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NCE Exam

Nce Exam

by SamOx82, Nov. 2013

Subjects: nce

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Culture Conflict	problems with new culture 2 cultures in 1 geo area
Macroculture	dominant culture
Cultural Relativity	behavior cannot be assessed as good/bad expect in the context of the given culture	It's Relative
Culture Epoch Theory	all cultures (like children) pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing.
Counterculture	when a group vehemently opposes the values of a culture
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement? Freud, Durkheim, McDougal, or Berne?	Eric Berne, the Father of Transactional Analysis
Eric Berne is the Father of ?	Transactional Analysis
Emile Durkheim, founder of modern _______	Sociology suicide research
William McDougal is the Father of _________ __________	Hormic Psychology, Darwinian viewpoint: people driven by innate, inherited tendencies
Konrad Lorenz studied ______ ______ in ______.	Studied instinctive behavior in animals	roar
_________ believe that aggression is learned.	Social learning theorists
The ACA contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by	the 1972 formation of the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development
Daniel Levinson	midlife crisis	Levinson, Life
The term contextualism implies that	behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Carol Gilligan was critical of Kohlberg's theory of moral development because...	she felt it was more applicable to males than females (f = caregiving/personal resp) (m = individual rights/justice)
Jensen tried to prove what about race and IQ?	tried to prove that blacks had lower IQ's due to genetic factors
prognosis	probable outcome in a case
very poor economic conditions correlate highly with...	aggression
frustration-aggression theory is associated with who?	Dollard & Miller (i.e. frustration leads to aggression)
Albert Ellis is the father of ______.	The Father of REBT	alBERT
Zimbardo	believed that when individual's lose their identity they become aggressive or violent
Berkowitz	Presence of weapons raises the level of violence
Festinger came up with _______ _______ Theory	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	a popular balance theory in social psychology Change thinking to match behavior (vice versa)
Folkway vs. Mores	Breaking folkway= embarrassment Breaking mores= harm to others
______ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues	Frank Parsons
Frank Parsons is the Father of _________.	The Father of Guidance
Clemmont Vontress stressed the importance of the _______ Culture.	Universal Culture	versus national
Holophrases	egocentric phrases "me eat" and "I Betty"
Bogardus came up with the _______ ________ scale.	Social distance scale
Social distance scale	how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups
Foot-in-the-door obedience to authority phenomenon	when a person agrees to something less, they'll be more likely to comply with something more. (start small)
Freedman and Fraser researched what social phenomena?	Foot-in-the-door: safe-driving petition TO Drive Carefully sign in lawn	F, F, foot
Cultures operate within a ______	Society
Modal Personality	personality which is characteristic of the group in question
Social exchange theory	a positive relationship is characterized by profit.
Complementarity theory	relationship becomes stronger as two people's personality needs mesh. (make up for what the other is missing).
Balance theory postulates...	move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency & tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.
2 myths about old age	intelligence drops no sex
A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ______ social conformity that he or she would expect from his/her own.	MORE
Leon Festinger	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	if a thought FESTERS, you need to change your behavior/thought to match up.
Cognitive Dissonance research deals mainly with ________ and _________.	Cognitions and attitude formation.
The term therapeutic surrender means	the client psychologically surrenders himself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.
flight-to-health	client has improved too rapidly and the real difficulty has not been resolved.
flight from reality	client resorts to psychosis to avoid dealing with current life difficulties.
assimilation-contrast theory	client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his own as even more similar, and any dissimilar attitudes as even more dissimilar.	client will perceive a counselor's statement...
Structuring	important in cross-cultural counseling: nature and structure of counseling described in initial meeting.
Victor Frankl is the Father of ________.	Father of Logotherapy	frankL = L...
Logotherapy	existential form of treatment; stresses "healing through meaning"
_____ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling	The 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education (ending segregation)
Fritz Perls is the Father of _______ ________.	Father of Gestalt Therapy	Pearls are parts of a whole pearl necklace.
emic	is an anthropological term; individual with individual differences	vs. etic
emic vs. etic	emic = individual w/ individual differences etic = We're all human and all alike
autoplastic vs. alloplastic	auto= change from within allo= changing the enviroment
Ambivalent transference	occurs when the client rapidly shifts his/her emotional attitude toward the counselor based on learning/experiences related to authority in the past
personalism	all people must adjust to environmental/geological demands; survival skills (multicultural)	look at the person who has survived
pluralism	pluralism= when people retain their traditions and differences yet cooperate in social/political matters
Separatism	When a group of people totally withdraw from the political majority
F.H. Allport created the concept of ________ _______.	created the concept of social facilitation	F = faster Allport = ALL
Social Facilitation	The presence of other people improves performance
The sleeper effect	after a period of time, one remembers the message and forgets the communicator
In 1908, two books, one by _____ and one by _______ help to introduce social psychology in America.	McDougall; Ross
William McDougal's Hormic Psychology says that behavior is...	result of inherited tendency to seek goals
Ross	Authored Social Psychology	wrote a book
Jacob Moreno pioneered _______ and coined the term "______ _____"	pioneered psychodrama, coined the term "group therapy"	MORE = drama more = group
Irvin Yalom was an _______ and was best known for his ______.	existentialist, group work
John Holland	occupation should match personality
Ann Roe postulated that jobs can compensate for _________.	unmet childhood needs	think Freud
T.X. Barber espoused a cognitive theory of _________.	hypnotism	take a deep breath and relax...
Andrew Salter was a pioneer in the __________ therapy, _______, and auto_________ movements.	pioneer in the behavior therapy, hypnosis, and autohypnosis movements.	take a deep breath
The tendency to affiliate with others is highest in _________.	Firstborns and only children	need to affiliate decreases for _____-born children.
Stanley Schacter concluded that the need to affiliate decreases for ______-born children.	LATER-born children.
When a client says, "I don't know whether to pay the hefty fine or go to jail," he is struggling with an ______-_____ conflict.	avoidance-avoidance conflict, in which both choices are undesirable.	not so good and not so good
A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent. This is a ____ conflict.	approach-avoidance conflict	positive factor (attractive-looking woman) and a negative factor (substance abuser prone to violent behavior)
A client will accept suggestions more readily if the client likes the counselor is an example of ____ and _____'s _________ theory.	Osgood and Tannenbaum's Congruity theory.	tendency is based on "balance theory"
Osgood and Tannenbaum's Congruity Theory predicts	1. attitudes that change the most are initially less extreme. 2. the closer your attitude is to neutral, the more it will change.	Attitude
Robber's Cave Experiment concluded that the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups is to...	give them an alternative and cooperative goal which required a joint effort and could not be accomplish by a single group.	together
Leon Festinger's "Theory of Social Comparison" postulates that people have a need to...	compare themselves with others to assess their own ability and options.	Social COMPARISON
Stanley Schachter's discovery of fear and affiliation	Shared and similar fear = higher desire for affiliation (shock experiment, choosing to wait with others)	shocking
Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif found out what about conformity in groups?	people will confirm to an obviously incorrect unanimous decision 1/3 of time (as few as 3 needed in group)	changing opinions
Who conforms the most?	authoritarian individuals (influenced by authority), external approval seekers, and people who feel that outside external factors control them.	3 types of people
People in ______ social classes have more time to "look within themselves" since they need not dwell as much on external survival eneds.	Higher
_____ and _____ who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.	Alfred Adler, Carl Jung	_____ go to AA to join a group. he worked closely with Freud but decided not to be psycho.
Alfred Adler was the Father of _______ _______.	Individual Psychology
Carl Jung was the founder of ________ ________.	Analytic Psychology
Joseph Breuer was a Viennese neurologist who taught Freud the value of the ______ ____, also termed ______.	talking cure; catharsis.
A.A. Brill's name is usually associated with the impact that Freuidian theory has on ______ _____.	career choice	AA=CC
Rollo May was a prime mover in the _______ _______ movement.	Existential counseling movement.	May is in Spring, which comes out of death into life.
Who is the founder of Transactional Analysis?	Eric Berne	make a bad transaction, you get burned.
Eric Berne is the founder of	Transactional Analysis
Transactional Analysis posits three ego states:	Child, Adult, and Parent	kind of like Freud's, but like Family
the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious refer to Freud's _______ notion that the mind has depth like an iceberg.	topographic
In transactional analysis, the _____ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the _______.	Parent; superego	say them on your fingers
According to Eric Berne, if a child has nurturing caretakers, she is said to develop "______ _____" qualities	nurturing parent qualities such as being nonjudgmental and sympathetic to others.
Freudians refer to the ego as	the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being primarily ruled by what? (according to Freud)	Thanatos	Thanatos or Eros?
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except: Freud, Jung, Adler, Wolpe.	Joseph Wolpe: developed the paradigm known as "systematic desensitization"
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement? Little Hans, Little Albert, Anna O., or Schreber.	Little Albert and the fear of the white rat.
Anna O. was considered the first ______.	psychoanalytic patient, suffered from hysteria.
Daniel Paul Schreber did what after spending 9 years in a mental hospital?	wrote Memoirs of a Mental Patient.
hard-core analysts often prefer the word "________" to the nontechnical term "catharsis."	"abreaction"
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS) is a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform ________'s _______ ________.	Wolpe's Systematic Desensitization.
Slips of the tongue, or what Freud called "the psychopathology of every day life" can be technically referred to as "______"	"parapraxis"
introjection takes place when...	a child accepts a parent or caretaker's values as his own. (in the case of defense mechanism, a sexually abused child might attempt to sexually abuse other children)
A students tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in PE that marred his 4th year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are eggheads." This demonstrates...	sour grape rationalization: underrates a reward (the fox couldn't secure the grapes so he said they were probably sour anyway)
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is _______ (defense mechanism)	reaction formation (acts the opposite of the way she actually feels)	ACTs the opposite way
introjection causes the person	to accept an aggressor's values (prisoner of war may incorporate the value system of the enemy after a period of time)
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to...	make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of	Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
"insight" is equated with the work of the Gestalt Psychologist _____ _______.	Wolfgang Kohler (chimpanzees and apes experiencing insight through trial and error and successful use of tools to obtain food)	INSIGHT, animals
C.G. Jung, the founder of Analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ____ principles, while women are intuitive, operating on the ____ principle.	Logos; Eros Logos: logic Eros: Intuition
mandalas	Jung used these drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dream.
Eidetic imagery which is usually gone by the time a child reaches adolescence is...	the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or a picture for an extended period of time.	photograph
Alfred Adler is the father of ________ and emphasized the drive for ________.	Individual Psychology, superiority. Striving for superiority or a thirst for perfection motivated behavior.	organs
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized: baseline measures, social factors, unconditional positive regard, or insight.	social factors
Examples of Neo-Freudians	Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm.
The terms "introversion" and "extroversion" are associated with...	Jung
The personality types of the MBTI are associated with the work of	Jung
List the bipolar scales of the MBTI (and what does MBTI stand for?)	Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: extroversion/introversion sensing/intuition thinking/feeling judging/perceiving
One of Adler's Students Rudolph _____ was the first to discuss the use of ______ therapy in _____ _____.	Rudolph Dreikurs was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. (also introduced Adlerian principles to the treatment of children in the school setting)
Who was the father of individual psychology?	Alfred Adler
Alfred Adler emphasized that people wish to ______, and this is known as _______.	belong; social connectedness
Adler was one of the first therapist who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client who was afraid to give a presentation in front of her class for fear she might shake and embarrass herself would be instructed to...	exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
Paradoxical techniques are also associated with the work of ____, who pioneered __________, a form of existential treatment.	Victor Frankle, who pioneered Logotherapy
Symptom substitution is a _______ concept.	Psychoanalytic: if you merely deal with the symptom, another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious.	NOT behavioral! you merely deal with the SYMPTOM, another symptoms will manifest itself until the real problem is dealt with.
The word "eclectic" is most closely associated with ...	Frederick C. Thorne	A rose has many of these.
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by...	Adler
Adlerians stress that clients long for...	a feeling of belonging and strive for perfection.
Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as	Instrumental conditioning
In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______, and the meat was the _____.	CS: UCS (In the US we eat a lot of meat)
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and US is how long?	1/2 of a second (beyond this needs more trials)
delay conditioning vs. trace conditioning	delay: CS is delayed until the US occurs trace: CS terminates before the occurrence of the US (t - trace - termination)
Experimental Neurosis	when the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are almost identical, the subject will show signs of emotional distrubance.
CS can also be referred to as the NS or ______ ______.	Neutral Stimulus
UCS can also be referred to as the _______ or _______ _______.	Reinforcing or Charged Stimulus.
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _______, while behavior therapy emphasizes _______.	Skinnerian Principles (operant, instrumental)(behavior modification); Pavlovian principles (classical, respondent) (behavior therapy)
Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning	Classical (respondent, Pavlov): involuntary learning Operant (Skinner, instrumental) : Reinforced and learned	going to CLASS is involuntary You have to LEARN to operate machinery
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by:	Neal Miller: rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions	rats
Edward Thorndike postulated the "law of ______"	Law of Effect: also knows as trial and error learning.
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to ______.	Cure
Mary Cover Jones discovered that "learning" could serve as a treatment for a _______ _____.	phobic reaction
Neurolinguistics Program (NLP) is the brainchild of linguistics professor ________ and the mathematician/computer expert_________.	John Grinder; John Bandler: watched what therapists really did rather than what they said they did.	John-John
active therapy or active-directive therapy are terms used for _____ _____.	Directive therapy
Robert Carkhugg is very well know for his creation of a 5-point scale intended to measure _______, ______, ______, and ______.	Empathy, Genuineness, Concreteness, and Respect: a rating of 1 is the poorest and a rating of 5 is the most desirable. A rating of 3 is considered the minimum level of acceptance.	important skills for being a counselor
Edmund Jacobson was a physiologists who developed a relaxation technique in which...	muscle groups are alternately tensed and relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation.	popular relaxation method
According the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is...	what the client herself likes to do.
According the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure, a lower probability behavior is reinforced by a...	higher-probability behavior.
Joseph Wolpe created a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning, called...	systematic desensitization
According to the "Yerkes-Dodson Law," _______ actually improves performance.	moderate amount of arousal
In systematic desensitization, SUDS stands for...	subjective units of distress scale
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as...	Behavioral Rehearsal
George A. Kelley created the treatment model, fixed role therapy. Explain this therapy.	In this approach the client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role. She is instructed to read the script at least three times a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script. Kelly's approach is quite systematic and has been called the "psychology of personal constructs" after his work of the same name.	fixed role = sketch of a person
desensitization in imagination can also be referred to as _____.	interposition (technically a perceptual term which implies that one item conceals or covers another. Thus, in this case, the relaxation obscures the anxiety of the imagined scene in the hierarchy).
Experts believe that "in vivo" experiences should not begin until the client has been desensitized to ___% of the hierarchy items.	75%
______ is behavioral sex therapy.	Sensate Focus
Sensate Focus is a form of behavioral sex therapy developed by ________.	William Masters and Virginia Johnson.
Sensate Focus is an approach that relies on ________. (like Joseph Wolpe's systematic desensitization)	counterconditioning: a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing (to lower anxiety levels) on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible.
Andrew Salter's conditioned reflex therapy set the stage for modern ________ training.	Assertiveness
Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because the effects of punishment are...	usually temporary and it teaches aggression.
One distinction between flooding and Implosive Therapy is that	Implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination	I-I
Robert Carkhuff suggests a scale of measurement in regard to _________.	Empathic understanding in interpersonal process (5-point scale).
Viktor Frankl is the Father of ______, which is based on _______.	Logotherapy; existentialism
These philosophers are __________: Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, Boss, Kierkegaard, Nietzche, Tillich, Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers.	Existentialists
Existentialism is consider a humanistic form of helping in which the counselors helps the client...	discover meaning in her life by doing a deed, experiencing a value, or suffering. Rejects analysis and behaviorism for being deterministic and reductionistic. Stresses that individuals have choices in their lives and one cannot blame others or childhood circumstances for a lack of fulfillment.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy was created by ...	Albert Ellis	E-emotive
Existential counselors as well as Rogerian Person-Centered counselors adhere to what Buber call the I-Though relationship, which asserts that...	the relationship is horizontal, assuming equality between persons.
Frankl is an _______ (philosophy)	Existentialist
Yalom and May are existentialist. True or False?	TRUE!
Existentialists speak of 3 worlds, the Umwelt or the ______ world, the Mitwelt or the ______ world, and the Eigenwelt or the _____ world.	physical; relationship; identity	MI=my, like my wife, my son = relationship. Eigenwelt sounds like identity.
Ontology is the...	philosophy of being and existing, the metaphysical study of life experience
Reality Therapy has incorporated ____ theory, later referred to as _____ theory.	Control theory, later referred to as choice theory.
According to control/choice theory, our behavior is our best attempt to...	control our world to satisfy our wants and needs. (the only person whose behavior we can control is our own).
When the past is discussed in Reality Therapy, the focus is on: A) past failures or B) successful behaviors.	SUCCESSFUL behaviors. Glasser believes that dwelling on past failures can reinforce a negative self-concept, or what reality therapists have termed the "failure identity."
______ is the developer of reality therapy and choice therapy.	William Glasser	the ____ is real and you have a choice to drink from it.
Glasser's position on mental illness is that ...	diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible. He rejected the traditional medical model of disease.
Glasser suggested ___ steps in the _____ Therapy process.	8 steps in the Reality Therapy process.
The final step in Reality Therapy asserts...	that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up.
Glasser (developer of ____ therapy) felt the responsible person will have a _____ identity.	Reality Therapy: Success Identity (this individual feels worthy and significant to others).
William Glasser is to Reality Therapy as Albert Ellis is to ______.	Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), which asserts that the client's emotional disturbance is the result of irrational thoughts and ideas.
In Albert Ellis' _____ Therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as _____.	REBT, self-talk and internal verbalizations.
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the _______, B is the _______, and C is the ___________.	activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, _______, and this leads to E, ________.	D=Disputing the irrational behavior at B E= a new emotional consequence
Musturbation occurs when a client uses too many...	shoulds, oughts, and musts in his/her thinking. Some exam may refer to this as "absolutist thinking."
cognitive restructuring	takes place when the client begins thinking in a healthy way using different internal dialogue.
Explain Albert Ellis's ABC theory of personality	A - Activating Event B - Belief System C - Emotional Consequence
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ______ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.	pictures in your mind
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie Maultsby is to _____.	RBT, Maultsby is the father of Rational-Behavior Therapy, which is similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis.
Beck's contention was that depression is the result of a cognitive triad of _______ regarding _____, ______, _____.	Cognitive triad of negative beliefs regarding oneself, one's future, and one's experience.
The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation is....(Albert Ellis, Donald Meichenbaum, Maxie Maultsby, or Aaron Beck?)	Donald Meichenbaum's approach is called "Self-Instructional Therapy."
The Adult Ego State processes...	facts and does not focus on feelings (corresponds to Freud's ego) --> Berne, Transactional Analysis
The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The Child may manifest itself as...(name 3)	The Natural Child The Adapted Child The Little Professor
Tom Harris suggested 4 basic life positions, as a part of TA. Name them.	I'm OK--You're OK I'm OK--You're NOT OK I'm not OK--You're OK I'm not OK--You're not OK
Karpman's triangle (used in TA) suggested that only three roles are necessary for manipulative drama, name them.	Persecutor Rescuer Victim (Similar to a TA game, yet it has a greater number of events and the person switches roles during the course of interaction)
In TA, a game is a ...	transaction with a concealed motive. (Games prevent honest intimate discussion, and one player is always left with negative feelings. Games have a predictable outcome as a result of ulterior transactions).
A game (in TA) is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent _____ ____.	true intimacy
In a first-degree game, the harm is _____, but the level of harm is _______ in a third degree game.	first-degree: minimal third-degree: quite serious
Unpleasant feelings after a game are called ______.	Racket (when a client manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling)
Name some popular life script categories.	never scripts always scripts after scripts open ended scripts until scripts desirable scripts/less desirable scripts
Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to ______.	Gestalt Therapy	pearls part of a pearl necklace
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of: _______ and ______.	Carkhuff and Gazda Carkhuff: rates the counselor 1 to 5 Gasda suggested a "Global Scale for Rating Helper Responses."
A Gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's projection via...	playing the projection technique: the counselor literally asks you to act like this person you dislike.
Gestalt Therapy is concerned primarily with the ____ and ____.	HERE and NOW
A client who is undergoing Gestalt Therapy and states, "It is difficult to get a job in New York City," would be asked by the counselor to....	change the verbalization to an "I" statement (goal of Gestalt is to eliminate "it talk" and replace it with "I statement."
Gestalt Therapy that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates: a. psychodrama b. Cognitive Therapy c. Conditioned Reflect Therapy d. Client-Centered Therapy	A: Psychodrama Gestalt therapists emphasize experiments and exercises.
According to Gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt would be engaging in...	Retroflection: the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else.
Perls suggested _____, which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.	five layers of neurosis	_#__ layers of ____
What are the 5 layers of neurosis according to Perls?	Phony Layer Phobic Laye (fear that others will reject her uniqueness) Impasse Layer (person feels stuck) Implosive Layer (willingness to expose the true self) Explosive Layer (person has relief due to authenticity)
In Gestalt Therapy unexpressed emotions are known as...	unfinished business (unexpressed feelings of resentment, rage, guilt, etc. that interfere with present situations and cause difficulties)
The Gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concept of...	top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique
Glasser's Choice Theory postulates that behavior is really an attempt to...	control our perception to satisfy our genetic needs (survival, love, belong, power, freedom, and fun)
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during which decaide	1960's (the field was inundated with competing psychotherapies).
Rogers (approach and explanation)	Person-Centered: Individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization
Berne (father of, belief)	Transactional Analysis: Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether a person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script.
Freud (father of, belief)	Psychoanalysis: deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational, driven by unconscious forces.
Ellis (father of, belief)	REBT: people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently.
Perls (father of, belief)	Gestalt: people are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as a "whole." People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.
Glasser (father of, belief)	Reality Therapy: Individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and other. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.
Adler (father of, belief)	Individual Psychology: Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.
Jung (father of, belief)	Analytic Psychology: Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment.
Skinner (father of, belief)	Behavior Modification: Human are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom.
Bandura	Neo-behavioristic: Person produces and is a product of conditioning.
Frankl (father of, belief)	Logotherapy: existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice.
Williamson (theory, belief)	Trait-factor: Through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive.
Attending behavior that is verbal is also called ___ ___.	verbal tracking
Ivey has postulated 3 types of empathy. Name them.	Basic Subtractive Additive
Ivey has postulated 3 types of empathy: basic, subtractive, additive. Explain them.	Basic: counselor's response is on the same level as the client's Subtractive: the counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated. Additive: most desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness.
The counselor's social power is...	EAT- Expertise, Attractiveness, and Trustworthiness	EAT
The term "group therapy" was coined in 1931 by...	Jacob Moreno, The Father of Psychodrama
The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama and the American Group Psychotherapy Assoc.	Two organizations for group therapy that were created in the 1940s
Primary Groups are...	preventive and attempt to ward off problems
Gerald Caplan	A pioneer in the crisis intervention movement
The three classifications of group processes	Primary, secondary, and tertiary
Primary group	stresses a healthy life-style that is preventive	i.e. a group teaches birth control to prevent teen pregnancy
Secondary group	a problem is present but not severe--> group works to reduce the severity of a problem, inlcudes prevention	i.e. group that deals with grief or shyness
Tertiary group	Deals with individual difficulties that are serious	generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy
group norms	govern acceptable behavior and group rules	"expected behaviors"
Group Process	the manner in which discussions and transactions occur
George Gazda propose three types of groups	guidance (affective/psychological education group), counseling, and psychotherapy
Risky shift phenomenon	a group decision will be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion
T-groups, also referred to as "training groups, or sensitivity groups" stress...	ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner
Taxonomy	the science of classification	sometimes referred to as nosology- the classification of disease
Prior to the 1960's most counseling took place: a. in a group seeting b. with the entire family present c. in a dyadic relationship d. in Behavior Therapy techniques	in a dyadic relationship
Which theorist's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement? Freud, Jung, Davis, or Adler	Adler
Primary groups are...	preventive and attempt to ward off problems; stresses a healthy life-style or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of a given difficulty
Secondary groups...	a problem or disturbance is present but not usually severe; works to reduce the severity or length of a problem and generally includes aspects of prevention. (group dealing with grief or shyness).
Tertiary group	usually deals more with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding
Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling in that...	group therapy would be of a longer duration
George Gazda proposes a typology of 3 distinctive types of groups. What are they?	Guidance Counseling Psychotherapy
A guidance group is a primary group in the sense that it is mainly	preventative, often referred to as a psychoeducational group
"Therapy" Group	when the problem is more severe and more individual work is needed for a longer duration
"Psychotherapy" Group	tertiary and may emphasize the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences more than a counseling group.
Most experts would agree that overall structured exercises are...	less effective than unstructured techniques
T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for...	Training
Explain T-groups	T-groups focus on human relations processes between personnel in a business setting; shared leadership is a common area of concern.
What's another word for taxonomy?	nosology - the classification of disease
In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles.	autocratic (authoritarian), democratic, and laissez faire
Leaders that focus on the here and now are called ______ leaders	Speculative Leaders
Blocking occurs when a leader...	uses an intervention to-or block-a negative or counterproductive behavior which could hurt another member or the group.
explain "structuring of the group"	how much the group leader does (or doesn't) use structured techniques.
explain "structured group"	group which focuses on a given theme, such as a group for veterans in the Gulf War.
what is a sociogram?	a pictorial account of a group which serves to diagram member interaction.
When is Karpman's drama triangle used?	most often used in conjunction with transactional analysis as a teaching device to illuminate the roles of persecutor, rescuer, and victim in interpersonal relationships.
In counseling the term "reactive" means...	that a given condition is the result of environment stress.
A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a...	Peeping Tom or an interrogator.
The ____ may secretly wish that he or she was running the group.	Gatekeeper
The _______ is ignored by others.	Isolate. Isolates generally feel afraid to reach out or do reach out and are genuinely rejected.
How are the Isolate and the Scapegoat different?	The scapegoat receives attention, although it is not by any means positive. Isolates-a negative group role often referred to as the "silent one"-on the other hand, receive little or no attention.
Group specialists classify member roles as: (3)	task roles maintenance roles self-serving roles
A task role...	helps the group carry out a task.
A Maintenance role...	helps "maintain" or even strengthen group processes.
Self-serving role...	is seen as negative - the person who falls into this category meets his own "individual needs" at the expense of the group.
"task" and "maintenance" concepts could refer to either what or what?	group member's role leader's behavior
A conflict between group members can often be abated by having the leader...	prescribe a "task" in which all the members must work together in order to accomplish it.
role conflict is defined as	a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected and the way he or she actually behaves
conflict of interest	occurs when a group member maximizes her needs and interests at the expense of someone else.
The term "ecological planning" has been used to describe...	the process of obtaining information to determine whether a group is the most elegant form of treatment and, if it is to decide, the exact nature of the group experience.
A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called...	charting a pictorial sociogram
sociometry is the study of...	measuring person-to-person relationship regarding what members in a group think or feel
Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as _______ interventions.	horizontal interventions
Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as _____ interventions.	Vertical interventions
A group therapist must make ____ decisions than an individual therapist.	More.
In terms of research and the group leader's personality...	qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree.
The beginning of the guidance movement has often been associated with the work of ____ ____.	Frank Parsons
A displaced homemaker is a woman....	with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family
Women who have made the transition from homemaker to jobs outside the home could be referred to as	reentry women
It has been estimated that ___% of divorces occur in families with children.	75%
Most studies indicate that students would like _____ help in the area of career planning.	more
What's the difference between career counseling and vocational guidance?	Guidance: seen as development and educational process with school system Career Counseling: viewed as a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting.
trait-factor theory assumed that	via psychological testing one's personality could be matched to an occupation which stressed those particular personality traits.
the developmental approach to career views career decisions as ______ and _____.	longitudinal and reversible.
The trait-factor or matching approach is associated with who? (2 folks)	Parsons and Williamson
what is differential psychology, and is the trait-factor model ground in it?	the study of individual differences, so yes.
Holland suggested that a person's personality needs to be...	congruent with the work environment
Super emphasized career _____ rather than career _____.	Super emphasized career DEVELOPMENT rather than career choice.
Tiedman and O'Hara support a _____-_____ theory.	decision-making
Frank Parsons has been called the Father of	Vocational Guidance
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice based on the premise that...	a job satisfies an unconscious need
Anne Roe's theory is primary ______, though it also draws on.....	psychoanalytic, Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing ______ and _____.	fields and levels.
Roes has ___ Occupational Fields. Name them.	8 1. service 2. business contact 3. organizations 4. technology 5. outdoor 6. science 7. general culture 8. arts/entertainment
Roe has ___ Levels of Occupational Skills. Name them.	6. 1. professional and managerial 1 2. professional and managerial 2 3. semiprofessional/small business 4. skilled 5. semi-skilled 6. unskilled
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles:	overprotective, avoidance, acceptance
The result of Roe's parenting styles is that the child...	will develop a personality which gravitates toward people or away from people
Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice lower needs...	take precedence over higher order needs (the job meets the "the most urgent need")
Anne Roe, review: career choice is influenced by...(7 things)	genetics parent-child interactions unconscious motivators current needs interests (people/things) education intelligence
Job, occupation, career - what are the differences?	job: given position within an organization occupation: broader and refers to similar jobs occupied by different people in different settings career: broadest category as it depicts a person's lifetime positions plus leisure.
Krumboltz worked with a _____ model.	Behavioristic Cognitive Approach
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was...	Bordin - felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts.
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice are indicative of...	neurotic symptoms
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A.A. Brill. Brill emphasized ______, an ego-defense mechanisms.	sublimation
John Holland's theory can be best described by his 4 assumptions. Name them.	1. 6 basic personality types (artistic, social, realistic, investigative, conventional, enterprising) 2. most occupations match those personality types 3. people want work that matches their personality 4. individual's behavior = personality + environment. "as rice"
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's ______ typology.	realistic, or motoric person likes machines.
According to Holland, the ______ type values conformity, structure, rules and feel comfortable in a subordinate role.	Conventional	c in conformity, c in...
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hoppock's theory, based on the work of ______ is also considered a personality approach.	Henry Murray, created the "needs-press" theory and the TAT projective test
The pioneer developmental career theorists were...	Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma (Ginzberg's original theory had 3 stages: fantasy, tentative, and realistic)
Super emphasizes the _____.	self-concept: individual chooses a career which allows the self-concept to be expressed.
Super's theory emphasizes _____ life stages. Name them.	Five. 1. Growth (birth to 14) 2. Exploration (15-24) 3. Establishment (22-44) 4. Maintenance (44-64) 5. Decline (65+) (GEE MD)
Super called the graphic display of the roles unfolding over the life span the ____ _____	career rainbow
Research into the phenomenon of career MATURITY reflects the work of	John Crites (career maturity might be referred to as "vocational maturity") (cripey he's immature)
The decision-making theory, which refers to period of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by ______.	David Tiedman and Robert O'Hara.
All decision-making theories contend that the individual...	has the power to choose from the various career options.
Albert Bandura is a _____ _____ theorist.	Social Learning emphasized the role of modeling in learning new behavior.
John Krumboltz (and Anita Mitchell and Brian Jones) postulated a social learning theory to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of ______ _____.	Albert Bandura
The human capital theory purports that individuals...	secure training and education to get the best possible income.
The accident theory simply suggests that...	chance factors influence one's career (for example, a student liked his history teacher so he decided to become a history teacher himself).
The status attainment theory posits that the child will...	people get jobs equal to their family status
Some exams may categorize Krumboltz's theory as a...	decision making or even a cognitive one. He acknowledged the role of genetics and the environment but focused on what can be changed via learning.
A behavioristic strategy known as the "job club" has been suggested by ______. Explain it.	Azrin. The job club operates like a behaviorist group in which members share job leads and discuss and/or role play specific behaviors necessary for getting a job (interviewing skills).
The newest model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model refers to information as " ________"	the fuel of the decision
The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems:	Predictive Value Decision
Describe the three systems of the Gelatt Model	Predictive: probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities. Value: one's relative preferences regarding outcomes Decision: provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome.
In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deal with...	alternatives and the probability of outcomes
Bergland suggested the decision making actually consists of 6 steps. The first step is _____, while the final step consists of _____.	The first step is defining the problem, the final step consists of implementation and plan evaluation.
Name the 6 steps of Bergland's decision making process.	1. define problem 2. alternatives 3. gather info 4. process info 5. make plan/select goal 6. implement/evaluate plan
When career counseling speak of the OOH they are referring to...	the Occupational Outlook Handbook
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job is given a ____ digit code.	9 the first three designate the occupational category and division, the middle 3 describe tasks in relation to dat, the final 3 help alphabetize the titles.
The DOT was first published by the Department of Labor in 1939. The first 3 digits in the current DOT code refer to..	an occupational group/category (DOT=Dictionary of Occupational Titles)
Underemployment occurs when...	a worker is engaged in a position which is below his or her skill level
The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) was published by the U.S. Department of Labor. The guide lists groups of jobs listed in...	12 interest areas.
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of...	Albert Bandura: proposed that one's belief or expectation of being successful in an occupation causes an individual to gravitate toward the particular occupations. He felt that "chance factors," such as accidentally being exposed to certain situations, influence career development.
Explain contrast effect related to career placement settings	an interviewer's impression of an interviewee is often affected by previous interviewees
Explain the "compensatory effect" related to work.	A worker compensates or makes up for things she can't do on the job (A librarian will be loud after work)
Explain "spillover"	the individual's work spills over into her time off the job.
explain the "recency effect"	when a rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily her most recent performance (instead of performance over time)
Explain the "leniency/strictness bias"	occurs when a rater tends to give very high/lenient or very low/strict rating while avoiding the middle or average range. (extremes)
Explain the "central tendency bias"	raters who rate almost everybody in the middle average range
As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing...	John Holland
The ______ Career Search is in Interest inventory set up so individuals can complete it online.	Kuder (appears during hte 1930's originally)
The United States Employment Services created the...	GATB: General Aptitude Test Battery, measures 12 job-related aptitudes.
What is a dislocated worker?	an individual who loses her job because a company downsizes or relocates. It can also refer to a person who has an obsolete set of of job skills.
SIGI Plus is...	a computer career program known as the System of Interaction Guidance and Information that allows students to conduct a self-assessment and explore career options (DISCOVER and CHOICES are similar programs)
John Crites is well-known for his...	Career Maturity Inventory (CMI) that measures attitudes and competencies related to career choice process.
Robert Hoppock feels that to make an accurate career decision, you must	know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of those needs.
What is the halo effect?	when a rater's personal bias impacts a rating: an attractive examinee might be given a higher rating.
A short answer test is a ______ (or _____) test.	free choice, or free response
The NCE is a _____ test	forced choice
The ______ index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly.	difficulty The higher the number of people who answer a question correctly, the easier the item is--and vice versa. A .5 difficulty index would suggest that 50% of those tested answered the question correctly.
A test format can be normative or ipsative. In the normative format...	each item is independent of all other items.
Ipsative measures compare...	traits within the same individual. The ipsative test allows the person being tested to compare items.
In an ipsative measure the person taking the test must compare items to one another. The result is that...	you cannot legitimately compare two or more people who have taken an ipsative tests. (does not reveal absolute strengths) - it points out high and low between a single individual.
A good timed/speed test is purposely set up so that...	nobody finishes it.
The Q-sort involves a procedure in which...	someone is given cards with statements and asked to place them in piles of "most like me" to "least like me." Then the subject compiles them to create the "ideal self," which can be compared to her current self-perception in order to assess self-esteem.
In a spiral test, the items get...	progressively more difficult
In a cyclical test, you have...	several sections which are spiral in nature.
A test battery is considered a _____ test.	horizontal
In testing, a vertical test would have...	versions for various age brackets or levels of education
When a test has two versions or forms that are interchangeable they are termed...	"parallel forms" or "equivalent forms" of the same test.
Experts nearly always consider _____ the number one faction in the construction of a test.	Validity. A test must measure what it purports to measure.
Content validity (sometimes call rational or logical validity) asks...	Does the test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny? (the entire range of IQ, for example)
Construct Validty refers to a test's ability to...	measure a theoretical construct like intelligence, self-esteem, etc.
Concurrent validity deals with how well..	the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose.
Predictive validity, also known as empirical validity, reflects the test's ability to...	predict future behavior according to established criteria.
Concurrent validity and predictive validity are often lumped under the umbrella of _____ _____.	Criterion validity, since concurrent validity and predictive validity are actually different types of criterion-related validity.
_____ measurements are more reliable than ______ ones.	Physical; Psychological
Incremental validity has been used to describe the process by which...	a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped.
Reliability and validity is expressed via ______ ______, and the closer they are to ____ the better.	correlation coefficients; 1.00
Convergent and discriminant validity. Explain	Convergent Validity: use an outside source to assess construct/criterion validity. Discriminant validity: tests will NOT REFLECT unrelated variables.
A reliable test is _____ valid.	not always
A valid tests is _____ reliable.	always.
A reliability coefficient of .70 indicates that...	70% of the score is accurate while 30% is inaccurate. (70% is true variance, 30% error variance).
The same test is given to the same group of people using the test-retest reliability method. The correlation between the first and second administration is .70. The true variance is...	49% To demonstrate the variance of one factor accounted for by another you merely square the correlation. This principle is referred to as the coefficient of determination.
_____ did research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic.	Francis Galton. He felt intelligence was a single or so-called unitary factor.
Francis Galton felt intelligence was... a. a unitary faculty b. a two factor theory c. based on environment d. fluid and crystallized	a. a unitary faculty (Darwin's cousin, mental ability were genetic and ran in families)
Charles Spearman postulated 2 factors in 1904, what are they?	general ability G Specific Ability S
Fluid vs. Crystallized intelligence	Fluid=flexible, culture-free Crystallized=rigid and does not change or adapt
J.P. Guilford isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He also is remembered for his thoughts on ...(thinking)	convergent and divergent thinking.
Convergent thinking vs. Divergent thinking	Convergent: when divergent thoughts and ideas combine into a single concept. Divergent thinking: ability generate a novel idea.
A counselor is told by his supervisor to measure the internal consistency reliability of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize...	the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence. (KR-20 or KR-21 formulas)
A counselor is told to measure the internal consistency reliability (i.e. homogeneity)of a test but not to divide the test in halves. The counselor would need to utilize...	the Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence.
internal consistency or homogeneity of items is also known as...	inter-item consistency (if each item on the test is measuring the same thing as every other item.
SAS in regards to IQ testing stands for...	standard age score
The Black versus White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by ______.	Arthur Jensen, suggested that the closer people are genetically the more alike their IQ scores.
Raymond B. Cattel is responsible for the _____ and _____ intelligence.	Fluid: inherited neurological that decreases with age and is not very dependent on culture. Crystallized: intelligence from experiential, cultural, and educational interaction.
Robert Williams created the _____ to demonstrate that Blacks often excelled when given test laden questions familiar to the Black community.	*****: Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity.
The 16 PF reflects the work of _______.	Raymond Cattell The 16 Personality Factor questionnaire for persons 16 and above.
Tests and inventories like the 16PF that analyze data outside a given THEORY are called _______ ____ rather than _____-______ tests.	factor-analytic tests theory-based tests
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of:	Carl Jung
Oscar K. Buros is noted for his ____ _____ ____, which was the first major publication to review _____ _____.	Mental Measurements Yearbook available tests
The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a ______ _____.	Psychodynamic clinician
An aptitude test is to _____ as an achievement test is to ______.	An aptitude test is to potential as an achievement test is to what has been learned.
Interest inventories work best with individuals who are of ______ age or above inasmuch as interests...	Interest inventories work best with individuals who are of high school age or above inasmuch as interests are not extremely stable prior to that time.
A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of: a. ASGW b. AMECD c. NASW d. AHEAD	This ACA Division is the Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. AMECD
What is social desirability in reference to testing?	When someone tries to answer the questions in a socially acceptable manner.
What is deviation in reference to testing?	when an individual purposely, or when in doubt, gives unusual responses.
What is acquiescence?	when a client always agrees with something.
Increasing a test's length raises _____.	Reliability
According to Public Law 93-380, also known as the _____ _____, says persons over 18...	Buckley Amendment can inspect their own records and those of their children.
Lewis Terman a. constructed the initial Binet prior to 1910 b. constructed the Rorschach c. Americanized the Binet	Americanized the Binet, and since he was associated with Standford University the test became the Stanford-Binet.
In constructing a test you notice that all 75 people correctly answered item number 12. This gives you an item difficulty of...	1.0 The item difficulty index is calculated by taking the number of persons tested who answered the item correctly/total number of persons tested. (75/75=1.0)
Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means...	interpreting the results in the simplest way.
Occam's Razor suggests that experiments interpret...	the result in the simplest manner (same as parsimony)
Confounding is said to occur when...	an undesirable variable which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced to the experiment.
Basic vs. Applied Research	Basic: to advance our understanding of THEORY Applied: advance our knowledge of HOW theories can be used in terms of practical APPLICATION.
an experiment that is a true experiment except for the fact that the groups were not randomly assigned is called...	a causal comparative design (data from this design can be analyzed with a test of significance just like any true experiment)
If you cannot randomly assign the subjects to the two groups then it is considered a ____-experiment.	Quasi-experiment.
An organismic variable is one the researcher...	cannot control yet exists (like height, weight, or gender)
Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of: a. Hoppock b. Freud c. Lloyd Morgan d. R.A. Fisher	R.A. Fisher
The null hypothesis asserts that the...	samples will not change even after the experimental variable is applied.
The Null hypothesis is simply that	The IV Does not effect the DV
independent group comparison design	the two groups in an experiment are independent of each other (the change in one group did not influence the change in the other group)
repeated-measures comparison design	research measures the same group of subjects without the IV and with the IV
When a researcher uses different subjects for each condition, this is referred to as...	between-subjects design
If the same subjects are used, this is...	within-subjects design
parameter vs. statistic	parameter: value from a population statistic: value from a sample
Type I vs. Type II Error	Type I (Alpha): rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. Type II (Beta): Accept null when it is falls. RA: Reject (when true) Accept (when false)
When comparing TWO sample groups the ___-test is used	T-Test, simplistic form of the analysis of variance (T=Two)
If the t-value obtained statistically is lower than the t value (critical t) then you ____ the null hypothesis.	Accept. Your computation must EXCEED the critical t in order to reject the Null.
If there are more than 2 groups, then the ____ is used.	Analysis of Variance, ANOVA
The results of ANOVA yield...	an F-statistic. If F obtained exceed the critical F-value, you reject the Null.
To test 2 or more groups while controlling for extraneous variable (co-variates) you use the ______.	ANCOVA, analysis of covariance.
When the data are nonparametric, the _____ is used (instead of the one-way ANOVA)	Kruskal-Wallis
When the data are nonparametric and you wish to test whether TWO correlated means differ significantly, use the _____.	Wilcoxon signed rank test (used in place of the t-test because the data are nonparametric)
To determine whether two UNcorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparametric, use the _____.	Mann-Whitney U-Test.
What is used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized?	Kendall's tau
What examines whether obtained frequencies different significantly from expected frequencies.	Chi-Square nonparametric test
A one-way analysis of variance is used for testing...	ONE independent variable.
Two-way analysis of variance is used to test...	TWO independent variables.
When a study has more than one DV the term _______ is used.	Multivariate analysis of variance, or MANOVA.
What does biserial correlation mean?	one variable is continuous while the other is dichotomous
When correlational data describe the nature of two variable, the term ____ is used.	bivariate
single case investigations are often called ____ or ____.	idiographic studies single-subject designs
ABA or ABAB paradigms are sometimes referred to as...	withdrawal designs
when a researcher employs more than one target behavior, the term ______ is used.	multiple-baseline design
The Pearson Product-Moment correlation r is used for ____ data while the Spearman rho correlation is used for ____ data.	r is used for ratio or interval data rho is used for ordinal data
Factorial designs include ____ IVs	two or more
In the Solomon four-group design...	the researcher uses two control groups. Only one experimental group and one control group are pretested, the other groups are merely post-tested. (lets the researcher know if the results are influenced by pretesting)
positively skewed vs. negatively skewed curves	positive: tail points right negative: tail points left
a distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a	histogram
kurtic in "mesokurtic" refers to....	peakedness in the curve. Mesokurtic: normal curve with peak in middle (meso)
the x-axis and y-axis are also called what respectively?	the abscissa, the ordinate
What the John Henry Effect?	is a threat to internal validity of an experiment that occurs when subjects strive to prove that an experimental treatment that could threaten their livelihood isn't all that effective.
Another control group phenomenon that threatens internal validity in research is the "Resentful Demoralization of the Comparison Group" - explain this.	the comparison group lowers their performance in an inept manner because they have been denied the experimental treatment.
The range generally _____ with sample size.	increases
The variance is the standard deviation _____.	squared.
The standard deviation is the ____ of variance.	square root
Z-scores are the same as _____.	standard deviations
The T-score uses a mean of ____ with each SD as ___.	50, 10
CEEB stands for what. And what is the scale range, mean, and SD?	College Entrance Examination Board (GRE, SAT, ETS) 200 to 800, mean is 500, SD=100
A platykurtic distribution would look...	flatter and more spread out than the normal curve (plat sounds like flat)
A leptokurtic distribution woud look...	very tall, thin, and peaked (leaps tall buildings in a single bound)
Stanine scores divide the distribution...	into nine equal parts with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth (stanine is the contraction of the words standard and nine)
There are four basic measurement scales:	nominal ordinal interval ratio (noir)
Parametric tests rely strictly on _____ and ____ data.	interval and ratio
nonparametric tests are designed only for ____ or ____ information.	nominal or ordinal
The nominal scale merely...	classifies, names, labels, or identifies a group.
The ordinal scale _____, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal.	rank-orders (order)
The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no ______, which means....	no absolute zero point, which means you can add or subtract but cannot multiply or divide.
A ratio scale is an interval scale with a ______, which means...	true zero point, which means addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can all be used.
The simplest form of descriptive research is the ______, which requires a questionnaire return rate of ____ to be accurate.	survey; 50-75%
What is a nocebo?	has a negative effect (versus a placebo, which has a positive effect)
What is the Hawthorne Effect?	When observations are made and the subjects' behavior is influenced by the mere presence of the observer.
What is the Rosenthal Effect?	When the experimenter's beliefs about the individual may cause the individual to be treated in a special way so that the individual begins to fulfill the experimenter's expectations.
What is the Halo Effect?	when a trait which is not being evaluated influences a researchers rating on another trait (rating someone who is attractive as better).
What is trend analysis?	a statistical procedure performed at different times to see if a trend is evident. (using an ANOVA to see if performance on one variable mimics the same TREND on a second variable).
the ANCOVA tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of...	two or more groups AFTER the RANDOM samples are adjusted to eliminate average differences.
A cohort study examines people...	who were born at the same time (or shared an event)
Statistical regression is a threat to internal validity. Statistical regression predicts that...	very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if the test is given again.
the law of filial regression is a genetic principle that asserts...	that generational traits move toward the mean. (if a father is 7 feet tall, chances are that his son will be shorter)
The chi square is merely used to determine...	whether an obtained distribution differs significantly from an expected distribution.
You must be able to have ____ ___ categories to use the chi-square.	mutually exclusive (such as "will seek therapy" or "won't seek therapy")
A demand characteristic relates to any bit of knowledge - correct or incorrect-that..	the subject in an experiment is aware of that can influence her behavior.
If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on _____ to test significant differences between group means. a. one and two-tailed t-tests b. percentile ranks c. Duncan's multiple range, Turkey's, or Scheffe's test d. summative or formative evaluation	c. Duncanc's multiple range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test
Summative research attempts to ascertain...	how well the GOAL has been met.
Formative process research is...	ongoing while the program is underway
What is the Pygmalion Effect?	The Rosenthal/Experimental Effect: the experimenter falls in love with her own hypothesis and the experiment becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
What is "ahistoric therapy"?	any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here-and-now rather than the past.
In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% Blacks. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary?	Stratified sampling (since a "stratum" or a "special characteristic" needs to represented)
Horizontal sampling occurs when a research selects subjects...	from a single socioeconomic group
Vertical sampling occurs when...	persons from two or more socioeconomic classes are utilized.
A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will NOT use a random sample. You could safely say that she could accomplish this by using...	systematic sampling (selecting every 10th person in a sample)
An operational definition...	outlines a specific procedure
nonparametric statistical tests are distribution-_____ tests.	distribution-FREE tests.
In a matched design the subjects are literally...	matched in regard to any variable the could be correlated with the DV.
Mann-Whitney U test vs. Wilcoxon signed-rank test	Mann-Whitney U: to determine whether 2 UNcorrelated/UNmatched means differ significantly from each other. Wilcoxon signed-rank: examines whether 2 correlated means differe significantly from each other.
Unmatched/Uncorrelated could also be termed...	independent groups
If you were using a parametric test to examine a null hypothesis for two means, you could rely on a _____, but if you had 3 or more groups, then the ______ and the ____ would be required.	2 = t-test 3+ = ANOVA and the f-test
A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client's phobio using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of...	inductive logic or reasoning
inductive vs. deductive	inductive: specific to general deductive: general to specific
You are a counselor who wishes to refer an orthopedically disable student to a private therapist. In genearl, the best referral would be to a: a. CRC b. MAC c. licensed clinical psychologist d. licensed social worker	CRC, which stands for Certified Rehabilitation Counselor
A counselor who sports NCC after her name will need to do what to keep it?	100 hours of professional development are needed during a 5-year period, or the NCE has to be taken again.
What do CAC and CMC stand for?	Computer Assisted Counseling Computer Managed Counseling
As a professional counselor you develop a self-help software package for use by the general public. Ethics indicate that the package must be...	initially designed for stand-alone usage as opposed to modifying a package requiring counselor support.
The shadow is an archtype that A) Does not exist in psychoanalytic theory B) Is the selfish side of the ego C) Is the judge of the superego D) Encompasses everything a person refuses to acknowledge	d: encompasses everything a person refuses to acknowledge
A child has trouble understanding that the amount of juice she sees being poured is the same amount when it is in her sippy cup and when it is in her baby brother’s bottle. She believes the narrower bottle has more juice. She is in the developmental stage labeled by Piaget as A) concrete operations B) sensorimotor operations C) pre-formal operations D) innuitive thinking stage	A: concrete operations
Development of which of the following entailed comparing the interests of men and women in different occupations to men and women in general? A. SVIB-SCII B. KOIS C. KPR-V D. all of the above	The Correct Answer Is A Both the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) (which is the 1974 revision of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, or SVIB) and the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS) used empirical criterion keying in their development, but only the SCII tests involved comparing member responses of different occupational groups to the responses of a general reference group.
"Criterion contamination" occurs when a...	rater's knowledge of predictor scores affects how he or she assigns criterion scores.
Criterion contamination artificially ______ the correlation coefficient. Therefore, the elimination of criterion contamination would _____ the validity coefficient.	inflates; lower
"Raw test data" refers to	"it depends on which author or expert you are talking about." However, that answer isn't given, so you have to use your judgment. D. Tranel (The release of psychological data to nonexperts: Ethical and legal considerations, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1994, 25(1), 33-38) addresses this issue and describes raw test (psychological) data as including TEST SCORES, TEST STIMULI, EXAMINEE RESPONSES, and TEST MANUALS.
A career counselor relying on Tiedeman's model of career decision-making would emphasize...	helping clients become aware of all the factors inherent in decision-making so that they can make their choices based on a complete knowledge of themselves and their environments
Tiedeman believes that individuals are capable of...	controlling and understanding the decision-making process that leads to a career identity.
A behavioral approach to career counseling emphasizes which of the following? a.how the client make a career choice b. the content of the client's career choice c. providing career information d. why the client makes a career choice	a. HOW the client makes a career choice
A consistently high level of cohesiveness in a therapy group is associated with all of the following, except a. better attendance. b. lower dropout rates. c. enhanced growth of individual group members. d. punctuality.	C: enhanced growth of individual group members (invariant group cohesion can obstruct group movement and the growth of individual members.)
A child initially says "mama" to all women. Her parents say things like "yes, mama" and "good girl" only when she says "mama" in the presence of her mother. As a result, the child says "mama" only to call or refer to her mother. The child's behavior was modified through which of the following? A. partial reinforcement B. differential reinforcement C. response discrimination D. response control	B. Differential reinforcement Differential reinforcement refers to systematically reinforcing some behaviors but not others. You may have it linked with the technique known as DRO (differential reinforcement for other behaviors), but the term can also be used more generally to describe situations like the one in this question.
A common side effect of lithium is...	A fine hand tremor, mostly affecting the fingers, occurs in about 35% of patients who take lithium.
Janet Helms (1984) originally developed her ___________ to provide a conceptual framework for understanding and resolving interracial tensions in cross-cultural psychotherapy.	White and People of Color Racial Identity Models
Helms' White Racial Identity Development Model distinguishes between six identity statuses: Name them.	contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, and autonomy.
Janet Helms' statuses...	emerge in sequence and reflect abandonment of racism and the development of a nonracist white identity.
Sampling error refers to _______ that can be expected among samples randomly drawn from the same population.	random (not systematic) variations
It is because of sampling error that the means...	of samples randomly drawn from the same population vary from one another.
Multiple submission is a....	violation of ethics, when a journal article is submitted to more than one journal at a time.
Traditionally, ______ counseling has caused the most ethical concerns.	Behavioral. The concern has been that the behavior therapists can control, manipulate and shape behavior.
Describe the 5 axis of the DSM	I: Clinical Syndromes II: Developmental/Personality Disorders III. Physical disorders/conditions IV: psychosocial stressors V: GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning
What does NOS and NEC stand for?	NOS: DSM, not otherwise specified. NEC: ICD, not elsewhere classified
Gives some examples of v codes	bereavement, marital problems, borderline intellectual functioning, malingering, parent-child problems, occupational problems, noncompliance with medical treatment, other interpersonal problems, and phase of life or circumstances problem (such as enduring divorce)
The type of mental health service provided to the client is coded via _____ and is generally required for insurance payments.	the AMA's Current Procedural Terminology (e.g. CPT 90844)
You refer a client to Dr. Smith. Regarding a referral fee, ethically Dr. Smith...	may NOT pay you a referral fee for sending her the client. Counselors cannot ethically accept referral fees.
The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by... a. Satir and Minuchin b. Schein C. Caplan d. Bandura	C. Gerald Caplan, proposed 4 basic types of mental health consultation.
Name Caplan's 4 basic types of mental health consultation	client-centered consultee-centered case consultee-centered administrative program-centered administrative
The doctor-patient consultation model relies on four distinct stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation. This model is associated with the work of: a. Caplan b. Freud c. Adler d. Schein	d. Schein
Ethic guidelines clearly state what about testimonials?	counselors should NOT solicit testimonials from clients.
Counseling is a relatively new profession. The first counselors in the U.S. were not called counselors. They were...	deans and advisors employed after that Civil War in college settings to watch over young women.
Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of: a. Workbook in Vocations by Proctor, Benefield, and Wrenn b. The Interpretation of Dreams by Freud c. Behaviorism by Watson d. Counseling and Psychotherapy by Rogers	a. Workbook in Vocations by Proctor, Benefield and Wrenn - set the stage for the popularization of the word "counseling"
Watson's behaviorism asserted that the only...	subject matter for psychology was observable behavior.
The PL94-142 is the...	Education Act for All Handicapped Children
The Education Act for All Handicapped Children (PL94-142) states that	all children between 5-21 are assured free education least restrict environment (LRE) an IEP is developed for each child
The 1950s was the age of tremendous strides in a. analysis b. developmental psychology c. behavior modification d. group work	b. developmental psychology
The ________ movement began in the late 1960's.	GROUP
In the 1960s Gilbert Wrenn's book, The Counselor in a Changing World, urged counselors to...	emphasize developmental concerns rather than merely focusing on crises and curing emotional illness.
One of the primary problems of counseling in the early 1960's was that it wrongly emphasized _____ instead of social issues (such as Vietnam, civil rights, women's issues)	intrapsychic processes
The significance of the 1958 National Defense Education Act (NDEA) was that it...	provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling expanded school guidance services improved guidance for gifted children
What is cybernetics?	the analysis of information interactions and how the flow of information regulates and controls a system
Linear vs. Circular/reciprocal causality	linear: a causes b circular: a causes b, b causes a, back and forth...in a circular way.
Cybernetics is a concept used by family therapists. It is usually associated with the work of...	Norbert Weiner (MIT Mathematician)
Cybernetic info, which initially related to machines, was used to analyze family systems thanks to ______ ______.	Gregory Bateson.
In family therapy, cybernetics suggests that the family has ____ ___ to self-correct a family system.	feedback loops
Morphstasis vs. morphogenesis	Morphstasis: the ability of the family to balance stability Morphgenesis: family's ability to change
A family wants to see you for counseling, however, they have very limited income and can't afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free. The term that best describes your action would be...	aspirational ethics (ideal or optimal practice)
Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of...	Virginia Satir,
Satir vs. Minuchin	Satir: family could be healed via love Minuchin: family therapy was a science requiring interventions well beyond warmth.
Virginia Satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to....	improve intrafamily communication
According to Satir, 4 basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. Name them.	placating blaming being overly reasonable being irrelevant
Placating means	you try to please everybody out of fear of rejection
The blamer basically asserts that, "....	"It's your fault I'm the way I am."
The person who becomes overly reasonable...	is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization
the overly reasonable client could be referred to as the...	responsible analyzer
According to Satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style...	will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.
Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family therapy. ______ is sometimes called the dean of experiential therapy.	Carl Whitaker, who was fond of saying that experience, not education, changes family. Experience goes beyond consciousness.
Ludwig von Bertalanffy was the biologist who popularized the notion of...	the connectedness of all living things or the so-called systems theory model.
Whitaker's approach could be referred to as...	experiential symbolic family therapy
Carl Whitaker's interaction with the family could be best described as...	joining the family and experiencing it as if he is a family member.
According to Whitaker, a cotherapist...	is helpful.
Psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily the work of...	Carl Whitaker, he could be wild at times. A couple who was in a power struggle, for example, might be asked to have a tug of war in order to prove who really had control.
Maxie Maultsby is noted for creating _______ that is similar to Ellis's REBT.	rational self-counseling
A behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old who is attending community college and says, "You must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family car." Which theorist is primarily guiding her intervention strategy?	David Premack: a family member must complete an unpleasant task before she would be allowed to engage in a pleasant task.
in Latin quid pro quo means...	something for something
The concept of reciprocity in marriage asserts that in most cases...	two people will reinforce each other at about the same level over time. When this doesn't happen marital discord may result.
A family counselor notices that the husband in a blended family is having obsessive sexual thoughts about a woman living down the street. A strict behaviorist would most likely...	practice thought stopping
Research that occurred in the past and the researcher did not have control over the independent variable this qualifies as...	causal-comparative research
causal-comparative, correlational research, and survey are called...	non-experimental designs
The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with...	Nathan Ackerman
Since he was analytically trained, Ackerman(unlike many therapists) was concerned with the...	internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamic between them.
In psychoanalytic family therapy the word objects means...	a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond
Splitting occurs when the client...	sees an object (another person) as either all good or all bad (allows one to keep anxiety in check by making objects predictable).
According to Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch, the orders of change are...(1st, 2nd) :)	first-order: superficial second-order: actual change in family structure
Peggy Papp's Greek chorus refers to...	a consultant or supervisory team who observe a session from behind a one-way mirror and send messages to the therapist and/or the family. (very popular with strategic therapists)
Nathan Ackerman is consider a famous psychoanalytic family therapist; So are...	James Framo: important objects (usually parents) often fuel "love-hate" feelings in kids. Robin Skynner: kids who had poor role models as children possess projective systems.
Explain "projective systems" from Robin Skynner	unrealistic expectations of people in current relationships carried over from childhood
Rogers is...	Person-Centered
Elis is...	Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
Lazarus is...	Multimodal Therapy
Wolpe is...	Systematic Desensitization
Glasser and Wubbolding are...	Reality Therapy
Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the ______ school of family counseling.	Strategic
Haley actually coined the term _____ ____ to explain Erickson's method (altered to help families)	Strategic Therapy
When Haley began investigating psychotherapy he...	had a degree in arts and communication rather than the helping profession
Jay Haley believes in giving clients....	directives
A double bind is a concept used in ______ ______'s ______ therapy.	Jay Haley's Strategic Therapy. It's a no-win situation.
A definition of paradox is...	prescribe what the client or family would probably do anyway and can even tell them to exaggerate it.
In strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family...	has the authority to make rules and enforce them.
Haley believes you enhance the power of a family member within the context of therapy by...	speaking to him or her first during the initial session of therapy.
Haley's Strategic theory is _____ focused and very _____ oriented.	solution/symptom focused and very action oriented
Cloe Madanes insists that symptoms...	serve a function
Madanes believes that one of the keys to family functioning is to help children...	find more direct ways to help their parents so that their symptoms no longer serve a viable purpose.
Madanes advocates ______ techniques that are somewhat paradoxical.	Pretend techniques - more gentle and less confrontational than traditional paradoxical interventions.
Restraining helps overcome resisting by suggesting....	that it might be best if the family does not change.
Positioning occurs when a helper...	accepts the client's predicament and then exaggerates the condition.
The strategic techniques of restraining, positioning, prescribing the symptom, and relabeling are all examples of _____ because...	paradoxical interventions since they defy common sense
In the circumplex family model, the key factor is that the family should have...	balance in cohesion as well as adaptability. (model by Olson, Sprenkle, and Russel)
Murray Bowen is known for his work in ________ family therapy. When he refers to triangulation he means...	Intergenerational; When a dyad is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad.
One of the primary goals of intergenerational family therapy is differentiation, which is	the extent that one can separate her intelligence from her emotional self
A person who does not possess differentiation does not...	have a clear sense of the self and others
Bowen popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as	a genogram (should depict three or more generations)
The miracle questions is a _____ technique.	brief-therapy "If there was a miracle and your problem was solved, how would you know, how would your life be different?"
Bowen originally referred to the nuclear family emotional process as an...	undifferentiated family ego mass, since families with difficulties display a high degree of fusion.
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Salvador Minuchin is to...	structural family therapy; Minuchin is the founder of action-oriented structural therapy (individual's behavior can only be interpreted by analyzing family interaction)
An important technique in structural family therapy is joining. What's joining?	occurs during the initial session to boost the family's confidence in the treatment process and reduce resistance. (meet, greet, attempt to bond)
When a structural therapist uses the term boundaries he or she really means...	the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family.
In Minuchin's structural approach, clear boundaries are...	ideal--firm yet flexible
mimesis implies that the therapist...	copies the family's style, which helps the therapist join the family and helps the family accept her as a helper.
Ackerman is _______. Haley is ______. Minuchin is _______. Bowen is ________.	Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen in intergenerational.
Name another well-known intergenerational family therapist and what he discusses.	The Hungarian analytically trained psychiatrist Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy. He discusses the importance of give-and-take fairness or relational ethics in the family.
According to the notion of relational ethics, a healthy family...	can negotiate imbalances and preserve a sense of fairness and accountability.
Boszormenyi-Nagy introduced the term ______ ______ which refers to expectations handed down from generation to generation.	family legacy
The family ledger technique (also Boszormenyi-Nagy) is a multigenerational...	balance sheet or accounting system that outlines who gave what to whom and who owes what to whom.
Mara Selvin-Palazzoli is associated with Milan...	Systematic Family Therapy
The perverse triangle is a situation when...	two members who are at different levels of the family hierarchy (usually parent/child) team up against another family member.
___________ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy. a. Carl Jung b. David Wechsler c. Alfred Adler d. Franz Anton Mesmer	Alfred Adler (opened 30 child guidance clinics in Vienna that were eliminated by the Nazi Party in 1934).
Alfred Adler's clinics would often perform _____ _____ therapy in which Adler worked with the family as well as the the _____ _____ audience.	Open Forum Therapy Open Forum
Which therapist could best be described as atheoretical? a. Jay Haley b. Carl Whitaker c. Alfred Adler d. Nathan Ackerman	b. Carl Whitaker: asserted that theory is often used as an excuse to keep therapists emotionally distant from the family.
Solution-Oriented therapy as practiced by William O'Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and Michelle Weiner Davis focuses primarily on... a. the past b. the present c. the future d. dream analysis	C. The future
Narrative Therapy is associated with the work of: a. William O'Hanlon b. William Glasser c. Milton H. Erickson d. Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston	d: Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston
Narrative therapy fits in a new category of treatment known as...	postmodernism or constructivism
social narratives dictate...	what a family should be like
In narrative therapy, the therapist...	asks questions or uses language to externalize the problem (separate the problem from the person)
Postmodernist Tom Anderson became disenchanted with traditional family therapy. He began using a radical approach based primarily on...	a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team
Constructivism is not really a unified therapy based on a single individual, but it stresses...	that therapy should be less hierarchical, a helper does not treat a client, instead the client and the therapist have a conversation to work together in a collaborative effort.
The term "skeleton keys" as used in Steve de Shazer's brief solution-focused therapy indicates...	a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems.
a technique in which the therapist hands the client a sheet of paper with a compliment on it is who's technique? What's it called?	Steve de Shazer's in brief solution-focused therapy. The technique is simply called a "compliment"
What is the technique "past successes"?	the therapist complements past successes without specifically relating them to the current obstacle.
Brief solution-oriented strategic therapy often relies on ______.	paradox
When a single group is used in research or two groups that are not equivalent, this situation can be referred to as...	a Pre-Experimental Design
A question on the NCE Regarding a pre-experimental design uses the letters XO. The letters stand for...	X= treatment O= observation, measurement, or score
The following letters stand for... X: O: E: C: R: NR:	X: treatment O: dependent variable E: Experimental Group C: Control Group R: Random Sampling NR: no random sampling
Another type of pre-experimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by...(uses X's and O's)	XO treatment, then a post-test measure
A time-series design is a quasi-experimental group that relies on...	multiple observations of the dependent variable before and after the treatment occurs. (O1, O2, O3, X, O4, O5, O6)
A popular TWA career counseling model by Renee Dawis and Lloy Lofquist uses the abbreviation PEC. This stands for...	Person Environment Correspondence
TWA stands for...	Theory of Work Adjustment
The Theory of Work Adjustment posits that the person...	must fit the job (the correspondence between the individual and the work must be high) and also that the work must meet the needs of the person.
The TWA theory espouses that higher work satisfaction...	generally increases productivity.
most experts believe that the number of multigenerational families with a child, parent, and grandparents will...	increase
How do you computer the coefficient of determination?	square the correlation coefficient.
a correlation coefficient is .70 - calculate the coefficient of determination.	.49 or 49%
A correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is .60. If we square this figure we now have the coefficient of determination or true common variance of 36%. What is the coefficient of nondetermination that shows unique rather than common variance?	to find the coefficient of NONdetermination, you subtract the coefficient of determination from 100. So, 64%
Type I and Type II errors are like a ______, as one...	seesaw, as one goes up the other goes down
Krumboltz proposes a ________ model of career development.	social learning
Krumboltz's social learning theory is sometimes referred to as ______ theory because...	cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work.
When Krumboltz speaks of self-observation generalizations, he really means...	that in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform an occupation.
What is Krumboltz's world-view generalizations?	generalizations regarding a given occupation and how successful the client would be in the occupation.
SCCT stands for...	Social-cognitive career theory
Non-interactive approaches to career decision making are...	linear (pamphlets, books)
Interactive approaches are said to be...	nonlinear (site visits, interviewing a worker in the field).
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span	Erik Erikson
What are Erik Erikson stages?	1) Trust vs. Mistrust ages 0-1 2) Autonomy vs. Shame ages 2-3 3) Initiative vs. Guilt ages 4-5 4) Industry vs. Inferiority ages 6-12 5) Identity vs. Role Confusion ages 13-18 6) Intimacy vs. Isolation ages 19-25 7) Generativity vs. Stagnation ages 26-40 8)Ego Integrity vs. Despair ages 41+
Milton H. Erickson	Brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis
Piaget	leading name in the cognitive development of children
Ego psychologists	believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior; Accent the ego and the power of control
Radical Behaviorists	do not believe in mental constructs such as “the mind” nor do they believe in consciousness; if it can’t be measured, it can’t exist
Erik Erikson is an ____ psychologist	Ego
Jay Haley	strategic and problem solving therapy often utilizing the technique of paradox (claims to have acquired a wealth of info by the studying Milton H. Erickson)
Arnold Lazarus	pioneer in behavior therapy movement; today his name is associated with multimodal therapy
Jean Piaget's theory had how many stages? Name them.	Four Stages sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal oper
Conservation mastered during which stage?	Concrete Operations (7-11)
John B. Watson is the Father of ______.	Behaviorism
Epigenetic in references to stage theories means that...	each stage emerges from the one before it (Kohlberg, Erikson,
"identity crisis came from who?"	Erikson (felt that, in an attempt to find out who they really are, adolescents will experiment with various roles)
Kohlberg's levels of morality are...	preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
Virginia is a person who seems to really enjoy expressing her emotions to others. She cries easily when talking about her loved ones, and gets angry when she relates injustices she perceives as being visited upon her. What type of person is she?	Artistic
Amber has been taking remedial reading classes for six months. What kind of test would you use to measure her progress?	Achievement
To compensate for the Barnum Effect on a client, a therapist might:	Make sure the client knows the results might not be accurate
In situations where there is no right or wrong response, individuals in a group are more likely to respond to:	Informational influence In situations where there is no clear right or wrong choice, individuals in a group tend to look more toward information as a guide.
What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs, from bottom to top?	Physiological --> Safety --> love and belonging --> self-esteem --> self-actualization
Rogers believed what can cause a client problems with self-concept?	When self-concept doesn't match ideal self.
Believed in the tabulae rasa and therefore we are conditioned to have fear, love, and rage.	Watson
empiricism takes __________ qualities into effect	quantitative
at 8 months ________ usually shows up.	stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety begins to occur at what age?	12 months
Object permanence occurs at about what age?	18 months
Career maturity is associated with who?	Super
______ based his parent education program STEP on Adlerian principles	Dinkmeyer
Behavioral family therapy is assoc. w/	Richard Stuart
Self-efficacy is important to (who?)	Bandura (and others)
During and after a divorce (boys or girls) are more adversely affected and recover more slowly	boys
What are Kubler-Ross's stages of grief?	denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Daydreams are important in who's career theory	Holland
What are Holland's personality types	realistic, artistic, investigative, social, enterprising, and conventional (RAISEC)
What two career tests is associated with Holland's theory	SII, SDS
Super's career theory (is/is not) developmental	IS developmental
Super believes what will be changed with time and experience	our self-concepts
Super's career maturity stages are	growth exploratory establishment maintenance decline
Gottfredson's career theory is called	Circumscription and compromise
Gottfredson's career theory (is/ is not) developmental	Is developmental
Gottfredson believed career aspirations are attempts to implement one's _____	self-concept
Gottfredson believed one's career/job should be congruent w/ one's	self-perceptions
Gottfredson's cognitive maps that are factors in career choice in order of most important to least...	masculinity/femininity of job prestige fields of work
Gottfredson's 4 stages of career maturity are	orientation to size and power 3-5 sex roles 6-8 social valuation 9-13 internal unique self 14+
Krumboltz based his learning theory on...	Bandura
Krumboltz theory is a learning theory and his specific theory is called	reinforcement theory
Krumboltz's 4 factors of career decision making are	genetic endowment and special abilities environmental conditions and events learning experiences task approach skills
Career beliefs inventory is associated with what theorist	Krumboltz
rewards and punishments in career theory is associated w/	Krumboltz
The Social-Cognitive Perspective of career theory is associated w/	Bandura
Social-Cognitive perspective says _______ is critical	self-efficacy (personal performance accomplishments, physiological states, vicarious learning, social persuasion, and reactions)
Cognitive Information Processing in career is assoc. w/	Michenbaum
Career Thoughts Inventory is assoc/ w/ what theory	Cognitive Information Process
What is important in career choice in the Cognitive Information Processing theory?	Self-knowledge and knowledge about careers
Ginzberg et al.'s theory of career (is/ is not) developmental	IS
What are Ginzberg et al.'s stages of career development	fantasy 6-11 tentative 11-17 realistic 17+
Fields and levels in career theory is assoc. w/	Anne Roe
Tiedeman's decision making model believes career development occurred as part of...	cognitive development as one resolved ego-relevant crises
Cognitive Information Processing in career emphasizes	cognitions, information, and problem solving
Cognitive Information Processing steps are... CASVE	C ommunication A nalysis S ynthesis V aluing E xecution
Gelatt-decision making process includes...	recognize a need to make a decision collect data and look @ course of action examine outcomes and probability attend to your value system *evaluate and choose
Crites' model of career counseling takes what thoeries into consideration	client-centered, Trait and Factor, and behavioral
Crites' model includes what steps of problem solving	differential-what are the problems dynamics-why have the problems occurred decisional-how are the problems being dealt w/
Career maturity is associated w/	Crites
O*Net 1st three digits	identify the general category, division, and group of occupations
O*Net middle three digits	data--people--things
Work Adjustment Theory Satisfactoriness-	external indicator derived from sources other than thru the worker's own self-appraisal
Work Adjustment Theory Satisfaction	worker's appraisal of extent to which the work environment fulfills his requirements
Career guidance is defined as	developmental and educational process
Career counseling is defined as	a therapeutic service to adults
Trait-factor approach is related to	differential psychology
Trait-Factor approach (is/ is not) developmental	is not
Rorschach and TAT are associated w/ what career theorist	Roe
_____ believes career choice is influenced by genetics, parent child interactions, unconditioned motivators, current needs, interests, education, and intelligence	Anne Roe
____ believes difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms	Bordin
Bordin's career approach (does/ does not) encompass the unconscious	does
_________ took sublimation into affect in career choice	A.A. Brill
TAT and "needs press" theory were developed by	Henry Murray
____ developed a personality approach to career based on Henry Murray's TAT and needs press theory	Hoppock
DOT 9 digit code	middle 3- transfer of skills last three- alpha of titles
ages of Freud's stages oral anal phallic latency genital	0-18mo 18mo-3yr 3-5 5-11 11+
lifestyle is emphasized by what theorist	Adler
Adler's lifestyle is defined as...	the unique way in which each of us seeks to overcome feelings of inferiority and to achieve our goals
fictional finalism-	imagined central goal that guides our behavior
fictional finalism assoc. w/	Adler
private logic assoc. w/	Adler
Adler's exploration/analysis entails...	lifestyle analysis family constellation and birth order dreams earliest recollection priorities and ways of behaving summarizing of findings
acting as if avoiding the tar baby catching oneself pushing the button spitting in client's soup are assoc. w/	Adler
Jung's conscious mind consists of	ego, persona, attitudes and functions
Jung's unconscious mind consists of	ollective unconscious: self, archetypes(anima/animus), image, myths, symbols personal unconscious: repressed or forgotten memories, complexes, archetypes (shadow)
Horney's three styles of relating to others...	Moving Toward Against or Away from people
Interpersonal Psychoanalysis assoc w/	Harry Stack Sullivan
Daesin-	Being present, being in the world
Self-actualization is emphasized by what theorists	existentialists, gestaltists
Counselor's self-image is can be influenced by...	competency, power, and intimacy
Rogers believed that people are basically (good/bad) and we move towards_____ and _______	good growth and self-actualization
Messages learned about self in childhood determines whether the person is good or bad is emphasized by	Eric Berne
______ believed people have cultural propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught	Albert Ellis
Fritz Perls believed people are (good/bad)	neither bad nor good
Adler believed man is basically (good/bad)	good
_____ believes people strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others:Brain is control center	Glasser
_____ believed man strives for individuation or sense of self-fullfillment	Jung
Skinner believed people are basically (good/bad)	neither; we're controlled by environmental stimuli and reinforcement
Person produces and is a product of conditioning assoc. w/	Bandura
unexpressed emotions are unfinished business assoc. w/	Gestalt
NLP assoc. w/	Mary Cover Jones
analytic psychology is also called	depth psychology
Failure to meet needs results in a mental illness assoc w/ what theory	Reality
Yalom's leadership styles	Impersonals, managers, laissez-faires, social engineers, energizers, providers(most important)
Ipsative analysis	based on the individual (for example: "Mr J's anxiety is improving)
Any trait you cannot "directly" measure or observe can be considered a ________	construct
___________ believed that intelligence was normally distributed and primarily genetic (unitary)	Francis Galton
Stanford-Binet's IQ formula has been replaced by	SAS: Standard Age Score
WPPSI	Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
Merrill-Palmer Scale of Mental Tests	Intelligence tests for infants
John Ertl measured intelligence by	analyzing neural efficiency w/ a computer, strobe light, and an electrode helmet
Fluid and crystallized thought and 16PF assoc. w/	Raymond Cattell
Mental Measurements Yearbook developed by	Oscar Buros
Occam's Razor-	interpret results in the easiest way
Lowering significance level ______ type I errors and ______ type II errors	lowers, raises
Increase sample size ____ Type I errors and _____ type II errors	decrease, decrease
John Henry effect-	subjects strive to prove that an experimental treatment that could threaten their livelihood really isn't all that effective
2 or more independent variables	factorial design
nominal-	classifies/labels
ordinal	placement/standing (orders)
AACE	Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education
Horizontal Sampling	one socio-economic group
MANOVA	2 dependent variables
1st professional counseling association	National Vocational Guidance Association
In order to prove malpractice	relationship established counselor's conduct below level of care conduct was injurous to client actual injury was sustained
Ackerman assoc w/ _____ school of theory	psychodynamic
Psychodynamic family therapy the therapist is	a blank screen to project onto
Walter Kempler associated with what experiential therapy with families	Gestalt
Confrontation is important in ____ Family therapy	Experiential
Carl Whitaker is	Experiential
Virginia Satir is	Experiential
Greenberg and Johnson belong to the ____ Family Therapy	Experiential
Bowen assoc w/	Transgenerational
Goal of trangenerational family therapy	self-differentiation
Nagy assoc w/	Transgenerational
Minuchin assoc w/	Structural
Mimesis:	joining with family (mimicking their roles and customs)
Jay Haley and Cloe Madanes assoc w/	Strategic Family Therapy
____ family therapy uses paradoxical interventions	Strategic
What is the goal of Strategic Family Therapy	symptom relief
cybernetics assoc w/	Bateson
pioneer of cybernetics is	Norbert Weiner
Morphstasis-	ability of the family o balance stability
Morphgenesis-	family's ability to change
Systems Theory Model associated w/	Bertalanffy
psychology of the absurd assoc w/	Carl Whitaker
Reciprocity in family therapy (couple therapy)	two people will reinforce each other at about the same level over time or marital discord may result
in psychoanalytic family therapy an object is...	a significant other w/ whom a child (or other individual) wishes to bond
Watzlawick	1st order-superficial 2nd order-is desirable
relabeling and reframing associated with	jay haley
Strategic therapy abates	symptoms
incongruous hierarchy assoc w/	cloe madanes
restraining suggests	that it might be best not to change
Positioning-	when a helper accepts the client's predicament and then exaggerates the condition
Family therapies best used w/ African Americans	Bowenian, Structural, Haley's Strategic
Family therapies best used w/ Asian Americans	Solution-Focused
Family therapies best used w/ Hispanic Americans	Behavioral or structural
2 newest approaches in career theory	constructivist and cognitive
TWA	Theory of Work Adjustment
PEC	Person Environment correspondence
The Wellness Model assoc. w/	Bill hettler
Chi-Square used when there are no	means or averages
encouragement is a concept in ____ therapy	ADlerian
culture fair intelligence test	IPAT
The neurotransmitter _______ is linked to Parkinson's disease	Dopamine
nomothetic	individuals are assessed on variables that are shared w/ others
In which of Super's phases is an individual likely to leave a job	Establishment Phase
Personality Research Form measures:	harm avoidance, play, achievements
What theory believes we are "socially embedded"	Adlerian
Dreams, fantasy, role play, top dog/underdog, and hot seat interventions are assoc w/	Gestalt
7 stages of solution-focused therapy	identifying, establish goals, intervention, tasks, positive new behaviors, stabilization, termination
________ believe in Man's power of reasoning to control behavior	Ego Psychologists
ethology=	study of birds and fish
symbolic schema assoc w/ which of Piaget's steps	preoperational
______ believes we are naturally aggressive.	Konrad Lorenz
interpersonal attraction	close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs
Adler believed that _____ interaction was even more important that parent child interaction	Sibling
In the WAIS math (is/is not) part of the verbal scale	Is
Panic disorder's age of typical onset is	20s
mirroring and pacing is involved in	NLP
______ is the most addictive substance	nicotine
MMPI K score	faking/lie score
_% of Mental retardation is due to a single organic factor to cause it	25%
Career choice assoc w/	Bordin and Roe
# of stages in Super's theory	5
Convergent and Divergent thinking assoc w/	Guilford
16PF associated w/	Cattel
hypothesis testing pioneered by	R.A. Fisher
Archway Model assoc w/	Super
abscissa	x-axis
ordinate	y-axis
a _____ would be used with a correlational coefficient	scattergram
platykurtic-	flat distribution

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