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Erikson Stage: 65 years old to deathFinding ways to have a productive life. Acceptance of one's life.Basic virtue: Wisdom
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Integrity v. Despair
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Defense Mechanism: Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic
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Intellectualization
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Occurs when some, but not all, of the desired behaviors are reinforced. Example: a child gets candy for every 3rd math problem they do
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Intermittent reinforcement
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Members receive feedback regarding how their behavior affects others.
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Interpersonal Learning
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Rely on time output
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Interval schedules of reinforcement
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Erikson Stage: Young Adult 18 to 40 years oldWorking on relationshipsBasic virtue: Love
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Intimacy v. Isolation
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A person incorporates someone else’s values into their own thought patterns
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Introjection
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The method of understanding internal processes by generalizing form individual reports of inner thoughts, feelings, etc.
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Introspection
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Turing in of the libido. An individual is their own primary source of pleasure.
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Introversion
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compares traits within the same individual and allows the person being tested to compare items.(Does not compare a person to other persons who took the test.)
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Ipsative format testing
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process for evaluating single test items for easiness and or difficulty levels, and whether the inem descrimiates the learners from the non-learners
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Item analysis
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The Father of Psychodrama. Also coined the term "GROUP THERAPY".
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Jacob Moreno
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known for his work in strategic and problem solving therapy, often utilizing the technique of paradox
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Jay Haley
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leading name in cognitive development in children; developed a four stage model that remains the same for any culture although the age of the individual could vary; structuralist; his findings were often derived from observing his own children; felt teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation with peers; genetic epistemologist
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Jean Piaget
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Refers to a given position or similar position within an organization
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Job
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Social Learning approach to career choice based on the work of Albert Bandura.
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John Krumboltz
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The tendency to attribute consequences to -- or expect consequences as the result of -- a universal force that restores moral balance.
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Just-World Hypothesis
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What Kohlberg Stage: Obedience vs. PunishmentA child briefly follows preestablished rules to avoid punishment from authority figures * It is wrong to steal cause we might get caught*
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Kohlberg Stage 1
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What Kohlberg Stage: Interpersonal ConcordanceA child's family and society in deciding what is right. Interpersonal emotions (love and compassion) along with the need for approval from others becomes guiding factors.
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Kohlberg Stage 3
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What Kohlberg Stage: Individualism and Exchange A child acts according to his own interests. He wants to ensure that he is being treated fairly. *What's in it for me*
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KohlbergStage 2
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What Kohlberg Stage: Law and OrderChildren see laws and crucial to maintaining higher order in the society they are part of. By their logic, laws should be obeyed in order to avoid chaos
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KohlbergStage 4
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What Kohlberg Stage: Social Contract (individual Rights) People have developed a contract with society. They believe that certain universal values exist, and that everyone is entitled to basic human rights (such as the right to live). *Most people stopped on this stage*
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KohlbergStage 5
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What Kohlberg Stage: Universal PrinciplesA person believes the definition of "good" goes beyond that of society. Laws can be broken in order to fulfill a higher moral principle.*civil disobedience*
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KohlbergStage 6
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Levinson's Seasons of Life Theory: Age 60+. One starts to reflect on their life and the decisions they made.
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Late Adulthood
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Learning that occurs without manifestation in actual performance at the time it occurs.
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Latent Learning
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Culture that often benefits from catharsis and abreaction (getting feelings out). Psychodrama techniques, family therapy, and calling client by their first names may well facilitate therapy. Separation from one's family of origin is generally not a goal of therapy.
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Latino Americans
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The time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations
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Leisure
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Americanized the Binet test. He worked at Stanford University and that is how it became the Stanford-Binet.
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Lewis Terman
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The person can play a number of potential roles as they advance through the five stages unfolding over the life span.
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Life-Career Rainbow
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helping members bridge common concerns for shared problems and/or solutions and connect the work that the members do.
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Linking
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Drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, clients, and dreams. Also can stand for a magic protective circle that represents self-unification.
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Mandalas
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popularized by learned helplessness syndrome
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Martin Seligman
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The process of learning to cope and react in an emotionally appropriate way. It does not necessarily happen along with aging or physical growth, but is a part of growth and development. A situation a person must deal with at a young age prepares them for the next and so on into adulthood.
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Maturation
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Average score from a group of tests
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Mean
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Clarity of group input as well as output to explain change.Members can discover ways in which they have lost direction
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Meaning Attribution
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The middle score from a group of tests
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Median
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a traditional psychoanalytic foothold as well as the site of landmark work in the area of biofeedback
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Menninger Clinic in Kansas
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Levinson's Seasons of Life Theory: Age 40-45. Crisis Time period. Divorce, Reevaluate life. Career Change
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Mid-Life Transition
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Levinson's Seasons of Life Theory: Age 45-50. Choices are made about one's future and retirement. Think about leaving a legacy
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Middle Adulthood
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Uses a treatment team with a one-way mirror
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Milan Model
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Type of treatment for socially and mentally disordered individuals, usually in an institution. Group counseling is typically the setting. Residential treatment, living the treatment
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Milieu Therapy
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associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis
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Milton H. Erickson
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To imitate or copy the family's communication and patterns
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Minesis
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The score that occurs most frequently in a set of scores
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Mode
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Key name in Intergenerational Therapy. His approach is often referred to as 'Extended Family Systems Therapy'
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Murry Bowen
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A measure used for elementary children to adults that yields a four letter code based on four bipolar scales. a. Extroversion/Introversionb. Sensing/Intuitionc. Thinking/Feelingd. Judging/Perceiving
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)-
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Culture that often keep their suffering private. Speak with few words and hesitate often. They do not engage in eye contact while taking or listening. They do not live by the clock and tend to emphasize spirituality. Home counseling is effecting. Story telling combined with advice given is often effective.
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Native Americans
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Takes place when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases
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Negative Punishment
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The strengthening of a behavior or response resulting from the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following that behavior or response.
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Negative Reinforcement
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started in 1956 and continued over several decades thereafter, is regarded as a classic study into personality types and temperament traits.Traits were founds as:EasyDifficultSlow to warm up
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New York Longitudinal Study
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Changes in behavior that cant be measured
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Nonspecific Factors
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Which test format can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test?
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Normative
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Each item is independent of all other items
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Normative Test Format
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Refers to similar jobs via different people in different settings
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Occupation
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OOH
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Occupational Outlook Handbook Abbreviation
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The behavior is affected by the consequences that come after the behavior
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Operant Conditioning
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Noted for his Mental Measurements Yearbook, which was the first major publication to review available tests.
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Oscar Burros
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The tendency to view all individuals outside of one's in-group as being very similar
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Out-group homogeneity
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Practicing a behavior beyond the time required to learn it or after it has been mastered; is associated with increased long term recall and resistance to extinction.
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Overlearning
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The action stage. Here the group works towards the goals in a cohesive manner
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Performing Stage
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the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, and happiness
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Positive psychology
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Takes place when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases.
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Positive Punishment
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A stimulus that raises the probability that a behavior will be repeated. The reinforcer must come after the behavior (or operant)
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Positive Reinforcer
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Kohlberg's level of morality also known as self-accepted morality. A person who reaches this level is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights; many people never reach this level; stages: legal principles & universal moral principlesRules and standards of society are internalized and held as one's own.
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Post Conventional Morality
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Designed to measure a person's knowledge of subject without a time limit
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Power Test
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Piajet: 2 to 7 years old. Learning is perception based. Can be illogical. Have a hard time seeing the point of view of others. Egocentrism and Assimilation
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Pre Operational Stage
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Subconscious mind. Our mind's state before we are born.- acts as a gate keeper between conscious and unconscious mind. -Things you might not be aware of initially but you can bring into conscious mind when needed- SSN, tv show info, phone number etc etc
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Preconscious Mind
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Kohlberg's level of morality where the child responds to consequences and where reward and punishment greatly influence the behavior; stages: punishment & obedience and mutual benefit *I'll be punished if I skip school*
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Preconventional Morality
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checks test's ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria.(Concurrent and predictive validity sometimes put together as 'criterion validity'.)
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Predictive validity
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Stresses a healthy life-style or coping strategies which can reduce the occurance of a given dificulty. (E.g. a group which teaches birth control to prevent teen pregnancy)
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Primary Groups
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Anything said to a counselor by a client will not need to be divulged outside the counseling setting. The client gets to choose what is offered to public inspection.
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Privileged communication
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Refers to the probably outcome
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Prognosis
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Defense Mechanism: Putting your own feelings on someone else
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Projection
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The term used by Social Psychologists to refer to the tendency for people who are in close proximity to be attracted to one another
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Propinquity
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Known as the Buckley Amendment, the person can view her record (including test data), view her daughter’s infant IQ given at preschool, and could demand a correction she discovered while reading a file.
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Public Law 93-380
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The lowest score subtracted from the highest
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Range
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Rely on work output
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Ratio schedules of reinforcement
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Defense Mechanism: Making an unacceptable situation personally acceptableex. making lemonade out of lemons
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Rationalization
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Defense Mechanism: Avoiding the anxiety instinct by expressing the oppositeex. homophobia, girls chasing boys
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Reaction Formation
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Sum of all behaviors and values within a culture
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Real Culture
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Defense Mechanism: Going back to an earlier stage ex. child who was potty trained going back to wetting pants
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Regression
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ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation; there is more than one way to view the world; adulthood
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Relativistic thinking
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Tells you how consistent a test measures an attribute
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Reliability
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Defense Mechanism: Keeping things in the unconscious
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Repression
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one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape; mastered in concrete operations
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Reversibility
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The behaviors of a group are less conservative than your typical individual behavior
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Risky Shift Phenomenon
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Created a 5 point empathy scale with a level five response as the best response.
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Robert Carkhuff
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adult cognitive development; his model stresses interpersonal development - a constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan; encourages meaning making; speaks of a holding environment in counseling in which the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction; Six Stages of Lifespan Development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, interindividual
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Robert Kegan
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Created BITCH (Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity) to demonstrate that Blacks often excelled when given a test laden with questions familiar to the Black community
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Robert Williams
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I. Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.II. Also introduced Adlerian principles to the treatment of children in the school setting.
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Rudolph Dreikers
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The Melting Pot Theory holds that amalgamation of groups produces a stronger, more diverse society, whereas the ____________ Theory holds that cultural groups can retain their uniqueness and yet coexist effectively in the larger society
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Salad Bowl
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Leading name behind Structural Family Therapy
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Salvador Minuchin
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the child's current cognitive structures; a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world and process new information
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Schema
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This suggests that counselors should only practive using techniques for which they have been trained.
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Scope of Practice
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A problem or disturbance is present but not usually severe. (E.g. a group that deals with grief or sshyness)
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Secondary Groups
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Becoming one with reality. Growth toward wholeness
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Self Actualization
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A self administered and self scored interest inventory by John Holland
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Self Directed Search
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Piajet: Birth to 2 years old. Process of intelligence is pre-symbolic and pre verbal. Learn by pushing, pulling, opening, and closing. Puts stuff in mouth to learn about it. Learning Object Permanance
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Sensorimotor Stage
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Feeling that arise for some form of loss, being it death, divorce, relocation, separation. If group closure is poorly handled, members can be left with unresolved issues, without direction on how to bring these issues to closure
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Separation Issues
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Levinson's Seasons of Life Theory: Age 33-40. Here the person begins to establish routine, make progress on their goals, and start to behave like an adult.
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Settling Down Stage
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The progressive alteration of responses toward a desired behavior through reinforcement of responses that becoming increasing similar to the desired behavior.
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Shaping
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Change of behavior or beliefs in order to fit in with a group
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Social Conformity
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People have a wish to belong.
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Social Connectedness
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Improved performance on easy tasks in the presence of others
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Social Facilitation
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Change in behavior that one causes another either directly or indirectly. This can be seen through... Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience.
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Social Influence
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Posits that as people age and their perceived time left in life decreases, they shift from focusing on information seeking goals to focusing on emotional goals.
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Socioemotional selectivity theory
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The form in which individuals of a group come together and express how they feel about one another. A diagram representing the pattern of relationships between individuals in a group
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Sociogram
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Groups of people who may share symptoms related to trauma or problematic life situations but do not necessarily pass these issues on from generation to generation.
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Special Population
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Intended to be fairly easy but purposely set up so that no one finishes (i.e., typing test)
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Speed test
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The items get progressively harder
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Spiral Test
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The individual takes the entire test as a whole and then the test is divided into halves (eg. even vs odd; or at random)
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Split-half Reliability
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A measure of statistical dispersion- in testing, how widely spread the scores are from the mean
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Standard Deviation
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Tells you how accurate or inaccurate a test score is. If a client decided to take the same test over and over and over again you could plot a distrubtion of scores
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Standard Error of Measurement
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Same as Z-score
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Standardized Score
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Include the counselor's qualifications, office hours, billing policies, emergency procedures, therapy modality, and statement of confidentiality.
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Statement of Disclosure
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Learning to respond with a conditioned response to only certain stimuli
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Stimulus Discrimination
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Learning to respond to stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original stimulus.
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Stimulus Genralization
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The conflict stage. It is characterized with power struggles for control and resistance.
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Storming Stage
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Mary AinsworthStudied Attachment in ChildrenSecure AttachmentAmbivalent AttachmentAvoidant Attachment
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Strange Situation Study
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Based on John Holland. Measures interests, not abilities of people. Test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests.
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Strong Interest Inventory (SCII)
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Techniques used for achieving a particular goal in a set amount of time. Can enhance interaction and provide a focus for work or promote member independence on the leader.
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Structured Exercise
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Group designed with a particular purpose or agenda in mind. Problem oriented and short-term.
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Structured Group
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Relies mainly on the scorer's opinion.
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Subjective format
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Defense Mechanism: Making an unacceptable situation socially acceptable in some way.
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Sublimination
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Incorporates morals and values of society. Learned by parents.- develops between 3-5 years old- consists of conscience and ideal self.
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Superego
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allows language and symbolism in play to occur (i.e., a milk carton can easily become a spaceship); a cognitive structure that grows with life experience; Piaget's theory
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Symbolic schema/mental processes
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A psychoanalytic term. If you merely deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind
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Symptom Substitution
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Can be done in a group or alone. Relies on relaxation and imagining feared stimuli
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Systematic Desensitization
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a parametric statistical test used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups (i.e., two means); utilized to ascertain if the means of the groups are significantly different from each other; when using, the groups should be normally distributed; a test of significance; simplistic form of the analysis of variance (ANOVA); when computed, it yields a t value which is then compared to a t table and if the t value obtained statistically is lower than the t value (aka critical t) in the table, then you accept the null hypothesis; you computation must exceed the number cited in the table in order to reject null
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t test
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Groups that help people work on skills and abilities to help them interact and coexist with peers in particular settings.
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T-Groups
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A score within a normal distributions with a mean of 50 and a SD of 10
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T-Score
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Deals with more individual difficulties that are more serious and longwithstanding.
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Tertiary Group
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also known as a horizontal test(which measures various factors during thesame testing procedure);Used because several measures are used to produce results that can be more accurate than those from a single source.
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Test battery
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Giving the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlate the scores
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Test-Retest Reliability
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The sole implementations of skills, techniques, and style that facilitate therapy
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Therapeutic Factors
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Client from a different culture becomes open with feelings and thoughts
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Therapeutic Surrender
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Proposed a decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment
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Tiedman and O'Hara
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Technically a speed test but more difficult and with a higher % of individuals completing it. (i.e., NCE exam)
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Timed test
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States women would have equal opportunities and equal job pay
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Title VII Civil Rights Act 1972
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When the CS terminates before the occurrence of the US
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Trace Conditioning
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Attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors)
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Trait-Factor Theory
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A therapeutic approach by Bernes which focuses on the interactions of people. Relies on the Id,Ego, and the Super Ego. Theory of personality and an organized system of interactional therapy. We make current decisions based on past premises that were at one time appropriate for our survival
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Transactional Analysis
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Occurs when two people who are stressed, bring in a third party to reduce the dyad's stress level and restore equilibrium
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Triangulation
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Erikson Stage: Age Birth to 1 1/2 years oldDeals with babies and feeding.Basic virtue is Hope
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Trust v. Mistrust
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Content (logic/rational validity)ConstructConcurrentPredictive (empirical validity)Consequential
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Types of Validity
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Composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client.
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Unconscious Mind
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Occurs when a worker is engaged in a position which is below their skill level
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Underemployment
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Biological Similarities connecting all humans (Human Genome Project)
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Universal Culture
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The notion that you are not the only one in the world with a particular problem
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Universality
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Does the test measure what it says it measures
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Validity
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A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after random or variable time intervals
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Variable Interval Schedule
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A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a random or variable number or responses.
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Variable Ratio Schedule
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Have versions for various age brackets or levels of education (a math achievement test for pre-schoolers and a version for middle school children)
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Vertical Tests
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Founder of Reality Therapy
|
William Glasser
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known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development, especially college students; Perry stresses dualistic thinking common to teens
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William Perry
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One's perception of his or her relationship with the world as a whole
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Worldview
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Method for determining a standardized score-subtract the mean from the individualized score then divide by the SD
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Z-Score
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describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor; Lev Vygotsky
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Zone of proximal development
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