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146 Cards in this Set
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If Millon, MMPI, and CAT scores are used to predict GPA in a psychology program, then the statistical technique used to accomplish this would be:
Correlation Multiple regression Z scores Analysis of covariance |
Multiple regression
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Of the following assessment tools, which would be the most effective in evaluating and localizing brain trauma of a patient?
Luria-Nebraska MMPI TAT Rorschach |
Luria-Nebraska
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"External validity" applies to:
Specificity of results The changeable validity of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables Generalizability of research conclusions Accuracy of results |
Generalizability of research conclusions
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Roe's eight basic vocational groupings include all of the following except:
Outdoor Service Social Science |
Social
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How well prospective employees do on cognitive abilities tests is generally:
Of little predictive value for any skill or career level A pretty good forecaster of job performance, particularly for difficult tasks A virtually sure-fire predictor for most skill or career levels Inversely predictive of effective job performance, especially for non-professional workers |
A pretty good forecaster of job performance, particularly for difficult tasks
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The computer software which presents simulated decision-making scenarios is:
DISCOVER IREE ISVD SPQR |
ISVD
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According to Erik Erickson, which of these four psychosocial stages would a 2-year-old child would probably face:
Autonomy vs. dependence Autonomy vs. inferiority Initiative vs. dependence Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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Extinction is the result of what in operant conditioning?
Countertransference Omitting any reinforcement Counter conditioning The reinforcer is no longer effective in increasing the target behavior |
Omitting any reinforcement
Operant conditioning describes one type of associative learning in which there is a contingency between the response and the presentation of the reinforcer. This situation resembles most closely the classic experiments of Skinner, during which he trained rats and pigeons to press a lever in order to obtain a food reward. Extinction of a particular behavior is attained by the elimination of any reinforcer. |
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According to Rogers, the necessary climate for releasing our formative (or actualizing) tendency is characterized by three primary attitudes of the therapist, which are:
Genuineness, warmth, and acceptance Genuineness, teaching, and directing Genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy Genuineness, directing, and coaching |
Genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy
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Specific group goals should be determined by:
The person/agency paying for the therapy The group leader The person/agency paying the group leader The group members |
The group members
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The existentialist views humans as capable of:
Happiness Control Self-awareness Loneliness |
Self-awareness
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Reality therapists can encourage clients to make value judgments by asking them questions about:
Their wants, perceptions, and total behavior Their past, present, and future events The direction in which they are interested in exploring Their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
Their wants, perceptions, and total behavior
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What might happen if ego defense mechanisms were taken away from an individual?
The individual may become a psychopath The individual may gain knowledge about unconscious processes The individual may develop some form of abnormality The individual may become a politician |
The individual may develop some form of abnormality
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Of the following family therapists, which one would consider sibling birth-order very important:
Satir Haley Minuchin Bowen |
Bowen
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As a consultant you demand that the client follow your directions to a tee or you will refuse to continue consulting. By doing so, you:
Have confronted the situation Are congruent with the Kaplan model of consultation Are within ethical standards Have overstepped your boundaries |
Have overstepped your boundaries
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A couple comes into therapy concerned about their ability to be good parents. They are very anxious, and don't know how to effectively raise their first-born child so that she doesn't end up looking like something from an MTV promo. Chances are, you would suggest:
That, since the mother will be the primary caregiver, she come to see you for individual therapy That they use the library or internet resources. which you provide, that will help them find the information they are seeking That the couple come in once a week for family therapy Joining a group that you run that is exploring parenting skills |
Joining a group that you run that is exploring parenting skills
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As a licensed therapist, you get a subpoena to appear in court pursuant to a request for a client's records. Your attorney, I.M. Pangloss, Esq., goes to court with you. What will your lawyer most likely advise?
Provide the court with the requested records after apprising the client of the situation Provide the court with the required records without delay Assert the privilege not to disclose confidential records and give the records only if you have the client's permission or if the court orders you to release the records. Assert the privilege of confidentiality, and provide the requested records while ensuring that your protest is on record |
Assert the privilege not to disclose confidential records and give the records only if you have the client's permission or if the court orders you to release the records.
Legally, the client is the holder of the privilege and so the clinician should not disclose confidential records unless first obtaining permission from the client. |
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Understanding the importance that various support networks may play in the lives of her African American client, a therapist enlists the help of the client's pastor to assist the client wit her alcohol problem. This therapist behaved:
Ethically- she was trying to help the client remain sober Unethically- the therapist took advantage of her power over the client Ethically- as long as she has the client's consent Unethically- the therapist should be able to help this client without additional assistance |
Ethically- as long as she has the client's consent
With a new emphasis in the counseling field on multicultural and diversity issues facing counselors, it is now suggested that counselors acknowledge the role and meaning that various support networks may have in the lives of their clients. These networks can consist of friends, family members, religious and spiritual leaders, and leaders in the community. The therapist, only with consent from the client, should (when appropriate) consider enlisting the support and involvement of these members as positive resources in their client's life |
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To what does the ethical principle of autonomy refer?
The obligation to treat clients as individuals Being faithful to the promises made Doing the greatest amount of good possible Respect for individual self-determination |
Respect for individual self-determination
Autonomy is one of the four principles that ethical codes of based on. A therapist who abides by the ethical principles of autonomy is operating from the belief that a client is competent to make his/her own decisions about their health care and respects their right for individual self-determination |
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A therapist begins working with a client who has been diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. The therapist has a vast amount of practice treating general anxiety disorders, but has never treated a post traumatic stress disorder case. Ethically, the therapist should:
Refer the client to a counselor who has familiarity treating post traumatic stress Seek supervision but continue working with the client Register in a continuing education course Contact his professional ethic board for guidance |
Seek supervision but continue working with the client
This therapist does have experience treating clients with different anxiety disorders, which suggests that he/she can work with this client. It would be a smart idea, however, for the therapist to supplement his/her existing knowledge and skill by taking action to help ensure the proficiency of his/her work (ex., by seeking supervision or consultation) |
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Which of these findings comes from research on gender differences in career interests?
Significant and constant differences in career interests exist between males and females Effects of gender difference on career interest have not changed with social conditions Men conspire to discourage any real career interests on the part of females Gender difference has little or no significant effect on career interest |
Significant and constant differences in career interests exist between males and females
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If you were going to a desert island and could take only one of the following, which would it be, validity or reliability?
I'd take validity, the most important factor I'd take them both; they are both equally important It really doesn't matter which one you take I'd take reliability; it's much more important than validity |
I'd take validity, the most important factor
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Dr. Tango is conducting a study to compare the use of dice in teaching statistics to a more traditional method. He should use:
One-group pre-test/post-test design Solomon four-group design Randomized subjects pre-test/post-test control group design Solomon two-group design |
Randomized subjects pre-test/post-test control group design
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What is main streaming?
Promoting a student regardless of whether he or she deserves it or not Placing mentally handicapped children in regular classrooms Providing additional services for handicapped children Responding to social rather than academic concerns |
Placing mentally handicapped children in regular classrooms
Main streaming is an educational method that includes many different kinds of learners in the same classroom, instead of separating students according to their learning abilities. The term main streaming was first used in the 1970s and describes classrooms where students with disabilities and students who do not have disabilities are together. In a main streamed classroom, all kids, including gifted kids and children with disabilities, learn together in the same classroom. Main streaming is now more commonly known as inclusion, and many school systems today are using inclusion in their districts. |
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In the United States, most current school desegregation policies are based on:
Beck's Cognitive Theory Kolodinsky's Choice Hypothesis The Contact Hypothesis Political decisions |
The Contact Hypothesis
The Contact Hypothesis postulates that intergroup contact will tend to lessen stereotyping and decrease prejudice. |
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One of the results of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act is that:
Handicapped children do not have to be assessed to be mainstreamed Not only psychologists, but also mental-health workers, can make decisions regarding this population Therapists must seek and document input from parents, in addition to having testing data Treatment plans for this special population need to be modified every 90 days |
Therapists must seek and document input from parents, in addition to having testing data
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Which of the following is most affected by sample size?
Experimental control Generalizability An independent variable Construct validity |
Generalizability
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On a mental status examination, this is the LEAST remarkable:
The patient's social status in the community The patient's emotional functioning The state of the patient's psychological makeup The patient's cognitive ability |
The patient's social status in the community
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Technology has changed the face of the world in just a few years and, along with it, many individuals have lost their jobs. Losing your job because of technology is called:
Economic recession Downsizing Job obsolescence All statements are correct |
Job obsolescence
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Most of the difficulties that affect clients' career decision-making and retard their career development are due to:
Faulty cognitions Marriage and/or divorce Death in the family Weightism |
Faulty cognitions
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If you have a client who was a Perl computer programmer designing CGI scripts, the compensatory hypothesis would manifest in what type of leisure activities?
Mountain climbing Putting together puzzles Playing on the Internet Reading science fiction |
Mountain climbing
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For three buoyant years, Skippy and his bride Binky designed web sites from their home-based business. Now, they may lose their biggest clients, the balloon payment on the townhouse is about to come due, and Visa wants to make an example of them to impress federal regulators. The more designs they churn out, the more they argue, and quality sinks as lawn service worker and Wal-Mart greeter appear to rise on their career horizon. According to Maslow, these folks are now motivated by the need for:
Security and safety Belonging and love Self-actualization Self-esteem, respect, and independence |
Security and safety
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When a child integrates a new object or concept into an existing construct, this is:
Assignation Amelioration Acquiescence Assimilation |
Assimilation
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When a group is given the authority to determine its own direction and meet its self-selected goals, that group is probably:
TA Rogerian Gestalt Adlerian |
Rogerian
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Existential therapists stress which of the following two concepts:
Consciousness and unconsciousness Depression and anxiety Life and death Freedom and responsibility |
Freedom and responsibility
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Which techniques are used by a psychoanalytic therapist:
Analysis of transference, analysis of countertransference, word association Free association, word association, analysis Dream interpretation, resistance, countertransference Interpretation, dream analysis, analysis of transference |
Interpretation, dream analysis, analysis of transference
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A woman comes to therapy because, though at one point in her life she liked being around people, she now can't stand them and spends most of her time at home by herself. Her husband indicates that he wants to come to therapy along with his wife to help her become better and get over her problem. Things work fine for the first few sessions, but then the husband stops coming to therapy, using a number of excuses as to why he can't come. His wife is really mad about this but says nothing. As a therapist, you might:
Schedule individual sessions with the husband to determine why he is not coming to therapy Try to get your patient to have another individual come to therapy in his place Since the wife is getting better anyway without the presence of the husband, let it go Confront the husband about the fact that he has said one thing but is doing another |
Confront the husband about the fact that he has said one thing but is doing another
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All of the following are basic dimensions of the human condition, according to the existential approach, except:
Anxiety as a condition of living Our behavior is geared to fulfilling our basic needs Search for meaning, purpose, values, and goals Creating one's identity and establishing meaningful relationships |
Our behavior is geared to fulfilling our basic needs
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Clients who refuse to take responsibility for their own actions or situations often attribute their unacceptable desires or impulses to others. This is:
Projection Repression Regression Protection |
Projection
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Reaction formation expresses the _____ impulse.
Opposite Positive Similar Negative |
Opposite
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Of the disorders listed below, which would be most successfully treated by a therapist:
Identity disorder Manic-depressive disorder Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia |
Identity disorder
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In the course of a classroom lecture, a professor uses past client cases to explain about different mental disorders and their treatment. The professor does not provide any identifying information about the clients involved in the case studies. The professor is behaving:
Unethically- the professor runs the risk of not fully protecting the privacy of his clients Ethically - if the professor has signed informed consent documents for each client involved in the case studies Ethically- the clients' confidentiality is being upheld Unethically- the professor never told the clients during treatment that he would be using their cases to teach concepts of his courses |
Ethically- the clients' confidentiality is being upheld
As long as a therapist conceals all identifying information about a client, he/she can share case studies with others in the field. This is often one of the most pragmatic ways for students to learn about therapy issues and a good way for the therapist to gain further understanding about specific therapeutic issues |
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There is often an occurrence of an ethical dilemma, when:
Value systems are in conflict The therapist is practicing without a license The therapist is not competent The therapist is not certified |
Value systems are in conflict
Since ethical standards are value based, a difference in values could very likely cause an ethical dilemma. |
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Steve, a self-employed contractor, has been seeing a therapist for 5 months. Upon a visit to the therapist's office, he became extremely upset because the therapist had another contractor repairing some structural damage to the outside of the building. Steve told his therapist that he felt hurt that she did not hire him to do the job. Ethically, the therapist behaved the right way as hiring Steve would have been a violation of:
Accepting gifts Dual Relationship Bartering Compromising Confidentiality |
Dual Relationship
If the therapist would have hired Steve, then she would have been guilty of a dual relationship. Therapists should explain to clients that the client's treatment should be their total focus in the relationship, and that should a dual relationship exist, it would undermine the strength of the client-therapist relationship. A therapist could further explain that by keeping their relationship strictly a therapeutic one, it puts value and importance to the quality of the relationship and the work being done within it |
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It is necessary to obtain informed consent prior to giving out a data about a patient. Which of the following statements is MOST correct regarding this issue?
You must obtain informed consent from your patient in most situations, but not in all situations You must always have informed consent from your patient If you are going to consult with a colleague, you must have informed consent from your patient If a significant other requests information about your patient, you may release it without informed consent |
You must obtain informed consent from your patient in most situations, but not in all situations
The reality of providing information to patients so that they can make "informed " decisions is extremely complex. It is often difficult to determine in advance what information will be needed by a particular client. On the whole, it is probably better to give too much rather than too little information. However, there are times when a client may not be in the position to make an informed judgment. Examples of this include: legal constraints, disabling mental status, youth, time pressures, and emergencies. Consent may also be limited because of judgment by the professional that the risks of harming the patient through disclosure of information may outweigh the benefits to be gained by involving the patient in a particular decision. |
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The ability to make this type of decision is referred to as "power":
Formulating a null hypothesis Throwing out a true null hypothesis Keeping a false null hypothesis Dismissing a false null hypothesis |
Dismissing a false null hypothesis
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Standard deviation is defined as the square root of the:
Variance Sum of the mean Mean Mode |
Variance
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You are not getting paid for mileage to travel to six group homes where you do therapy for a local agency. To save the most amount of your own hard-earned cash, you might want to consider:
Permutations Two-tailed test Statistical regression Time-series design |
Permutations
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Individuals from minority groups are most likely to be attracted to a counseling model that is a:
Short-term, problem-solving approach Long-term, client-centered approach None of these would be effective Psychoanalytic therapy approach |
Short-term, problem-solving approach
Research has suggested that members of minority cultures are much more inclined to prefer brief, short-term problem-solving approach to therapy. One reason for this may be the economic factor. Minority clients tend to be more pragmatic in terms of their needs and preferences. |
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A developmental grouping that has appeared recently in large numbers in the United States is:
Substandard living conditions Larger families Older adults One-parent families |
One-parent families
The correct answer: One-parent families In 1996, 7.8 percent of women aged 15 years and over were sole parents with dependent children. This compares with 5.8 percent in 1986 and 7.0 percent in 1991. Women made up 84.8 percent of all sole parents in 1996, a figure which had changed little over the preceding decade. In 1996, the majority of female sole parents were aged between 25 and 39. Despite the stereotypical image of sole mothers as young women, just 16.5 percent of female sole parents were aged under 25 years. |
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As applied to professional licensure of counselors, the term "reciprocity" means that:
certification is synonymous with licensure one licensing agency agrees to accept the licensing standards of another as sufficient for its own a licensed counselor may legally perform the functions of a licensed psychologist graduation from a fully accredited counselor education program automatically constitutes eligibility for licensure |
one licensing agency agrees to accept the licensing standards of another as sufficient for its own
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In attempting to understand the life perspectives and characteristics of their clients, some counselors use Kohlberg's theory of moral development as a theoretical framework. These counselors know that Kohlberg's theory includes three progressive levels culminating in
self-actualization, wherein the individual is fully humanistic principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of standards of behavior androgyny, wherein the individual exhibits both male and female stereotypic behaviors personhood, wherein the individual is free from moral dilemmas |
principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of standards of behavior
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A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?
Variable Interval Fixed Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Ratio |
Variable Ratio
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Research on the development of a person in a so-called "humanistic life outlook" has shown that it is facilitated by:
diverse interpersonal interactions formal educational experiences observational learning experiences All of the Above |
All of the Above
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When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn participate in "assertiveness training," initially they experience uncertainty and self-doubt. Counselors refer to this social psychological concept as:
acculturation individuation dissociation cognitive dissonance |
cognitive dissonance
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"Men (used here to mean all people) are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them." This quote, attributable to Epictetus, most closely describes the counseling theory developed by:
Freud Carkhuff Rogers Ellis |
Ellis
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The concept of "career maturity" has been described and researched most extensively by:
Crites Ginzberg Tiedeman Hoyt |
Crites
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A counselor who structures a career counseling group to help group members understand a "fields and levels" approach to careers is following the theory of:
Tiedeman Super Holland Roe |
Roe
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In the context of group counseling, members that are high in conformity also tend to be high in:
Authoritarianism Independence Superiority Intelligence |
Authoritarianism
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Counselors know that groups are formed for different purposes. For example, in some groups the primary goal is to yield some specified outcome, or "product," while in others the primary goal is to focus on the "process" of interaction within the group. Which of the following types of groups is more product than process oriented?
Transactional-analysis Adlerian Behavioral Client Centered |
Behavioral
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The counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the client's emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction is known as:
Systematic Desensitization Paradoxical Intention Confrontation Reconfiguration |
Paradoxical Intention
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In attempting to understand the life perspectives and characteristics of their clients, some counselors use Kohlberg's theory of moral development as a theoretical framework. These counselors know that Kohlberg's theory includes three progressive levels culminating in
self-actualization, wherein the individual is fully humanistic principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of standards of behavior androgyny, wherein the individual exhibits both male and female stereotypic behaviors personhood, wherein the individual is free from moral dilemmas |
principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of standards of behavior
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A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?
Variable Interval Fixed Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Ratio |
Variable Ratio
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Research on the development of a person in a so-called "humanistic life outlook" has shown that it is facilitated by:
diverse interpersonal interactions formal educational experiences observational learning experiences All of the Above |
All of the Above
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When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn participate in "assertiveness training," initially they experience uncertainty and self-doubt. Counselors refer to this social psychological concept as:
acculturation individuation dissociation cognitive dissonance |
cognitive dissonance
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"Men (used here to mean all people) are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them." This quote, attributable to Epictetus, most closely describes the counseling theory developed by:
Freud Carkhuff Rogers Ellis |
Ellis
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Person A and Person B both took the same test. Person A got a score of 100 while Person B got a score of 75. In order for a counselor to determine whether the difference between their scores was because of "chance," the counselor would need to know which of the following characteristics of the test:
Standard Deviation Standard Error of the Mean Standard Error of Measurement Mean |
standard error of measurement
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A person got a score of 85 on a norm-referenced test. This means that the person:
answered 83 questions correctly mastered 85% of the material covered in the test achieved a score of better than 83% of those taking the test insufficient information |
insufficient info
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A counselor conducted a study intended to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing group career counseling on the vocational maturity of high school sophomores. The study was begun in September and continued until June. This study is particularly susceptible to which of the following threats to the validity of an experiment?
Multiple treatment interference Reactive effects of experimentation Maturation Regression |
maturation
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A counselor designs a study where two experimental groups and one control group complete pre- and post-experiment measures of self-concept. The subjects were not randomly assigned to the groups because of scheduling problems. Which of the following techniques is MOST appropriate for analyzing the resultant data?
Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test Analysis of variance Correlated t-tests Analysis of covariance |
analysis of covariance
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covariance=not randomly assigned
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You have been providing career counseling to a client who is seeking employment. Concurrent with the counseling, and with your knowledge, the client has made application for employment with several employers. A potential employer calls you and asks for your opinion as to your client's suitability for the employer's job opening. Under which of the following conditions are you free; i.e., not in violation of professional ethics, to provide the information requested?
When in your best judgment you believe the information would enhance the client's chances for getting the job When you are certain that the information you would provide would assure that the client would get the job None of the Above When it is clear that the client will not get the job unless the information is given |
None of the above
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The concept of "career maturity" has been described and researched most extensively by:
Crites Ginzberg Tiedeman Hoyt |
Crites
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A counselor who structures a career counseling group to help group members understand a "fields and levels" approach to careers is following the theory of:
Tiedeman Super Holland Roe |
Roe
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In the context of group counseling, members that are high in conformity also tend to be high in:
Authoritarianism Independence Superiority Intelligence |
Authoritarianism
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Counselors know that groups are formed for different purposes. For example, in some groups the primary goal is to yield some specified outcome, or "product," while in others the primary goal is to focus on the "process" of interaction within the group. Which of the following types of groups is more product than process oriented?
Transactional-analysis Adlerian Behavioral Client Centered |
Behavioral
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The counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the client's emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction is known as:
Systematic Desensitization Paradoxical Intention Confrontation Reconfiguration |
Paradoxical Intention
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
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Level I-preconventional
-moral behavior guided by consequences Level II-conventional -desire to live up to society's expectations and a desire to conform Level III-postconventional -moral principals; self imposed morals and ethics |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development extended version
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Level 1. Preconventional Morality
Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this stage children recognize that there is not just one right view. Level II. Conventional Morality Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships. Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order. At stage 4, people want to keep society functioning. Level III. Postconventional Morality Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights. |
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Adlerian
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social forces have greater impact on behavior than biological forces
consciousness is the center of the personality and social interests a basic feeling of inferiority is the driving force in humans. |
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Adler - Theory of personality
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wholistic - individual is integrated and unified
teleogical - behavior is purposeful self-determining - responsible for own feeling, thoughts and actions |
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Adler goals of therapy
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1. establish positive sense of self esteem
2. challenge faulty assumptions 3. foster and cultivate social interests 4. encourage and motivate toward accomplishing useful goals |
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Super's theory emphasizes how many life stages?
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Five: Growth; Exploration; Establishment; Maintenance; Decline
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Career Maturity
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Crites
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Tiedman and O'Hara
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Proposed a decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment
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John Krumboltz
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Social Learning approach to career choice based on the work of Albert Bandura.
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Behavioristic Model of Career Development (Decision-Making Theory)
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Krumboltz believed that decision making is a skill which can be learned. Krumboltz acknowledged the role of genetics and the environment but focused on what can be changed via learning.
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Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)
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Based on John Holland. Measures interests, not abilities of people. Test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests.
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Existential Issues
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In existential therapy, the issues confronted are the meaning of life, freedom and responsibility, anxiety as a condition of life, isolation, death and nonbeing. Existentialism is predicated on the assumption that we are free to choose and therefore we are responsible for our choices. This leads to anxiety, which can be an impetus for change and growth. Existentialism notes that it is through our recognition of death that we find meaning in life.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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Physiological Needs
These are biological needs. They consist of needs for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological ones would come first in the person's search for satisfaction. Safety Needs When all physiological needs are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviors, the needs for security can become active. Adults have little awareness of their security needs except in times of emergency or periods of disorganization in the social structure (such as widespread rioting). Children often display the signs of insecurity and the need to be safe. Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness When the needs for safety and for physiological well-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for love, affection and belongingness can emerge. Maslow states that people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. This involves both giving and receiving love, affection and the sense of belonging. Needs for Esteem When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become dominant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person gets from others. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from others. When these needs are satisfied, the person feels self-confident and valuable as a person in the world. When these needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless. Needs for Self-Actualization When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self-actualization as a person's need to be and do that which the person was "born to do." "A musician must make music, an artist must paint, and a poet must write." These needs make themselves felt in signs of restlessness. The person feels on edge, tense, lacking something, in short, restless. If a person is hungry, unsafe, not loved or accepted, or lacking self-esteem, it is very easy to know what the person is restless about. It is not always clear what a person wants when there is a need for self-actualization. |
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What is Adler credited with creating?
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Individual psychology.
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What is Jung credited with creating?
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Analytic psychology.
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Who was Rollo May?
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He was a prime mover in the existential counseling movement.
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Who was Eric Berne?
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He is credited with creating Transactional Analysis.
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What three ego states are posited in Transactional Analysis?
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The Child, the Adult, and the Parent.
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What is systematic desensitization?
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It is useful when trying to weaken (desensitize) a client's response to an anxiety-producing stimuli.
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What is a Type II error?
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Also called a beta error. It means that a researcher has accepted a null hypothesis (i.e., that there is no difference between an experimental group and a group not receiving any experimental treatment) when it is false.
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Who was Wolfgang Kohler?
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A gestalt psychologist equated with the term "insight." He studied chimps and apes on the Canary Islands and wrote the 1925 book "The Mentality of Apes.
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What are the three types of learning?
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Reinforcement (operant conditioning), association (classical conditioning), and insight.
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With whom are the terms "introversion" and "extroversion" associated with?
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Carl Jung
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What is the MBTI?
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. It is said to be the most widely used measure of personality preferences and dispositions. This measure can be used to assess upper elementary children, aged 12 and over, all the way through adulthood and yields a four-letter cods, or "type," based on four bi-polar scales. Associated with Carl Jung
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What are paradoxical techniques?
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Jung used paradoxical techniques. They are associated with the work of Victor Frankl. These strategies often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in maladaptive behavior. These interventions are often the direct antithesis of common sense directives.
Family therapists, Jay Haley and Milton H. Erickson, use this technique to reduce a family's resistance to change. |
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What are the four bi-polar scales of the MBTI?
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Introversion/Extroversion, Intuition/Sensing (i.e., current perception), Thinking/Feeling (i.e., future abstractions and possibilities), Judging/Perceiving (i.e., observing events)
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With what is Ivan Pavlov associated with?
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Classical conditioning.
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What is instrumental learning?
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Operant conditioning.
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With what is B. F. Skinner associated with?
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Operant conditioning.
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Who is William Glasser, MD?
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He is the father of Reality Therapy.
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What is extinction?
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It occurs when the CS is "not" reinforced via the US. Most experts believe that the CR is not eliminated, but suppressed, or what is generally called "inhibited." If the target is given a rest, the CR will sometimes reappear, although it will be weaker, a phenomena often called "spontaneous recovery." In operant conditioning, this connotes that reinforcement is withheld and eventually the behavior will be extinguished (eliminated). Ignoring is often a common method of extinction.
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Whose principles are behavior modification strategies based heavily on?
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Skinnerian principles (instrumental, operant conditioning)
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Whose principles are behavior therapy based heavily on?
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Pavlovian principles (classical, respondent conditioning)
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Who was John Grinder?
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He created Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) with John Bandler.
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Who is Robert Carkhuff?
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He is known for his creation of a five-point scale intended to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect. The scale runs from 1 (poorest) to 5 (desirable).
Rogerian |
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What does the term "fixed" mean with regard to reinforcement schedules?
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It implies that the reinforcement always takes place after a fixed time or number of responses.
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What does the term "variable" mean with regard to reinforcement schedules?
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It implies that an average number of responses or time may be used.
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What is the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish?
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Variable ratio.
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What is the most ineffective intermittent schedule?
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Fixed interval.
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Who was Andrew Salter?
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He is credited with conditioned reflex therapy.
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Who is Francine Shapiro?
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She is credited with developing EMDR.
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Who is Robert R. Carkhuff?
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He suggested a "scale for measurement" in regard to "empathic understanding in interpersonal processes." Level 1: Not attending or detracting significantly from the client's verbal and behavioral expressions; Level 2: Subtracts noticeable affect from the communication; Level 3: Feelings expressed by the client are basically interchangeable with the client's meaning and affect; Level 4: Counselor adds noticeably to the client's affect; Level 5: Counselor adds significantly to the client's feeling, meaning, even in the client's deepest moments. He wrote "Helping and Human Relations" in 1969. Rogerian
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What is logotherapy?
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Healing through meaning. paradoxical intention is implemented by advising the client to purposely exaggerate a dysfunctional behavior in imagination. For example, a person with OCD might be instructed to wash his or her hands 51 times per day instead of the usual 45 times.
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What do existentialists primarily focus on?
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They focus on the client's perception in the here and now. The focus is on what the person can ultimately become. The present and even the future are emphasized. The key to change is seen as self-determination.
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Who is Fritz Perls?
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The father of Gestalt therapy.
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What do existential counselors emphasize?
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They emphasize free choice, decision, and will.
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What role does the reality therapist used with the client?
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The role of a friend who asks what is wrong. Unlike the detached psychoanalyst, the reality therapist literally makes friends with the client. This is the first of eight steps utilized in this model. Step 7 is refusing to use punishment.
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Who is the father of Rational-Behavior Therapy?
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Maxie c. Maultsby, Jr.
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Who is Donald Meichenbaum?
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He is a cognitive therapist most closely associated with his concept of stress inoculation. His approach was termed "Self-Instructional Therapy."
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What is Transactional Analysis?
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Eric Berne-With its focus on transactions, TA shifted its attention from internal psychological dynamics to the dynamics contained in people's interactions. Rather than believing that increasing awareness of the contents of unconsciously held ideas was the therapeutic path, TA concentrated on the content of people's interactions with each other. Changing these interactions was TA's path to solving emotional problems.
the most important aspects of TA: the contract - an agreement entered into by both client and therapist to pursue specific changes that the client desires. Also looks at "games", "ego states". "strokes-warm fuzzies", "life scripts" |
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What are the principles of Bandler and Grinder's Neurolinguistic Programming?
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# The map is not the territory[32]
# Life and mind are systemic processes[33] # Behind every behavior there is a positive intention. Even a seemingly negative thought or behavior has a positive function at some level or in some other context.[34] (presupposition) # There is no failure, only feedback. (presupposition) # The meaning of the communication is the response it produces, not the intended communication. (presupposition) # One cannot not communicate: Every behaviour is a kind of communication. Because behaviour does not have a counterpart (there is no anti-behaviour), it is not possible not to communicate.[35] # Choice is better than no choice. An idea from cybernetics that holds the most flexible element in a system will have the most influence or choice in that system.[33] # People already have all the internal resources they need to succeed. (presupposition) # Multiple descriptions are better than one[ |
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What is anchoring?
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The counselor uses this technique to evoke an emotional state via an outside stimulus such as a touch or a sound or a specific bodily motion. This is similar to classical conditioning or the concept of a posthypnotic suggestion. A client with a phobia of cats, for example, might squeeze his left arm when he came in contact with a cat and this would bring out an emotion other than fear.
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What are the three most common principles relating to gestalt psychology?
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1) insight learning; 2) motivated people tend to experience tension due to unfinished tasks, and thus they recall unfinished activities better. Thus, if you sincerely care about the outcome of a task, you will have better recall of that task if it remains incomplete than if finished; 3) the illusion of movement can be achieved via two or more stimuli which are not moving, such as a neon sign which has a moving arrow.
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How does Berne view man?
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Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script.
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How does Freud view man?
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He views man as deterministic and believes people are controlled by biological instincts. People are unsocialized, irrational, and driven by unconscious forces.
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How does Ellis view man?
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He feels that people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently.
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How does Perls view man?
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He feels that people are not bad or good, but have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole." People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.
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How does Glasser view man?
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He feels that individuals must strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. The brain as a control system tries to meet needs.
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How does Adler view man?
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He feels that man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.`
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How does Jung view man?
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He feels that man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment.
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How does Skinner view man?
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He feels that humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom.
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How does Bandura view man?
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He feels that the person produces and is a product of conditioning.
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How does Frankl view man?
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He feels that the existential view of man is that humans are good, rational, and refrain from freedom of choice.
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How does Williamson view man?
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He feels that through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive.
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With what therapy is Bandura credited with?
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He is credited with Neo-behavioristic therapy.
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With what therapy is Frankl credited with?
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Logotherapy
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With what therapy is Williamson credited with?
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He is credited with Trait-factor therapy. used in career and occupational counseling.
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The basic ethical principles are based on Kitchner’s (1984) ethical decision making model.
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: identify the problem, clarify the conflict, identify the ethical principle, clarify the participants, review, consult (and consult and consult), consider possible actions, chose an action, review the original process and the outcome of such action
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APA Ethical Principles
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Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility Principle C: Integrity Principle D: Justice Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity |
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Neurolinguistic Programming techniques
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*reframing
*rapport *anchoring-Anchoring is the process by which a particular state or response is associated (anchored) with a unique anchor. An anchor is most often a gesture, voice tone or touch but could be any unique visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory or gustatory stimulus. (imported from Satir) *swish-a novel visualization technique for reducing unwanted habits. *6-step reframe *ecology and congruence *parts integration |
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