Nbeo Part 1 - 1001 Facts

Front 1

What occurs at the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 1

Protein systhesis

Front 2

What packages material into membrane bound vesicles

Back 2

Golgi

Front 3

Most digestion and absorption in

Back 3

Small intestine

Front 4

In the small intestine, what part digests the most

Back 4

Duodenum

Front 5

In the small intestine, what part absorbs the most

Back 5

Jejunum and Ileum

Front 6

Consist of the protein actin and interacts with myosin

Back 6

Microfilaments

Front 7

Protein fibers that have a load bearing function i.e. Keratin

Back 7

Intermediate filament

Front 8

Most conspicuous cytoskeleton component, composed of protein tubulin

Back 8

Microtubules

Front 9

An amino acid is distinguished by what side chain

Back 9

R-group

Front 10

The AA sequence of its polypepitide chain is the result in a

Back 10

Primary Polypeptide Structure

Front 11

The Secondary structure of protein organization includes

Back 11

Alpha-helix & Beta-Pleated sheet

Front 12

The Tertiary structure of protein organization includes

Back 12

Folded Alpha-Helix & Beta-Pleated sheet (3-D) Spatial arrange of protein

Front 13

The Quaternary structure of protein organization includes

Back 13

subunits

Front 14

Protein classes determined by being soluble or insoluble

Back 14

Globular & Fiberous respectivity

Front 15

Proteins produced by B-lymphocytes. Which mature in the bone marrow?

Back 15

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Front 16

Which Ig is found predominantly in intestinal tract, saliva, sweat, & tears

Back 16

IgA

Front 17

Which Ig is present in the blood in very small amounts whose function is unknown

Back 17

IgD

Front 18

Which Ig is present in the blood in minute amounts & implicated in allergic reaction

Back 18

IgE

Front 19

What is the most common Ig, equally disturbed between the blood & interstital fluid

Back 19

IgG

Front 20

What is the only Ig to cross the placenta

Back 20

IgG

Front 21

Most effective Ig when it comes to invading organisms

Back 21

IgM

Front 22

The first Ig to be secreted in response to an antigen

Back 22

IgM

Front 23

2 identical heavy & light chains of an antibody are held together by

Back 23

Disulfide bonds & noncovalent interactions

Front 24

2 identical Fab fragments of Ab form the

Back 24

Arms

Front 25

1 Fc region of the Ab forms the

Back 25

Trunk

Front 26

Ig that can exist as a monomer, dimer or trimer

Back 26

IgA

Front 27

Major strees bearing component of connective tissue i.e. bone, teeth, tendon

Back 27

Collagen

Front 28

Defects in covalently cross linked collagen is responsible for disease such as

Back 28

Ehlers danlos, Marfans, Osteogen-Impediment

Front 29

Competes directly with a substrate for an enzymatic binding site

Back 29

Competitive Inhibitor

Front 30

Binds directly to the enzyme-substrate complex but not the free enzyme

Back 30

Uncompetitive Inhibitor

Front 31

Enzyme that destroys bacterial walls by hydrolyzing links of NAM & NAG

Back 31

Lysozyme

Front 32

Rxn that requires work/energy

Back 32

Endergonic

Front 33

Rxn that produces work/energy

Back 33

Exergonic

Front 34

ATP is an energy rich nucleotide because its triphosphate unit contains what

Back 34

2 phosphoanhydride bonds

Front 35

Reduced form of NAD and FAD

Back 35

NADH & FADH

Front 36

A set of reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate

Back 36

Glycolysis

Front 37

It is the prelude to the TCA and all rxn's in the Cytosol

Back 37

Glycolysis

Front 38

Formation of 2 pyruvate molecules from 1 glucose molecule produces

Back 38

2 ATP's

Front 39

Net products from glycolysis are

Back 39

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH

Front 40

What molecule enters the TCA

Back 40

Acetyl CoA

Front 41

One turn of the TCA yields (multiple by 2 for complete cycle)

Back 41

3 NADH2, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 ATP

Front 42

Converts pyruvate to glucose in the liver

Back 42

Gluconeogenesis

Front 43

When breaking down fat for energy shortage of oxaloacetate for Acetyl CoA

Back 43

Extra Acetyl CoA leads to Ketone body

Front 44

Precursor to all steroid hormones

Back 44

Pregnenolone

Front 45

Bonds that hold together Guanine & Cytosine

Back 45

3 H-bonds

Front 46

Bonds that hold together Adenine & Thymine

Back 46

2 H-bonds

Front 47

Cytosine, Uracil & Thymine are

Back 47

Pyrimadines

Front 48

Adensine, Guanine & Uric acid are

Back 48

Purines

Front 49

The coding region of DNA is called

Back 49

Exons

Front 50

The coding region that is cut from the original genome

Back 50

Introns

Front 51

Double stranded DNA, Equal mass of Histones & a small amount of RNA

Back 51

All contained in Chromatin

Front 52

DNA is supercoiled in a left handed helix over the structure of a histone

Back 52

In nucleosomes (subunit of chromatin)

Front 53

In RNA, which pyrimadine replaces DNA's thymine

Back 53

Uracil

Front 54

DNA & RNA exist as what type of helical molecules

Back 54

Double & Single stranded respectivity

Front 55

Enzyme responsible for sealing up Okazaki fragments into newly formed DNA

Back 55

Ligase

Front 56

Enzyme responsible for unzipping 2 stranded DNA so that replication can begin

Back 56

Helicase

Front 57

Group of hormones that require secondary messengers to produce changes

Back 57

Group II hormones

Front 58

Capable of causing cancer

Back 58

Oncogenes

Front 59

Involves the change in structure of an oncogene but not necessarily the amount

Back 59

Single-point mutation

Front 60

Ig's differ from each other by

Back 60

Size, charge, AA component & Carb. Content

Front 61

Digested food moelcules absorbed into bloodstream from intestines pass

Back 61

Directly to the liver by hepatic portal vein

Front 62

Fuel is abundant fatty acids that are synthesized, esterified, & sent from the liver to

Back 62

Adipose tissue in the form of LDL

Front 63

Building blocks for proetins, precursors for hormones, & oxidation of carbohydrate skeleton

Back 63

Amino acids

Front 64

Number one protein priority in the body

Back 64

Blood

Front 65

Major source of biological energy

Back 65

Carbohydrates

Front 66

Nourishes the brain, nervous system, & fuel for energy

Back 66

Carbohydrates

Front 67

Simple sugars that have no nutrional value on their own

Back 67

Simple Carbohdrates

Front 68

Found in grains, legumes, fruits & vegetables - excellent source of energy

Back 68

Complex Carbohydrates

Front 69

How many types of Amino acids

Back 69

23 or 20

Front 70

which organ converts saturated fat into cholesterol

Back 70

Liver

Front 71

Organic micronutrients required only in milli or micro quantities

Back 71

Vitamins

Front 72

Beri-beri is neurological disorder cause by

Back 72

Thiamine deficiency

Front 73

Scurvy is caused by

Back 73

Vitamin C deficiency

Front 74

Fat soluble vitamins

Back 74

Vitamin A,D,E

Front 75

Vitamins that act as anti-oxidants

Back 75

Vitamin A,C,E & Selenium

Front 76

Inorganic micronutrients

Back 76

Minerals - Ca, P, Mg, Iron, Zinc

Front 77

pH=7 exponentially means

Back 77

10 to the (-7)

Front 78

pH=1

Back 78

Very acidic

Front 79

pH=14

Back 79

Very basic

Front 80

pKA=14 equals a pH of

Back 80

pH=1

Front 81

Transplanting from one part of the body to another

Back 81

Autograft

Front 82

Transplanting from one identical twin to another

Back 82

Isograft

Front 83

Transplanting from genetically different individual to another of the same species

Back 83

Allograft

Front 84

Blood type A can receive/donate to which types

Back 84

A & O / A & AB

Front 85

Blood type B can receive/donate to which types

Back 85

B & O / B & AB

Front 86

Blood type AB can receive/donate to which types

Back 86

AB, A, B, & O / AB only

Front 87

Blood type O can receive/donate to which types

Back 87

O only / O, AB, A & B

Front 88

If a molecule inhibits activity of an enzyme by binding to active site, it is

Back 88

Competitive inhibitor

Front 89

Rate limiting step in the production of cholesterol produces what?

Back 89

HMG CoA

Front 90

ATP is what type of structure?

Back 90

Nucleotide

Front 91

Protein coat of a virus

Back 91

Capsid

Front 92

Enzyme in HIV virus that can convert RNA to DNA

Back 92

Reverse transcriptase

Front 93

The primary structure of a protein is

Back 93

Amino acid sequence

Front 94

The pentose shunt pathway produces

Back 94

NADPH

Front 95

A protein being made from RNA is called

Back 95

Translation

Front 96

Increased concentratin of what ion in the extracellular space of the cell has the greatest effect on the membrane potential

Back 96

K+

Front 97

Visual acuity at birth

Back 97

20/200

Front 98

Visual acuity at 6 months

Back 98

20/20

Front 99

Stereopsis begins to develop at

Back 99

3-6 months

Front 100

Contrast sensitivity peaks at

Back 100

18-39 years

Front 101

Accommodation is present at birth, but becomes useful at

Back 101

4 months

Front 102

Color vision is appreciate at

Back 102

2 months

Front 103

Refractive error at birth

Back 103

+2.00 D

Front 104

Refractive error at 1 year old

Back 104

+1.00 D

Front 105

Premature refractive error

Back 105

-0.50 D

Front 106

Pupillary light reation

Back 106

1 month

Front 107

Horizontal conjugate gaze

Back 107

Birth

Front 108

Vertical conjugate gaze

Back 108

2 months

Front 109

Ocular alignment

Back 109

1 month

Front 110

Fusional convergence

Back 110

6 months

Front 111

Baby pupillary light reflex

Back 111

2 months

Front 112

Fixation

Back 112

1 month

Front 113

Baby walk

Back 113

12-15 months

Front 114

Baby sits up unsupported when

Back 114

6-8 months

Front 115

Full term baby had what refractive error

Back 115

Less than or equal to +2.50

Front 116

With increased age, there CSF loss in

Back 116

High spatial frequencies

Front 117

With increased age, astigmatism changes to

Back 117

Against the rule

Front 118

What is the easiest for a child to draw

Back 118

Circle

Front 119

What immunoglobulin passes the placenta

Back 119

IgG

Front 120

What immunoglobulin is a pentamer

Back 120

IgM

Front 121

What immunoglobulin is an atopic reactions

Back 121

IgE

Front 122

First cell to get a bacterial infection

Back 122

Neutrophil

Front 123

Thymic cells become what

Back 123

Helper T cells

Front 124

Neutrophils, Monocytes, and Macrophages are all considered

Back 124

Phagocytes

Front 125

Lysozyme breaks down

Back 125

Gram Negative

Front 126

Tuberculosis is an example of what type of hypersensitivty reaction

Back 126

Type IV

Front 127

What determines the type of Ig

Back 127

Heavy chain

Front 128

Hypervariable region on both heavy and light chains

Back 128

Fc

Front 129

Lymphocytes, Macropahges, and Plasma cells are present in

Back 129

Chronic Inflammation

Front 130

Markers for T-cells

Back 130

CD-4(60%) and CD-8(40%)

Front 131

Natural Killer Cell Marker

Back 131

CD-16

Front 132

Humoral immunity contains

Back 132

T4-cells and MHC II

Front 133

Cellular immunity contains

Back 133

T8-cells and MHC I

Front 134

HLA (major histocompatability antigen) is T-cell mediated and

Back 134

Rejects transplants

Front 135

Natural killer cells fight against

Back 135

Cancer

Front 136

Most common antibody (75%) that crosses the placenta

Back 136

IgG

Front 137

Immunoglobulins in tears

Back 137

IgA, IgG, IgE

Front 138

Activator of primary immune system

Back 138

IgD

Front 139

Ig in allergic responses/histamine

Back 139

IgE

Front 140

There are 5 different classes of Ig which are differentiated by

Back 140

Variability of H chains

Front 141

The antigen binds to what part of the immunoglobulin

Back 141

FAB portion

Front 142

4 polypeptide chains (2 Heavy & 2 Light) held together by disulfide bonds is

Back 142

Antibody

Front 143

Monocytes turn into

Back 143

Huge Macrophages

Front 144

Cells that have Fc receptor for Ab and destroy Ag is Ag-Ab complex is form

Back 144

Natural Killer Cells (usually IgG)

Front 145

Mast cells have surface receptors that will fit

Back 145

IgE

Front 146

Only immunoglobulins to activate complement

Back 146

IgG3 and IgM

Front 147

Most B cells will secrete

Back 147

Antibodies

Front 148

If B cells don't secrete antibodies, they become a subset called

Back 148

Memory cells

Front 149

Cells that have capacity for accelerated immune response upon 2nd exposure to an Antigen

Back 149

Memory cells

Front 150

Cell mediated immunity (CMI)

Back 150

T-cells

Front 151

A macropahge must process and present foreign body on its cells surface to a Lymphocyte

Back 151

For activation of T-cell in CMI

Front 152

Histamine, Kinins, Complement, and Interferon are all part of this group

Back 152

Secondary defense - Non-specific response

Front 153

Speeds the release of other agents via vasodilation and capillary permeability

Back 153

Histamine

Front 154

Attract phagocytes, vasodilates, and stimulates capillary permeability

Back 154

Kinins

Front 155

20 Plasma proteins that speed phagocytosis and kill bacteria via lysis

Back 155

Complement

Front 156

Complement recognition site on a phagocyte

Back 156

C3b

Front 157

Blocks viral protein synthesis and viral entry

Back 157

Interferon

Front 158

Secondary defense - Non-specific cellular includes

Back 158

Phagocytes, Basophils, and NK cells

Front 159

Engulf bacteria - 3 types Eosinophils, Neutrophils, and Monocytes

Back 159

Phagocytes

Front 160

Kills worm larvae

Back 160

Basophils

Front 161

Attack cancer cells

Back 161

NK cells

Front 162

Phagocytes and bacteria lock together via C3b receptors

Back 162

Opsonization

Front 163

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils and Lymphocytes are all considered

Back 163

White Blood cells

Front 164

Both red blood cells and white blood cells are produced here

Back 164

Red bone marrow - Red pulp

Front 165

Remains of phagocytes can be observed in the form of

Back 165

Pus

Front 166

Weakly phagocytic, attacks and kills paracytic worms

Back 166

Eosinophils

Front 167

First cell to site of invasion and in large numbers

Back 167

Neutrophils

Front 168

Grow into huge macrophages

Back 168

Monocytes

Front 169

Originates as sub-populations of certain lymphocytes, attack and kill cancer cells

Back 169

Natural Killer cells

Front 170

Attack and kill cells harboring viruses

Back 170

Natural Killer cells

Front 171

Only attack the body's own diseased cells

Back 171

Natural Killer cells

Front 172

Primary Lymphoid tissue

Back 172

Thymus and Red Bone Marrow

Front 173

Secondary Lymphoid tissue

Back 173

Nodes, Tonsils, Adennoids, Spleen

Front 174

Where lymphocytes develop and mature

Back 174

Primary Lymph tissue

Front 175

Where lymphocytes begin critical roles of defense

Back 175

Secondary Lymph tissue

Front 176

Differentiates in the thymus

Back 176

T-cells

Front 177

Differentiates in the red bone marrow & fetal liver

Back 177

B-cells

Front 178

In the inactive state, it's hard to tell what two cells apart

Back 178

T-cell from B-cell

Front 179

In the active state, it forms extensive endoplasmic reticulum

Back 179

B-cells

Front 180

In the active state, it forms a large concentration of ribosomes

Back 180

T-cells

Front 181

Make and secrete antibodies (humoral)

Back 181

B-cells specifically Plasma cells

Front 182

Direct attack against diseased body cells, cell-mediated response

Back 182

T-cells

Front 183

Can activate B-cells and moderates & suppresses immune response

Back 183

T-cells

Front 184

Branching ends of enzymes which bind to matching antigen

Back 184

Variable region

Front 185

Same for each antibody of a certain class

Back 185

Constant region

Front 186

Antigen-Antibody binding site

Back 186

Fab portion

Front 187

Phagocyte-Antibody binding site

Back 187

Fc region on Ab-Fc receptor on Phagocyte

Front 188

Transplant rejection is due to

Back 188

MHC same as HLA

Front 189

Acts as a badge for cells to identify them as self

Back 189

MHC I or MHC II

Front 190

Amoung the few cells that bear both MHC I and MHC II surface proteins

Back 190

Macrophage

Front 191

Cell mediated, cytotoxic T-cell

Back 191

MHC I CD8

Front 192

Humoral, Helper T-cells

Back 192

MHC II CD4

Front 193

Stimulate T-cell cloning and Activate B-cells

Back 193

Helper T cells

Front 194

Plasma cells and Memory B-cells come from

Back 194

B-cells

Front 195

Messenger that stimulates cell proliferation and clones of T-cells

Back 195

Interleukin-1

Front 196

Identify, attacks, and kills infected cells bearing the antigen that brought its response

Back 196

Arousal - Cytotoxic T-cell, other are Memory cells

Front 197

Natural Killer cells can be activated via

Back 197

Interleukin-2

Front 198

This immunoglobulin has a secretory components and is secreted from the lacrimal gland

Back 198

IgA

Front 199

Antigen binds to which part of the immunoglobulin>

Back 199

Variable region of heavy and light chains

Front 200

What vitamin reduces the oxidation of membranes

Back 200

Vitamin E

Front 201

Hardest place to pick up precancerous cell growth

Back 201

Pancreas

Front 202

This cell kills virally infected cells

Back 202

Natural Killer Cells

Front 203

Immunoglobulin with the lowest concentration in blood

Back 203

IgE

Front 204

Proto-oncogenes are able to produce

Back 204

Growth factors

Front 205

Corresponding muscles of each eye receive equal innervation

Back 205

Hering's Law of Equal innervation

Front 206

Whenever an agonist receives inner to contract, antagonist receives equivalent to relax

Back 206

Sherrington's Law of Reciprocal innervation

Front 207

For times less than critical duration (100ms), Change in Luminance x t = Constant

Back 207

Bloch's Law

Front 208

Absolute intensity of both test and background are unimportant as long as constant

Back 208

Weber's Law

Front 209

Large stimulus is more easily seen than a small one

Back 209

Spatial summation

Front 210

A static stimulus presented for 20ms is more easily seen than one present for 10ms

Back 210

Temporal summation

Front 211

Antibiotic susceptibility testing is done to

Back 211

Test for resistance of bacteria

Front 212

What stain is used for Mycobacteria

Back 212

Acid fast

Front 213

Fungi produce what in their body

Back 213

Hyphae and Spores

Front 214

DNA virus & double stranded

Back 214

Herpes

Front 215

RNA retro-virus & single stranded

Back 215

AIDS

Front 216

PPP substrate

Back 216

NADPH

Front 217

DNA is held together by what type of bonds

Back 217

Phosphodiester bonds

Front 218

The TCA cycle takes place in

Back 218

Mitochondrial matrix

Front 219

Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione, and Vitamin E

Back 219

Antioxidants

Front 220

Diagnosis for TB includes Tuberculin, Chest X-ray, and

Back 220

Exam Sputum for acid fast bacteria

Front 221

Nuclear membrane present

Back 221

Eukaryotic cell, not in Prokaryotes

Front 222

Golgi, ER, Lysosymes, and Peroxisomes present

Back 222

Eukaryotic cell, not in Prokaryotes

Front 223

Mitochondria present

Back 223

Eukaryotic cell, not in Prokaryotes

Front 224

In Prokaryotic cell, what serves the same purpose as the Mitochondria in Eurkaryotes

Back 224

Plasma membrane

Front 225

Cell wall present

Back 225

Prokaryotic cell

Front 226

Algae, Protozoa, anf Fungi are

Back 226

Eukaryotes

Front 227

Bacteria are

Back 227

Prokaryotes

Front 228

Multiple chromosomes composed of nucleic acid

Back 228

Eukaryotic cell

Front 229

Single chromosome composed of nuclei acid

Back 229

Prokaryotic cell

Front 230

Substance that surrounds bacterial cells, its major function is adherence

Back 230

Glycocalyx - Capsule or slime layer

Front 231

Whip like appendages that propel bacteria

Back 231

Flagella

Front 232

Amphitricious flagella

Back 232

Single flagella at both ends of the cell

Front 233

Has two or more flagella at one or both poles of the cell

Back 233

Lopotrocious flagella

Front 234

Flagella distributed over the entire cell body

Back 234

Peritricious flagella

Front 235

Spirochetes (i.e. Treponema Pallidum) are unique and move in this manner

Back 235

Corkscrew motion - Axial filaments

Front 236

Functions to adhere to surfaces and ionic bacterial cells prior to DNA transfer

Back 236

Pili - helically arranged proteins (hairlike)

Front 237

Main function is to protect the cell from rupturing when Osmotic pressure > Pressure inside cell

Back 237

Cell wall

Front 238

No cell wall

Back 238

Mycoplasm

Front 239

Macromolecular network called peptiodglycan (murein)

Back 239

Cell wall

Front 240

Layers of Peptidoglycan are considerably thicker in

Back 240

Gram Positive

Front 241

Cell walls contain Teichoic acid

Back 241

Gram Positive

Front 242

Stains dark violet or purple

Back 242

Gram Positive

Front 243

Ratio of RNA to DNA in Gram(+) and Gram(-)

Back 243

8:1 in Gram(+) and 1:1 in Gram(-)

Front 244

Suspectibility to pencillin and sulfonamides

Back 244

Gram Positive

Front 245

Stains pink or red

Back 245

Gram Negative

Front 246

Cell wall distruption by lysozyme

Back 246

Gram Positive

Front 247

Degree of pathogencitiy

Back 247

Virulance

Front 248

Increases virulance by impairing phagocytosis

Back 248

Capsule

Front 249

Heat and Acid resistant protein

Back 249

M-protein

Front 250

M-protein can be found in

Back 250

Streptococcus pyogens

Front 251

Have the ability to destroy neutrophils

Back 251

Leukocidines

Front 252

Cause the lysis of red blood cells

Back 252

Hemolysins

Front 253

Clot the fibrinogen in the blood

Back 253

Coagulases

Front 254

Part of the outer portion of the cell wall of most gram(-) bacteria

Back 254

Endotoxins (lipopolysacharides)

Front 255

Proteins secreted by the cell

Back 255

Exotoxins (protein)

Front 256

Bacterial reporoduction

Back 256

Tranverse fission

Front 257

I - Cell elongates, C - Bacterial chromosomes replicate, D - Plasma membrane pinches

Back 257

Cell wall thickens = Bacterial life cycle

Front 258

Cells metabolically active, little or no cell division

Back 258

Lag Phase - Bacteria

Front 259

Exponential growth phase, peak efficiency and activity

Back 259

Log Phase

Front 260

Drugs are most effective in this phase of growth

Back 260

Log Phase

Front 261

Number of deaths = Number of new cells

Back 261

Stationary Phase

Front 262

Dead cells outnumber new cells

Back 262

Death Phase

Front 263

O2 required, free O2 is final acceptor, Substrate-level, and Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 263

Aerobic

Front 264

Aerobic metabolis, creates how many ATP

Back 264

38 ATP's (20X more than Anaerobic)

Front 265

O2 not required, final acceptor is NO3 or SO4, Oxidative Phosphorylation only

Back 265

Anaerboic

Front 266

ATP molecules are produced using anaerobic

Back 266

Variable

Front 267

Can grow with or without oxygen

Back 267

Facultative anaerobe

Front 268

Bacterial mechanism in which genetic material is transferred from one cell to another

Back 268

Conjugation

Front 269

Microbes that cause disease

Back 269

Pathogen

Front 270

Relationship between the normal flora of a healthy person and the person

Back 270

Symbiosis

Front 271

One of the organisms is benefited and the other is unaffected

Back 271

Commensalism

Front 272

Both organisms benefit from the relationship

Back 272

Mutualism

Front 273

One organism benefits at the expense of the other organism

Back 273

Parsitism

Front 274

Normal flora of the skin

Back 274

Staph epidermis and Aureus

Front 275

Normal flora of the respiratory

Back 275

S. Aureus, H. Influenza, N. Meningitis, Strep. Pneuomonie

Front 276

Normal flora of the conjunctiva

Back 276

S. Epidermis, S. Aureus, Diptheria

Front 277

Normal flora of the urinary tract

Back 277

S. Candida, Clostridium, Trichroma

Front 278

Normal flora of the mouth

Back 278

Strep, Staph. Neisseria, Hemopholius Candida

Front 279

Gram(+) Cocci found in grape-like clusters (very resistant to PCN)

Back 279

Staphyococci

Front 280

Causes Toxic Shock, Fetal Pneumonia, Conjunctivitis, Blepharitis, Keratitis, and Hordeolem

Back 280

Staph Aureus

Front 281

Spherical Non-motile gram(+) bacteria that grows in long chains

Back 281

Streptococci

Front 282

Most common species of Strep causing Strep throat

Back 282

Strep Pyogenenes

Front 283

Most common etiological agent in bacteria pneumonia, responsible more mortality

Back 283

Strep. Pneumonia

Front 284

Can lead to Scarlet and Rheumoid Fevers, Meningitis, Otitis Media, and Pneumonia

Back 284

Strep Throst (i.e. Pneumonia)

Front 285

Gram(-), Motile, Aerobic Rod, generally opportunistic

Back 285

Pseudomonas

Front 286

Transmission usually occurs after foreign body removal

Back 286

Pseudomonas

Front 287

If untreated, severe necrosis of the cornea and perforation can occur in 48 hours

Back 287

Pseudomonas

Front 288

Gram(-), Encapsulated, non-motile, Coccobacillus, and causes Pink Eye

Back 288

Haemophilus Influenza

Front 289

Capable of entering uncompromised corneal epithelium

Back 289

Haemophilus Influenza

Front 290

Gram(-), Aerobic, Diplobacillus that can lead to conjunctivitis and Periphery corneal ulcer

Back 290

Moraxella Lacunata

Front 291

Transmission is associated with immunosuppressed individuals, alcoholics, and disabled

Back 291

Moraxella Lacunata

Front 292

Non-motile, Aerobic, Kidney-shaped, Gram(-), Diplococci which causes Hyperacute conjuctivitis

Back 292

Neissaria Gonorrhea

Front 293

Can penetrate an intact cornea

Back 293

Neissaria Gonorrhea

Front 294

The reason silver nitrate is put on neonates after birth

Back 294

Neissaria Gonorrhea

Front 295

Culture on Thayer-Martin medium for diagnosis

Back 295

Neissaria Gonorrhea

Front 296

Anaerobic, motile, helical, or coiled Gram(-) bacteria

Back 296

Spirochetes

Front 297

Responsible for Symphillus

Back 297

Treponema Pallidum -Spirochete

Front 298

Responsible for Lyme Disease

Back 298

Borrella Burgdorferi -Spirochete

Front 299

Characterized by small single, painless, red ulcer (10 days - 3 weeks)

Back 299

Treponema Pallidum - Primary stage

Front 300

Characterized by skin rash, fever, sore throat, conjunctivitis, and hair loss (2-10 weeks)

Back 300

Treponema Pallidum - Secondary stage

Front 301

Presents with neurological problems, optic atrophy, vascular problems, MR possible

Back 301

Treponema Pallidum - Tertiary stage

Front 302

Tests to diagnose Treponema Pallidum include

Back 302

VDRL, FTA-ABS, Immunofluo exam for the flu

Front 303

Aerobic, Gram(+) bacteria that appear fungus-like form, Hyphae and Asexual

Back 303

Actinomycetes

Front 304

Slightly curved or straight aerobic rods that cause TB and Leprosy, Acid-fast

Back 304

Mycobacteria

Front 305

Pathogen invades the peripheral skin and nerve cells and becomes an obligate intracellular parasite

Back 305

Mycobacteria Leprae

Front 306

Gram(-), non-motile, coccoid bacteria which in an obligate intracellular parasite

Back 306

Chlamydia

Front 307

Can grow and reproduce only within the host

Back 307

Obligate intracellular parasite

Front 308

Causes Trachoma and Adulte Inclusion conjunctivitis

Back 308

Chlamydia

Front 309

Stage1 - may be asymmetric, Stage2 - Trachoma with folicles, Stage3-Trichasis, Entropion, Conjuncitiva scarring, Stage4-Post-inflammatory, adult inclusion conjunctivitis, large opalescent follicles in fornacles

Back 309

Stages of Chlamydia

Front 310

Procaryotes that are pleomorphic in shape and are smallest bacteria capable of reproduction

Back 310

Mycoplasma

Front 311

Gram(-) Coccobacilli bacteria, Obligate intracellular parasite

Back 311

Rickettsia

Front 312

Causes Rocky mountain spotted fever

Back 312

Rickettsia

Front 313

Vectors for Rickettsia

Back 313

Fleas, Ticks, Mites, and Lice

Front 314

Lack of cell wall, susceptible to lysis by osmotic shock, most Facultative anaerobes

Back 314

Mycoplasma

Front 315

Lowest concentration of drug that prevents growth of a particular organism

Back 315

Minimal Inhibitory concentration

Front 316

Lowest drug concentration that kills the microorganism

Back 316

Minimal lethal concentration

Front 317

All living cells, viable spores, and viruses are destroyed or removed from habitat

Back 317

Sterilization

Front 318

Must be used to destroy endospores by heating at 121 degrees and 15 lbs of pressure

Back 318

Autoclave

Front 319

Blood agar

Back 319

Bacteria

Front 320

Sabauods

Back 320

Fungi

Front 321

Chocolate agar

Back 321

H. Influenza, Gonorrhea

Front 322

Parietal cells secrete

Back 322

HCl

Front 323

Whole cell intact, secretion through membrane

Back 323

Mesocrine - pancreas, salivary

Front 324

Separating off with cytoplasm, 1/2 of the cell is secreted and 1/2 of the cell stays

Back 324

Apocrine - mammary, sweat glands

Front 325

Entire cell is secreted

Back 325

Holocrine - testes, ovaries

Front 326

Osteoclasts

Back 326

Bone marrow - break down Ca2+

Front 327

Ductless glands secreting into blood

Back 327

Endocrine

Front 328

Secretes into ducts

Back 328

Exocrine

Front 329

Cells stays intact, secretes by exoctosis

Back 329

Merocrine

Front 330

Communication of metabolites and ions

Back 330

Nexus gap junctions

Front 331

Most white blood cells are formed in

Back 331

Agranular lymphocytes

Front 332

Contains red blood cells and white blood cells

Back 332

Red pulp

Front 333

Tuncial media consists of

Back 333

Smooth muscle and elastin

Front 334

Lysosomes are activated by

Back 334

A decrease in pH

Front 335

Exocrine has 3 secreting glands

Back 335

Chief, Parietal, and Mucous

Front 336

Chief cells secrete

Back 336

Pepsinogen

Front 337

Mucous cells secrete

Back 337

Alkaline

Front 338

Least likely mode of transmission of Treponema Pallidum?

Back 338

Respiratory droplets

Front 339

Which test is used to differentiate Staph Aureus from Staph Epidermis

Back 339

Coagulase

Front 340

Diencephalon comes from what embryonic structure?

Back 340

Prosencephalon

Front 341

Cell bodies for movement of hand are located where?

Back 341

Ventral grey

Front 342

What is part of the auditory system?

Back 342

Inferior colliculus

Front 343

CSF has a higher concentration than blood of what

Back 343

Na+

Front 344

Lesion in the brainstem at nucleus 6, if it keeps growing, what is effected first

Back 344

CN VII

Front 345

If you have a hemisection at t12 on the right side, what goes on OS?

Back 345

Loss of pain and temperature

Front 346

What is the biggest nucleus in the cerebellum

Back 346

Dentate nucleus

Front 347

You have loss of hearing on one side, where is the damage

Back 347

Cochlear nucleus

Front 348

Contains 2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi and cerebral punducles

Back 348

Tectum - Midbrain

Front 349

CN - IV has afferent connections to vestibular nuclei via

Back 349

MLF

Front 350

Red nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, Substantia Nigra, ML, LL, MLF, ST, ST

Back 350

Level of Superior Colliculus - Midbrain

Front 351

ON-OC-OT-Superior Colliculus synapse, Pretectal nucleus - Ipsilateral and

Back 351

Ciliary - light reflex (PARA)

Front 352

contralateral, EWN - Ciliary ganglion

Back 352

constriction

Front 353

After CN III goes through the Cavernous sinus breaks, Superior division goes to

Back 353

Levator and Superior rectus

Front 354

After CN III goes through the Cavernous sinus breaks, Inferior division goes to

Back 354

MR, IR, IO

Front 355

One of the most important sensory centers of the brain, derived from diencephalon

Back 355

Thalamus

Front 356

Medial and Lateral geniculate bodies can be found here

Back 356

Dorsal Thalamus

Front 357

Relay station for the visual pathway

Back 357

Lateral Geniculate

Front 358

Relay station for the auditory pathway

Back 358

Medial Geniculate

Front 359

Part of the brain derived from diencephalon

Back 359

Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Front 360

Regulation of body temperature, fat, water, carbohydrates, metabolism, sleep, sex drive, emotion

Back 360

Hypothalamus

Front 361

Forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle

Back 361

Hypothalamus

Front 362

Forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle

Back 362

Epithalamus

Front 363

Contains the choroid plexus which produces cerebral spinal fluid

Back 363

Epithalamus

Front 364

Relay sensory info to cortical regions concerned with vision and auditory

Back 364

Subthalamus

Front 365

What part of the brain develops from the Diencephalon

Back 365

Cerebum

Front 366

Grey matter of the cerebrum - inner

Back 366

Basal Ganglia

Front 367

Separates Occiptal lobes

Back 367

Calcarine Fissure

Front 368

Separates the left and right brain hemispheres

Back 368

Sagittal sulcus

Front 369

Separates the front and back brain

Back 369

Central sulcus

Front 370

Doesn't have axons going directly to the spinal cord

Back 370

Visual cortex

Front 371

What coordinates oculomotor function

Back 371

Medial Longitudinal Fasiculus

Front 372

Longest tract is from the feet to medulla, what tract is this

Back 372

Gracilius

Front 373

Fasiculus Gracilius

Back 373

Primary tract

Front 374

Fasiculus Cuneatus

Back 374

Primary nucleus

Front 375

Neonatal cortex is made up of how many layers

Back 375

2 layers

Front 376

What nerve controls the diaphragm

Back 376

Phrenic

Front 377

The pyramids can be found in the

Back 377

Medulla

Front 378

The union of dorsal root (sensory) and ventral root (motor) nerves

Back 378

Spinal nerves

Front 379

Ventral Primary Rami of Thoracic nerves go directly to the body and all others

Back 379

Come together to form plexuses

Front 380

Between dorsal root & posterior median sulcus
(Cuneatus and Gracilius)

Back 380

Posterior Funiculus

Front 381

Between the dorsal and ventral roots

Back 381

Lateral Funiculus

Front 382

Between anterior median fissure & ventral root

Back 382

Anterior Funiculus

Front 383

Info regarding Touch, Temperature, and Pain - Terminates in the Thalamus

Back 383

Spinothalamic

Front 384

Info from skin, joints, tendons, regarding touch, pressure, and vibration

Back 384

Cuneatus-upper limbs & Gracilius-lower limbs

Front 385

Subconscious proprioception, Appreciation of body position, Not crossed

Back 385

Posterior Spinocerebellar

Front 386

Conveys info about movement and position of entire limbs, Crossed/uncrossed

Back 386

Anterios Spinocerebellar

Front 387

Reflex, postural move of head, neck, & upper extremities due to visual stimulation

Back 387

Tectospinal

Front 388

Maintain posture and equilibrium by muscle tone, Not crossed

Back 388

Vestibulospinal

Front 389

Regulates motor activity related to posture, Most uncrossed/some crossed

Back 389

Reticulospinal

Front 390

Muscle tone and posture to spinal nerves that innervation skeletal muscles, crossed

Back 390

Rubrospinal

Front 391

Its job is to maintain visceral functions in the restful state

Back 391

Parasympathetic system

Front 392

Cranio-sacral system because nuclei are located in the brain, nuclues in cord

Back 392

Parasympathetic system

Front 393

Thoraco-lumbar system because nuclei imtermediolateralis originates in spinal cord

Back 393

Sympathetic system

Front 394

Function is to maintain autonomic functions in excited state

Back 394

Sympathetic system

Front 395

What neurotransmitter is pre & post-synaptic in Parasympathetic and pre-synaptic in Sympathetic

Back 395

Acetylcholine

Front 396

Neurotransmitter of Post sympathetic fibers

Back 396

Norepinephrine

Front 397

High concentration in Substantia Nigra - Parkinson's

Back 397

Dopamine

Front 398

Neurotransmitter in brainstem

Back 398

Serotonin

Front 399

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Back 399

GABA

Front 400

Part of myelencephalon, contains vital centers for BP, Respiratory, and Heart rate

Back 400

Medulla

Front 401

In the medulla, where 80% of pyramidal fibers cross

Back 401

Level of Motor decussation

Front 402

Above the level of motor decussation - Contains Nuclei Cuneatus and Gracilius

Back 402

Level of Sensory decussation

Front 403

Injury at the level of medial lemniscus causes what

Back 403

Contralateral kinesthetic

Front 404

Cranial nerves IX-XII originate here and have nuclei located here

Back 404

Medulla

Front 405

Vertigo, Ataxia, and Nystagmus may all result with a lesion of

Back 405

Vestibular branch of CN VIII

Front 406

Tinnitis is a common symptom of damage to the

Back 406

Cochlear nerves of CN VIII

Front 407

Vestibular connections to CN III, IV, and VI via vestibuloencephalic pathway

Back 407

Form basis for conjugate eye movements

Front 408

Separates Medulla from Midbrain and is derived from Metencephalon

Back 408

Pons

Front 409

Gives off CN VI, VII, and V

Back 409

Pons

Front 410

Connections of CN VI include afferent fibers from vestibular nucleus via

Back 410

MLF

Front 411

Location of Medial and Lateral Lemniscus, Superior cerebellular peduncle

Back 411

Mid Pons

Front 412

Broken down into Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular

Back 412

CN V - trigeminal

Front 413

Innervates submandibular and sublingual glands

Back 413

Salvatory nucleus - CN VII

Front 414

Innervates the lacrimal glands

Back 414

Lacrimal nucleus - CN VII

Front 415

Receives taste info from anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

Back 415

Nucleus solitarius - CN VII

Front 416

Derived from Mesencephalon, has a Tectum and Tegmentum

Back 416

Midbrain

Front 417

Precentral and Postcentral gyrus are

Back 417

Anterior & Posterior to the central sulcus

Front 418

Runs parallel to corpus callosum

Back 418

Cingulate sulcus

Front 419

Area 4 of the Frontal Lobe contains

Back 419

Motor area

Front 420

Area 1-3 of the Parietal Lobe contains

Back 420

General sensation

Front 421

Area 17 of the Occiptal lobe

Back 421

Visual area

Front 422

White matter that connects cortical areas between two hemispheres

Back 422

Corpus callosum

Front 423

Ascending and descending fibers that lie between the Caudate and Lentiform nucleus

Back 423

Internal Capsule

Front 424

Connects the Lateral Geniculate nucles with the visual cortex

Back 424

Optic Radiations

Front 425

Part of the brain that contains 2 hemispheres and vermis that connects them

Back 425

Cerebellum

Front 426

The vestibulocerebellulum - Flocculonodule lobe impacts what functions

Back 426

Equilibrium, balance, and eye movements

Front 427

Spinocerebellum - contains vermis & intermediate zone

Back 427

Involved in muscle tone, posture, and receives most input from the spinal cord

Front 428

Cerebrocerebellum - contains hemispheres and receives most its info from

Back 428

Cerebral cortex

Front 429

Cerebrocerebellum's main function is

Back 429

Coordinate voluntary motor activity

Front 430

Inferior cerebellular peduncle carries info to and from

Back 430

Medulla and Spinal cord

Front 431

Middle cerebellular peduncle carries info from

Back 431

Pons

Front 432

Superior cerebellular peduncle carries infrom from the Dentate nucleus to

Back 432

Midbrain

Front 433

Main functions of cerebellum are

Back 433

Fine coordination of muscle movements, tone, balance, equilibrium

Front 434

What system deals with transmission of Tactile Proprioceptive, Temperature, and Pain

Back 434

Somatosensory system

Front 435

Tactile receptors that respond to touch are called

Back 435

Pacianian corpuscles

Front 436

The position of the body's limbs is detected by

Back 436

Proprioceptors

Front 437

Sensory receptors that respond to temperature are called

Back 437

Thermal receptors

Front 438

Info from the motor cortex transmitted to spinal cord and brain stem

Back 438

Corticospinal and Corticobulbar

Front 439

As Corticospinal and Bulbar descend from the motor cortex, they form

Back 439

Pyramidal tract

Front 440

The Basal Ganglia receives input via its

Back 440

Caudate nucleus and Putamen

Front 441

The Basal Ganglia provides output vis its

Back 441

Globus Pallidus

Front 442

Major input to the Basal Ganglia is from

Back 442

Neocortex then Thalamus and Substantia Nigra

Front 443

Major output of the Basal Ganglia is to

Back 443

Prefrontal and Premotor Cortex via the Thalamus

Front 444

Actions of the ANS is considered to be

Back 444

Subconscious

Front 445

The adrenall medulla is considered to be a part of the

Back 445

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 446

The adrena medulla secretes which catacholamines

Back 446

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Front 447

In the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic, all preganglionic neurons are considered to be

Back 447

Cholinergic

Front 448

Which muscle has nothing to do with the eyebrow?

Back 448

Levator muscle

Front 449

What has the shortest latency?

Back 449

Pursuits

Front 450

Which gives bilateral stellate cataracts?

Back 450

Phenothiazines

Front 451

Capillaries of choroid are similar to capillaries in the

Back 451

Ciliary body

Front 452

What is the higher concentration in blood than in aqeuous?

Back 452

Protein

Front 453

What gives the most resistance to the outflow of aqeuous?

Back 453

Juxtancanalicular tissue

Front 454

Which doesn't enter the orbit around Annulus of Zinn

Back 454

Trochlear nerve

Front 455

Which doesn't supply the optic nerve

Back 455

Long Posterior Ciliary arteries

Front 456

This produces layer of tears that is lipid

Back 456

Meibomian glands

Front 457

When corneal epithelium is damaged, what happens first

Back 457

Migration

Front 458

Pupillary frill is formed by

Back 458

Posterior pigmented epithelium rolling around edge of the iris

Front 459

What is in the anterior border layer of the iris

Back 459

Fibroblasts and Melanocytes

Front 460

What doesn't come from surface ectoderm

Back 460

Corneal stroma

Front 461

Cells in a straight line down the cortex respond to what

Back 461

Line orientation

Front 462

What has the most blood in the eye

Back 462

Choroid

Front 463

Damage to CN7 causes what NOT to happen

Back 463

Closure of the eye

Front 464

When the eye is abducted, what is the action of the superior oblique?

Back 464

Intorsion

Front 465

Doing retinoscopy and you have neutrality, what is conjugate?

Back 465

Patient's retina and the retinoscope (examiner's pupil)

Front 466

Isopter of a 65 year old compared to a 20 year old is

Back 466

Smaller

Front 467

Lens of infant compared to the lens of a 20 year old

Back 467

Transmits more UV and blue light

Front 468

Where does the inferior oblique attach to the orbital wall

Back 468

Anterior medial

Front 469

What nerve innervates the lower eyelid

Back 469

Infraorbital nerve

Front 470

Antiangiogenesis factor in vitreous is

Back 470

Hyaluronic acid

Front 471

The direction of the jerk nystagmus is determined by

Back 471

Fast phase

Front 472

What is the best VA of a rod monochromate in optimal conditions

Back 472

20/100

Front 473

Which does NOT develop from surface ectoderm

Back 473

Corneal Endothelium

Front 474

Mueller cells do NOT produce the internal limiting membrane for what part

Back 474

Optic Nerve Head

Front 475

Where does the aqueous drain after leaving the Canal of Schlemm

Back 475

External Collecting channels

Front 476

Reason for use of cyclopentolate over atropine

Back 476

Shorter duration of action

Front 477

Tetracylcine causes what

Back 477

Epiphoria

Front 478

The majority of this structure's energy comes from anaerobic glycolysis

Back 478

Crystalline lens

Front 479

Eye movement occurring most during reading

Back 479

Saccades

Front 480

The layer of tears closest to the cornea are produced by

Back 480

Goblet cells

Front 481

Lean head forward, what is the compensatory movement of eyes

Back 481

Eyes move upward

Front 482

Volume of the Anterior Chamber is

Back 482

0.25mL

Front 483

Light adaptation to photoreceptors

Back 483

Ca+

Front 484

What does the atrophy of the Hyaloid artery determine

Back 484

Size of the optic cup

Front 485

Not enough oxygen of the lens, so it goes through what pathway

Back 485

Glycolysis

Front 486

Edmea of the lid is found in what layer

Back 486

Subcutaneous layer

Front 487

Pupillary ruff is due to

Back 487

Posterior pigmented epithelium

Front 488

Which layer of the cornea is formed from the surface ectoderm

Back 488

Epithelium

Front 489

The light reflex doesn't go to which structure

Back 489

Laterl geniculate

Front 490

Telencephalon develops into what

Back 490

Visual cortex

Front 491

Superior collliculus derivative

Back 491

Mesencephalon

Front 492

UVB is mostly absorbed by

Back 492

Cornea

Front 493

Lesion in the Sphenopalentine ganglia would

Back 493

Stop tear production

Front 494

Blood Retinal barriers

Back 494

Tight junctions of RPE and CRA

Front 495

What anomaly presents with anhydrosis, miosis, and ptosis

Back 495

Horner's syndrome

Front 496

Goblet cells produce which layer of the tear film

Back 496

Mucin layer

Front 497

The purpose of the lipid layer of tears is to

Back 497

Reduce evaporation

Front 498

Most common birth defect with the lacrminal system is

Back 498

Plugged valve of Hasner

Front 499

The only cell in the retina to under go Action potentials

Back 499

Ganglion

Front 500

The major cirlce of the iris is made up of

Back 500

Long Posterior and Anterior Ciliary arteries

Front 501

Hyperemia of the front part of the eye is due to

Back 501

Anterior conjunctival artery

Front 502

Divides superior and inferior parts of the retina

Back 502

Long posterior Ciliary nerves

Front 503

Which is NOT found in the macula

Back 503

Mueller cells

Front 504

The Patellar fossa can be found in the

Back 504

Anterior vitreous

Front 505

The sclera is found to be thinnest where

Back 505

Behind the insertions of EOM's

Front 506

The strongest attachment of the vitreous

Back 506

Vitreous base

Front 507

Cornea can be found to be thinnest

Back 507

Central - 0.5mm and Periphery - 0.65mm

Front 508

Longest, thinnest, and furtherest insertion is

Back 508

Superior Oblique

Front 509

Strongest Rectus

Back 509

Medial Rectus

Front 510

Weakest Rectus

Back 510

Lateral Rectus

Front 511

Longest Rectus

Back 511

Superior Rectus

Front 512

Shortest Rectus

Back 512

Inferior Rectus

Front 513

What can be found in the Cavernous sinus

Back 513

CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI, ICA

Front 514

A lesion of the cavernous sinus will cause

Back 514

Anesthesize the cornea

Front 515

If you cover an eye (patch), what happens to the lateral geniculate

Back 515

Cells get smaller

Front 516

Contained in the inner neuroblastic layer

Back 516

Ganglion, Amacrine, and Mueller cells

Front 517

Contained in the outer neuroblastic layer

Back 517

Rods, Cones, Bipolar, and Horizontal

Front 518

During an ERG, the A wave is consistent with what part of the retina

Back 518

Photoreceptors

Front 519

During an ERG, the B wave is consistent with what part of the retina

Back 519

Mueller cells

Front 520

Durina an ERG, the C wave is consistent with what part of the retina

Back 520

Subretinal space and RPE

Front 521

During an ERG, the R1 wave is consistent with what

Back 521

Lumi-rhodopsin to Meta-rhodopsin-1

Front 522

During an ERG, the R2 wave is consistent with what

Back 522

Meta-rhodopsin-1 to Meta-rhodopsin-2

Front 523

Tear layer made of oil due to

Back 523

Moll, Zeis, and Meibomian glands

Front 524

Tear layer made of aqueous is due to

Back 524

Krause, Wolfring, and Lacrimal glands

Front 525

Newborns' optic cup size is due to

Back 525

Atrophy of Bergmeister's papillae

Front 526

Most blood in the eye is found where

Back 526

Venous system

Front 527

Most damaging UV light is

Back 527

UVB

Front 528

Ganglion cells project

Back 528

Layer 4 of Lateral geniculate

Front 529

Eye is down and out when

Back 529

Damage to CN III

Front 530

Ipsilateral MR, IR, IO, and contralateral SR is innervated by

Back 530

CN III

Front 531

VEP is performed on the

Back 531

Central retina

Front 532

What part of the eye secretes Aqueous and Hyaluronic acid

Back 532

Pars Plana Non-pigmented Epithelium

Front 533

Macula Adherens is

Back 533

Desmosomes

Front 534

Basal surface binding epithelial cells to basement membrane

Back 534

Hemidesmosomes

Front 535

The ciliary body is innervated by

Back 535

Short ciliary nerves (Parasympathetic)

Front 536

Which ocular vascular structure does NOT have autoregulation?

Back 536

Choroid

Front 537

Which does NOT have autonomic regulation: Choroid, CB, Retina or Iris?

Back 537

Retina

Front 538

CN II (afferent) to Visual cortex to VII (efferent) - Orbicularis Oculi (blink) is the pathwayfor what reflex?

Back 538

Menace Reflex

Front 539

CN V to Pons to CN VII (blink) is the pathway for what reflex

Back 539

Corneal Reflex

Front 540

If forcefully closed, the eye looks up and out in what

Back 540

Bell's Phenomenon

Front 541

Posterior chamber volume

Back 541

0.06 mL

Front 542

Iris sphincter is innervated by

Back 542

Parasympathetics - short ciliary

Front 543

Iris dilator is innvervated by

Back 543

Sympathetics - long ciliary

Front 544

When you remove a contact lens, you have a decrease in

Back 544

Lactic acid

Front 545

Greates difference between two eyes in the accommodative state

Back 545

0.5 D

Front 546

EOM insertion is furthest and closest respectively for which EOM's

Back 546

SO and MR

Front 547

The eyes becoming more myopic at night can be defined as

Back 547

Purkinje shift

Front 548

Ocular media that best absorbs light at 200-290nm

Back 548

Cornea

Front 549

Ocular media that best absorbs light at 290-365nm

Back 549

Lens

Front 550

Wavelengths that cause cataracts

Back 550

295-320nm

Front 551

Wavelengths greater than 365nm are absorbed by

Back 551

Retina

Front 552

pH of the eye when open / closed is

Back 552

7.45 / 7.20

Front 553

Light absorbing pigment - Opsin and derivation of Vitamin A retinal complex

Back 553

Rhodopsin

Front 554

Refers to the vacularized vitreous - hyaloid system

Back 554

Primary vitreous

Front 555

Refers to the vitreous proper

Back 555

Secondary vireous

Front 556

Refers to lens zonules

Back 556

Tertiary vitreous

Front 557

Type of collagen found in the cornal stroma

Back 557

Type 1

Front 558

Type of collagen found in the basement membrane

Back 558

Type 7

Front 559

Type of collagen found in the lens

Back 559

Type 4

Front 560

Type of collagen found in the Descemet's membrane

Back 560

Type 4 and 8

Front 561

Superior vortex veins drain into

Back 561

Superior Ophthalmic Vein

Front 562

Superior Ophthalmic vein drains into

Back 562

Cavernous sinus

Front 563

Inferior vortex veins drain into

Back 563

Inferior Ophthalmic Vein

Front 564

Inferior Ophthalmic veins drains into

Back 564

Cavernous sinus and Pterygoid Plexus

Front 565

Cavernous sinus and Pterygoid plexus is connected by

Back 565

Emissary veins

Front 566

Cavernous sinus drains into

Back 566

Inferior and Superior Petrosal Sinuses

Front 567

Connects Superior and Inferior Ophthalmic veins

Back 567

Angular Facial vein

Front 568

Drains to cavernous sinus directly and through the superior ophthalmic vein

Back 568

Central retinal vein

Front 569

Telescope with 5mm ocular lens and 35mm objective lens, has what magnification?

Back 569

7X

Front 570

Panum's fusional area is larger where

Back 570

In the Periphery

Front 571

If someone has a strict criteria in their responses, it will lead to

Back 571

More misses

Front 572

To be sure that your patient doesn't light adapt, use

Back 572

Ascending trials

Front 573

Anti-reflective coating index equals

Back 573

Square root of index (n)

Front 574

Fog lights are yellow and therefor absorb more

Back 574

Blue light

Front 575

A yellow light in your eyes makes white look more

Back 575

Blue

Front 576

What most helps depth perception miles away

Back 576

Overlay

Front 577

Most resistant material the drop ball test

Back 577

Polycarbonate

Front 578

After image is larger where

Back 578

In the distance

Front 579

Ghost images appear from

Back 579

AR coatings

Front 580

Jump is calculated by

Back 580

Add power x (Distance of OC to top of add)

Front 581

Seg height is measured from the bottom of the frame to

Back 581

Edge of lower lid

Front 582

Pupil size is less than 2.5mm and defines blur

Back 582

Diffraction

Front 583

Difference in image sizes can be defined by

Back 583

Anisekonia

Front 584

What happens beyond Panum's Fusional area

Back 584

Diplopia

Front 585

Difference between object and surroundings can be defined as

Back 585

Contrast

Front 586

Power of IOL is calculated by

Back 586

Corneal power and axial length

Front 587

The change in Hue associated with change in Purity

Back 587

Abney effect

Front 588

The change in Hue associated with change in Luminance

Back 588

Benzold Brucke effect

Front 589

The change in Saturation associated with change in Luminance

Back 589

Purdy effect

Front 590

Mixed additivity Red and Blue is Magenta, which is complement to

Back 590

Green

Front 591

Mixed additivity Blue and Green is Cyan, which is complement to

Back 591

Red

Front 592

Mixed additivity Green and Red is Yellow, which is complement to

Back 592

Blue

Front 593

Three primary colors in appropriate portions will match any perceived color

Back 593

Normal Trichromacy

Front 594

An Anomalous Trichromacy that requires excess Red in color match is

Back 594

Protanomaly

Front 595

An Anomalous Trichromacy that requires excess Green in color match is

Back 595

Deuteranomaly

Front 596

An Anomalous Trichromacy that requires excess Blue in color match is

Back 596

Tritanomaly

Front 597

Two primary colors in any appropriate portions will match any perceived color

Back 597

Dichromatism

Front 598

Decreased photopic, Inability to differentiate Reds, Browns, Olives and Golds

Back 598

Protanopia

Front 599

Near normal photopic, confused with red, orange, yellow, blue, and purple

Back 599

Deuteranopia

Front 600

Normal photopic, confused with pastel blue and pastel green

Back 600

Tritanopia

Front 601

All portions of visible spectrum are seen as grays

Back 601

Monochromatism

Front 602

Brightest to dimmest Purkinje image order

Back 602

1 > 3 > 4 > 2

Front 603

Largest to smallest Purkinje image order

Back 603

3 > 1 > 2 > 4

Front 604

Anterior to Posterior Purkinje image order

Back 604

2 > 1 > 4 > 3

Front 605

Which Purkinje image is real and inverted

Back 605

4

Front 606

Which Purkinje images are virtual and erect

Back 606

1,2,3

Front 607

What is this order for: Gamma < X-rays < UV < Visual < IR < Radio < Microwave

Back 607

Increasing wavelength

Front 608

Visible light spectrum is what

Back 608

430 to 750nm

Front 609

The muscle doing predominant moving of right eye to the right (same direction - RLR) is

Back 609

Agonist

Front 610

The muscle that moves the eye in the left (opposite direction - RMR) is

Back 610

Antagonist

Front 611

RSR and RIO both move the right eye up and can be considered

Back 611

Homolateral Synergists

Front 612

RSO and LIR or RLR and LMR can be considered

Back 612

Yoked muscles or Contralateral Synergists

Front 613

Strabismus in which the angle of deviation is within 5PD in all positions of gaze is

Back 613

Comitant strabismus

Front 614

Info about direction, comitacy, magnitude, and accommodation is found on

Back 614

Alternating cover test

Front 615

Info about type of deviation, frequency, eye laterality, but NOT magnitude is found

Back 615

Cover-Uncover test

Front 616

Takes angle lambda into account (1mm = 22pd)

Back 616

Hirschberg reflex

Front 617

Visual field sizes 100, 75, 60, 60 correspond to

Back 617

Temporal, Inferior, Superior, Nasal

Front 618

Image size of aphake corrected with spectacles compared to contacts

Back 618

Larger image

Front 619

How is the image size of axial hyperope OD compared to refractive myopia OS corrected with spectacles OU and axial lengths are equal

Back 619

Larger image OD

Front 620

Critical angle of air surface interface is 33.7 degrees. What is the index of refraction?

Back 620

1.8

Front 621

Is velocity of light faster in air or water

Back 621

Air (n=c/v)

Front 622

Light is reflected by plane mirror. Mirror is moved by 15 degrees, what happens to the reflected light?

Back 622

Moves by 30 degrees

Front 623

Which lens is exempt from the drop ball test?

Back 623

Fused bifocal

Front 624

Frame has dimesions of 50/22. Patient has monocular PD of 30mm OD and 36mm OS. What is the total inset, if the add inset is 3mm?

Back 624

9mm OD

Front 625

Locus of points equidistant from observer forms what

Back 625

Nonius horopter

Front 626

Corneal Stroma origin

Back 626

Neural Crest

Front 627

Corneal Endothlium origin

Back 627

Neural Crest

Front 628

Cornea Descemet's Membrane origin

Back 628

Neural Crest

Front 629

Sclera 95% originates from

Back 629

Neural Crest

Front 630

Melanocytes originate from

Back 630

Neural Crest

Front 631

Meninges origin

Back 631

Neural Crest

Front 632

Ciliary body stroma origin

Back 632

Neural Crest

Front 633

Orbital Septum origin

Back 633

Neural Crest

Front 634

Connective tissue originates from

Back 634

Neural Crest

Front 635

Ciliary muscle origin

Back 635

Neural Crest

Front 636

Corneal Epithelium orginates from

Back 636

Surface Ectoderm

Front 637

The lens originates from

Back 637

Surface Ectoderm

Front 638

All glands originate from

Back 638

Surface Ectoderm

Front 639

Lid skin origin

Back 639

Surface Ectoderm

Front 640

Cilia originate from

Back 640

Surface Ectoderm

Front 641

Conjunctiva origin

Back 641

Surface Ectoderm

Front 642

Retinal Pigemented Epithelium origin

Back 642

Neural Ectoderm

Front 643

Sensory Retina origin

Back 643

Neural Ectoderm

Front 644

Smooth muscle (Iris sphincter and dilator) origin

Back 644

Neural Ectoderm

Front 645

Iris Epithelium origin

Back 645

Neural Ectoderm

Front 646

Lens Zonules origin

Back 646

Neural Ectoderm

Front 647

Muscles originate from

Back 647

Mesoderm

Front 648

Blood supply originate from

Back 648

Mesoderm

Front 649

Most common type of necrosis, usually found in the heart and kidney

Back 649

Coagulative Necrosis

Front 650

Necrosis with loss of nucleus, but cell shape is perserved

Back 650

Coagulative Necrosis

Front 651

Necrosis characteristic of ischemic destruction of brain tissue

Back 651

Liquefaction Necrosis

Front 652

Necrosis common in bacterial lesions

Back 652

Liquefaction Necrosis

Front 653

Necrosis seen in adipose tissue due to action of lipase

Back 653

Fat Necrosis

Front 654

Chessy Necrosis - combination of Liquefaction and Coagulative

Back 654

Caseous Necrosis

Front 655

Necrosis found mainly in the center of Tuberculosis infections

Back 655

Caseous Necrosis

Front 656

Portion of the body that has loss its blood supply (Liquefaction and Coagulative)

Back 656

Gangrenous Necrosis

Front 657

In genetics, the coding description AaBb is called the

Back 657

Genotype

Front 658

In genetics, the description of blue eyes is called

Back 658

Phenotype

Front 659

Leading causes of cancer deaths in males are

Back 659

1.Lung 2.Prostate 3. Colon

Front 660

Leading causes of cancer deaths in females are

Back 660

1.Lung 2.Breast 3. Colon

Front 661

Leading sites of cancer in males

Back 661

1.Prostate 2.Lung 3.Colon

Front 662

Leading sites of cancer in females

Back 662

1.Breast 2.Colon 3.Lung

Front 663

Most cancer mortality age

Back 663

55-75 years

Front 664

Disorderly proliferation of cells, lose of uniformity and orientation

Back 664

Dysplasia

Front 665

Gene most commonly mutated in human cancers

Back 665

Anti-oncogenes (tumor suppressors)

Front 666

Cell division which occurs in the cell body, maintains 46 chromosomes

Back 666

Mitosis

Front 667

Gamete formation reduces the number of chromosomes to 23

Back 667

Meiosis

Front 668

Characteristic cell of a granuloma is a modified macrophage called

Back 668

Epitheloid cell

Front 669

Formed by the coalescence and fusion of macrophages

Back 669

Giant cells or Langerhans

Front 670

Which is an example of Type 1 reaction>

Back 670

Bronchial asthma

Front 671

Toxoplasmosis Gondii primarily affects what age group

Back 671

Fetus

Front 672

Tuberculosis is an example of

Back 672

Caseous Necrosis

Front 673

Adaptive change of epithelium from simple cuboidal to simple columnar is called

Back 673

Metaplasia

Front 674

Lack of Vitamin C causes Scruvy because

Back 674

Proline can't be hydroxylated

Front 675

Primary infection of Varicella-Zoster in an adult is

Back 675

Shingles

Front 676

Retinal damage are treated with

Back 676

Cephalosporins

Front 677

Increases tear production

Back 677

Digitoxin

Front 678

Side effects of this type of drug are weight gain, mood swings, but NOT diuresis

Back 678

Steroids

Front 679

Acetazolamide is

Back 679

CAI

Front 680

Most ineffective drug for diuresis

Back 680

Mannitol

Front 681

Irreversible indirect parasympathetic

Back 681

Echothiophate

Front 682

Used in acute ventricular arrithymia

Back 682

Lidocaine

Front 683

Beta-1 specific drugs were made to

Back 683

Decrease systemic side effects

Front 684

What do you treat pseudomonas aeruginosa with

Back 684

Ciproflaxin

Front 685

What causes Bulls eye retinopathy

Back 685

Chloroquine

Front 686

What drug lowers cholesterol

Back 686

Lovestatin

Front 687

What is most likely to be sensitive to the eye

Back 687

Neomycin

Front 688

Which drug doesn't induce bronchiospasm

Back 688

Epinephrine

Front 689

Which glaucoma med comes in a gel form

Back 689

Pilocarpine

Front 690

NSAID's inhibit

Back 690

Arachondonic acid

Front 691

Which drug causes transient myopic shifts

Back 691

Pilocarpine

Front 692

Catopril is a

Back 692

ACE Inhibitor

Front 693

Most potent diuretic is

Back 693

Furosimide

Front 694

Only penicillin that is not Beta-lactamase sensitive

Back 694

Nafacillin

Front 695

Antifungal most widely used for systemic conditions

Back 695

Ampecterin B

Front 696

Constant amount of alcohol being eliminated

Back 696

Zero order kinetics

Front 697

Betaxolol is

Back 697

Beta-1 specific

Front 698

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor

Back 698

Cephalosporins

Front 699

Carbechol is longer lasting than

Back 699

Pilocarpine

Front 700

What causes color changes in the retina

Back 700

Chloroquine

Front 701

Antiviral drugs have what negative effect when used topically

Back 701

Tend to destroy the epithelium

Front 702

What prevents white blood cells from reaching the site of injury

Back 702

Glucocorticoids

Front 703

Beta-1 specific drugs

Back 703

Decrease side effects, especially in Asthma

Front 704

Drug to be used with Epilepsy

Back 704

Phenytoin

Front 705

Locks Beta-1, Beta-2, Renin, and decreases cardiac output

Back 705

Propranolol

Front 706

Half life of Digoxin and Digitoxin

Back 706

36 hours / 5-7 days

Front 707

Inhibits the enzyme that activates Angiotensin-1 to Angiotensin-2

Back 707

Captopril

Front 708

Most effective type of diuretic

Back 708

Loop

Front 709

Aldosterone antagonist

Back 709

Spirolactone

Front 710

Direct anti-kaluretic

Back 710

Triampterine

Front 711

Histamin does what to the vascular system

Back 711

Vasodilation

Front 712

Decreased accommodation is a side effect of

Back 712

NSAID's

Front 713

Inhibits the release of histamine

Back 713

Cromolyn Na+

Front 714

Ototoxicity and Nephrotoxocity

Back 714

Aminoglycosides

Front 715

Drug used for Herpes Simplex Virus

Back 715

Idoxuridine

Front 716

Name two K+ sparing diuretics

Back 716

Spirolactone and Triampterine

Front 717

Reversible NSAID (aracodonic acid to prostogian)

Back 717

Salicylic acid

Front 718

Irrversible NSAID (aracodonic acid to prostogian)

Back 718

Ibuprofen

Front 719

How does Norepinephrine effect alpha and beta receptors

Back 719

Effects alpha receptors more than beta receptors

Front 720

How does Epinephrine effect alpha and beta receptors

Back 720

Effects alpha and beta receptors equally

Front 721

Acetylcholine activates two different types of receptors

Back 721

Muscarinic and Nicotinic

Front 722

Detoxification of drugs, toxins, etc. are carried out by

Back 722

Liver

Front 723

What is the mode of action of Cephaloporine

Back 723

Inhibit T cell function (Immunospressive drug)

Front 724

Cortisol does what to glucose blood levels

Back 724

Raises glucose levels

Front 725

Cigarette smoking reverses the effect of which drug

Back 725

Theophylline

Front 726

Which drug interferes with DNA gyrase

Back 726

Fluoroquinolones

Front 727

This drug is a pyrimidine antimetabolite that interferes with DNA

Back 727

Trifluorothymidine (Trifluridine)

Front 728

This blocks cyclooxygenase and has an anti-inflammatory property

Back 728

Aspirin

Front 729

This drug's major ocular side effect is miosis

Back 729

Morphine

Front 730

Major ocular side effect of Digoxin

Back 730

Color vision changes

Front 731

Which has the most effect on K+ (Hypokalemia)?

Back 731

Dihydrochlorothiazide

Front 732

What is the TI for TD50=2500mg and ED50=50mg

Back 732

50

Front 733

Which administration of drug is most variable in means of absorption

Back 733

Oral

Front 734

This drug blocks reuptake of Norepinephrine

Back 734

Cocaine

Front 735

On a log-dose curve, when an unknown drug is given and the curve shifts to the right, but everything else is the same

Back 735

Competitive Antagonist

Front 736

If a drug binds to the active site of an enzyme, what is it

Back 736

Competitive inhibitor

Front 737

Kupffer cells in the liver do what?

Back 737

Phagocytosis

Front 738

Lining of the ventricles consists of

Back 738

Single layer of ependymal cells

Front 739

What has simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium

Back 739

Bronchioles

Front 740

What do astrocytes NOT have

Back 740

Action potentials

Front 741

Bile is released into

Back 741

Duodenum

Front 742

Bile is stored

Back 742

Gallbladder

Front 743

Bile is produced in the

Back 743

Liver

Front 744

Medullary pyramids can be seen grossly in the

Back 744

Kidney

Front 745

Most resistance to blood flow is determined by

Back 745

Diameter of the arterioles

Front 746

Actin and Myosin make up what band

Back 746

A band

Front 747

Mental retardation is NOT associated with

Back 747

Marfans

Front 748

Which is NOT a urinary buffer

Back 748

Hemoglobulin

Front 749

NOT formed by the pancreas

Back 749

Secretin

Front 750

The ability of the glomerulus to reabsorb glucose is exceeded in what disease

Back 750

Diabetes

Front 751

Why does too much insulin cause a diabetic coma

Back 751

No glucose to the brain

Front 752

Distal Convoluted tubule and Collecting tubule become permeable to

Back 752

ADH

Front 753

Most lymph nodes can be found in the

Back 753

Small intestine

Front 754

Lipid synthesis takes place in

Back 754

Smooth ER

Front 755

Respiratory center of the brain is

Back 755

Medulla

Front 756

Lack of Dopamine in the substantia nigra results in

Back 756

Parkinson's disease

Front 757

During muscle contraction Ca+ binds to what and pulls what away

Back 757

Troponin / Tropomyosin

Front 758

Found in the greatest concentration inside the cell

Back 758

K+

Front 759

Acts at specific postsynaptic receptor sites to produce changes to target

Back 759

Neurotransmitter

Front 760

All reactions of metabolism take place where

Back 760

Outside the nucleus in the Cytoplasm

Front 761

Cytoskeletal fiber found just beneath the Plasma Membrane, solid, and made of Actin

Back 761

Microfilaments

Front 762

Cytoskeletal fiber found in deeper region of the cell

Back 762

Microtubules

Front 763

The nucleus of a cell is broken down to 80% protein and how much DNA and RNA

Back 763

15% DNA and 5% RNA

Front 764

Highly specialized smooth ER of a muscle cell

Back 764

Sacroplasmic Reticulum

Front 765

Function of the sacroplasmic reticulum is to

Back 765

Remove Ca+ ions from the Cytosol

Front 766

(+)Ribosomes, (+)Protein synthesis, (+)Lipid synthesis, (-)Steroid synthesis

Back 766

Rough ER

Front 767

(-)Ribsomes, (-)Protein synthesis, (+)Lipid synthesis, (+)Steroid synthesis

Back 767

Smooth ER

Front 768

Organelles that contain about 50 different digestive enzymes

Back 768

Lysosomes

Front 769

About 36 ATP are produced for each molecule of Glucose in what cycle

Back 769

Aerobic Respiration

Front 770

Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen where

Back 770

Cytoplasm

Front 771

Major site of ATP production within the cell is

Back 771

Mitochondria

Front 772

Intracellular fluid has High and Low concentrations of what

Back 772

High K+ and Low Na+

Front 773

Extracellular fluid has High and Low concentrations of what

Back 773

High Na+ and Low K+

Front 774

Extracellular fluid consists of three types of fluid

Back 774

Interstitial, Plasma, and Lymph

Front 775

Cation that easily passes through the cell membrane

Back 775

Potassium

Front 776

Resting membrane potential

Back 776

-65 to -85mV

Front 777

Na/K Pump

Back 777

Na+ is pumped out and K+ is pumped in

Front 778

Diffusion that usually requires the help of a protein

Back 778

Facilitated diffusion

Front 779

Integrated system of nervous plexi in the wall of the digestive tract

Back 779

Enteric Brain

Front 780

Enhances motility and digestive secretions, relaxes muscle sphincter

Back 780

Parasympathetic ANS

Front 781

Inhibits contraction of smooth muscle, inhibits enteric brain

Back 781

Sympathetic ANS

Front 782

Humoral control of GI activity involves

Back 782

ACh, NE, and Serotonin

Front 783

Stomach secretes gastric juices mostly produced by

Back 783

Exocrine glands in the Fundus of the stomach

Front 784

Exocrine gland secretory cells

Back 784

Chief, Parietal, and Mucous cells

Front 785

Initiates the digestion of protein in the digestive tract

Back 785

Pepsin (Chief cells - Pepsinogen)

Front 786

Activates pepsin and provides optimal pH for enzymatic action in the stomach

Back 786

HCl (Parietal cells)

Front 787

Necessary for the absorption of B-12

Back 787

Intrinsic factor (Secreted by Parietal cells)

Front 788

Capable of nearly completing the digestion of fodd in the absence of other secretions

Back 788

Pancreatic juice

Front 789

Area of most concentrated human bile

Back 789

Gallbladder > Liver

Front 790

Contraction of muscle, does NOT shorten, heat is released, get tension of muscle

Back 790

Isometric contraction

Front 791

Contraction of muscle, shortening of muscles, tension is constant, work is done

Back 791

Isotonic contraction

Front 792

Involuntary, uni-nucleated, non-striated, and smaller than skeletal muscle fiber

Back 792

Smooth muscle

Front 793

Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen are made in the liver and are found in what fluid

Back 793

Plasma

Front 794

Glucose, AA, Fatty acids, Lactic acid, CO2, and O2 are found in what fluid

Back 794

Plasma

Front 795

Particles move from higher to lower contraction in what process

Back 795

Diffusion

Front 796

Water moves from lower to higher concentration in what process

Back 796

Osmosis

Front 797

Invagination of the plasma membrane

Back 797

Endocytosis

Front 798

Amount of solute per liter equals

Back 798

One Osmole

Front 799

Exchange of fluids happens at the capillary end and is determined by

Back 799

Osmotic and Hydrostatic pressure

Front 800

Pressure that drives H2O out of the capillaries

Back 800

Hydrostatic pressure (35mmHg)

Front 801

Pressure that pulls H2O back into the capillaries

Back 801

Osmotic (22mmHg) and Tissue pressure

Front 802

Hydrostatic pressure is generated by

Back 802

Heart pumping

Front 803

Net pressure for forcing fluid out of the capillary is

Back 803

1mmHg

Front 804

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule make up

Back 804

Renal Corpuscle

Front 805

Plasma and Solutes leave the circulatory system through large pores in very permeable

Back 805

Glomerular capillaries

Front 806

Glomerular capillaries do NOT have large enough pores to let through

Back 806

Platelets and Red & White blood cells

Front 807

Na+ is actively transported out creating an electrial gradient so Cl- follows

Back 807

Proximal Convoluted tubules

Front 808

65% of the salt and water in the original glomerulus filtrate is reabsorbed back into the

Back 808

Proximal Convoluted tubules

Front 809

15% of filtered water and 25% of salt returned to the vascular system

Back 809

Loop of Henle

Front 810

In the Loop of Henle, as the tube descends, the Medulla outside does what

Back 810

Increases in concentration

Front 811

Water and salt passively leave the tubule

Back 811

Descending Loop of Henle

Front 812

Cl- is actively pumped out and Na+ follows

Back 812

Ascending Loop of Henle

Front 813

Impermeable to water making the tubule fluid more dilute

Back 813

Ascending Loop of Henle

Front 814

Relatively permeable to water keeping tubular fluid dilute

Back 814

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Front 815

Impermeable to water, but NOT salt, H2O drawn out by osmosis until exiting urine is constant

Back 815

Collecting tubule

Front 816

Permeability of collecting tubule is controlled by

Back 816

ADH

Front 817

Only capillary beds to be drained by arterioles rather than venules

Back 817

Glomeruli

Front 818

Surrounds the Loop of Henle and take up water which exits the descending limb

Back 818

Vasa Recta

Front 819

Depolarization is due to the

Back 819

Inflow of Na+

Front 820

Repolarization is due to the

Back 820

Outward flow of K+

Front 821

What drives H2O out of capillaries

Back 821

Heart's Hydrostatic pressure

Front 822

Increase in Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

Back 822

Aldosterone

Front 823

Parathyroid hormone does what

Back 823

Increase blood Ca+

Front 824

Purkinje fibers are or come from

Back 824

Modified cardiac muscle fibers

Front 825

Most peripheral resistance is due to

Back 825

Arterioles

Front 826

Where does ADH effect the nephron

Back 826

Colleting duct

Front 827

Efferent from glomerulus is

Back 827

Arteriole

Front 828

What does NOT commonly metastasize

Back 828

Brain

Front 829

What organ does NOT commonly infarct

Back 829

Liver

Front 830

First part of the ciliary body to form is the

Back 830

Greater Arteriole circle

Front 831

The major circle of the iris can be found in the

Back 831

Ciliary body

Front 832

Endocardium of the heart is consistent with

Back 832

Tunica Intima

Front 833

Myocardium of the heart is

Back 833

Tunica Media

Front 834

Epicardium of the heart is

Back 834

Tunica Adventicia

Front 835

Oligodendrites are found in the

Back 835

CNS

Front 836

Hypothyroidism is associated with

Back 836

Levothyroine (T4)

Front 837

Proythiouracil is associated with

Back 837

Hyperthyroidism

Front 838

The thyroid gland is at maximal denisity when

Back 838

Aldolescence

Front 839

Rheumatoid arthritis is what type of disease

Back 839

Autoimmunity

Front 840

No anti-inflammatory properties

Back 840

Aldosterone

Front 841

Diagnosis of AIDS can be given when HIV infection is combined with what T4 cell count

Back 841

CD4 count of <200 cells/mm3

Front 842

Z line to Z line is called

Back 842

Sacromere

Front 843

Actin only (light band)

Back 843

I Band

Front 844

Myosin overlapping Actin (dark band)

Back 844

A band

Front 845

Myosin band only

Back 845

H band

Front 846

In muscle contraction Ca+ is bound to

Back 846

Troponin

Front 847

Troponin is bound to

Back 847

Tropomyosin subunit of Actin F

Front 848

Does Actin or Myosin pull the other along

Back 848

Myosin head pulls Actin along

Front 849

Significance of evoked potentials, CT, PET scanning and MRI

Back 849

Neurological Diagnostic tests

Front 850

Visual auditory or tactile stimuli that activate corresponding neuro tract

Back 850

Evoked potentials

Front 851

Provides rapid, non-invasive imaging of Sulci, ventricles, grey-white matter

Back 851

CT-scan

Front 852

This technique passes a series of collimated x-ray beams through region

Back 852

CT-scan

Front 853

Uses uptake of tracer amounts of radio isotopes to measure blood flow, glucose, & O2

Back 853

PET position emission

Front 854

Technique uses a magnetic field that aligns H protons in Direction of field

Back 854

MRI

Front 855

Useful in determining brainstem lesions, demylineating plaques, brain edema

Back 855

MRI

Front 856

Bound to Actin as to block the site of actin/myosin connection

Back 856

Tropomyosin

Front 857

Ca+ binds to what to change to the shape to remove tropomyosin from blocking

Back 857

Troponin

Front 858

Smooth muscle lacks Troponin and Tropomyosin so Ca+ binds to

Back 858

Calmodulin

Front 859

Acetylchloine is released from motor neuron and binds to

Back 859

Receptor on muscle fiber of plasma membrane

Front 860

The propagated action potential triggers the release of Ca+ from

Back 860

Lateral sacs of sacroplasmic reticulum

Front 861

Ca+ binds to troponin which is bound to the tropomyosin subunit of

Back 861

Actin

Front 862

Troponin pulls Tropomyosin away from its blocking position permits what

Back 862

Actin and Myosin interaction

Front 863

Energy stored in high energy myosin is discharged and myosin heads swivels

Back 863

Pulling on the thin filaments

Front 864

ATP binds with what and causes the release of from actin subunites

Back 864

Myosin heads

Front 865

ATP splites into what again and returns the myosin heads to high energy state

Back 865

ADP and Phosphate

Front 866

Glycogen synthesis, storage, and utilization is conducted where

Back 866

Liver

Front 867

Resting membrane potential

Back 867

-60mV

Front 868

Reason for membrane potential

Back 868

High intracellular K+ and Low Na+

Front 869

Inside or outside of the cell membrane is more negative

Back 869

Inside

Front 870

Brief increase in membrane permeability to Na+

Back 870

Depolarization

Front 871

Subsequent increase in membrane permeability to K+ leaving the cell

Back 871

Repolarization

Front 872

Muscle and nerve cells use what type of channels

Back 872

Voltage-gated

Front 873

Acts as a primary relay station between pre and post synaptic cells

Back 873

Neurotransmitter

Front 874

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Back 874

Acetylcholine and Catacholamines

Front 875

Inhibitatroy neurotransmitters

Back 875

Glycine and GABA

Front 876

Synthesized and stored in presynaptic nerve terminals

Back 876

Neurotransmitter

Front 877

Relaeased in response to an action potential in a Ca+ dependent manner

Back 877

Neurotransmitter

Front 878

Renal regulatory mechanisms are by

Back 878

Constriction and Dilaton of Afferent Arteriole to Glomerulus

Front 879

Stimulates constriction of afferent arteriole and will lead to decreased urine formation

Back 879

Increased sympathetic activity

Front 880

What pressure range will kidneys maintain a constant rate of urine formation

Back 880

70-180mmHg

Front 881

What happens when pressure falls below 70mmHg

Back 881

Afferent Arterioles dilate

Front 882

What happens when pressure falls below 70mmHg or above 180mmHg

Back 882

Renal control of blood pressure and H2O balance

Front 883

Decreased BP results in increased sympathetic activity and vasoconstriction of Afferent

Back 883

Decreased urine production and increase BP

Front 884

Releases in response to increased solute concentration

Back 884

ADH from Posterior Pituitary

Front 885

Causes increased resorbtion of water, less excretion and more concentrated urine

Back 885

ADH

Front 886

Normally how much water is reabsorbed

Back 886

99%

Front 887

Na+ and K+ are regulated in the distal tube by

Back 887

Aldosterone

Front 888

Aldosterone promotes and contributes to increased blood volume and pressure

Back 888

Na+ retention and K+ loss from body

Front 889

Kidneys regulate Acid-Base balance by excreting what?and retaining (+) ions produces...

Back 889

H+ / Bicarbonate

Front 890

Bicarbonate cannot cross the tubule wall so it is converted to

Back 890

Carbonic acid

Front 891

Filtrate of plasma is pushed out of the capillaries into urinary space via hydrostatic

Back 891

Ultrafiltration

Front 892

Efferent arteriole constriction increases resistance to outflow from glomerulus thus...

Back 892

Increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and pressure

Front 893

Which beats first the left or right side of the heart

Back 893

Both sides beat stimultaneously

Front 894

Ventricle contraction and ejection

Back 894

Systolic

Front 895

Begins with first heart sound, ends with occurance of 2nd heart sound

Back 895

Systolic

Front 896

Ventricular relaxing and filling occur during

Back 896

Diastolic

Front 897

Begins with second heart sound, ends with the first heart sound

Back 897

Diastolic

Front 898

Determines the rate at which the heart beats

Back 898

Rate of Diastolic Depolarization

Front 899

Depolarization of the arterial muscle

Back 899

P-wave

Front 900

Depolarization of the ventricles

Back 900

QRS-complex

Front 901

Repolarization of the ventricles

Back 901

T-wave

Front 902

Repolarization of the atrial muscles

Back 902

Takes place during Ventricular depolarization

Front 903

P-wave not followed by QRS-complex

Back 903

Conduction is blocked between atrium and ventricle

Front 904

QRS very broad and/or abnormal shape

Back 904

Some ventricular muscle was activated late

Front 905

Arterial pressure / resistance

Back 905

Blood flow

Front 906

The greatest pressure drop occurs at what level

Back 906

Arterioles due to large resistance to flow

Front 907

1/3 Pulse pressure + Diastolic pressure

Back 907

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Front 908

Systolic - Diastolic

Back 908

Pulse pressure

Front 909

Blood vessels are primarily innervated by

Back 909

Sympathetic division of the ANS

Front 910

Resting vascular tone is maintained by continuous sympathetic nerve activity, which originates in the...

Back 910

Vasoactive centers of the Medulla

Front 911

Blood vessels of Heart, skeletal muscle, and liver contain predominantly what type of receptor?

Back 911

Beta receptors

Front 912

Very potent vasoconstrictor that may play a role in regulation of renal circulation

Back 912

Angiotensin II

Front 913

Baroreceptor nerve activity is transmitted to cardiovascular control centers of

Back 913

Medulla

Front 914

Receptors located in walls of aorta and carotid sinus that respond to change to arterial

Back 914

Baroreceptors

Front 915

Increased BP increases baroreceptor nerve activity and decreases sympathetic nerve

Back 915

Leads to decreased heart rate

Front 916

activity to Cardiovasculature

Back 916

and contractility

Front 917

Blood volume and regulation is primarily controlled by

Back 917

Kidneys and GI system

Front 918

Blood is considered

Back 918

A connective tissue

Front 919

Contains Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes, and Plasma

Back 919

Blood

Front 920

Normal % of Hemocrit

Back 920

45%

Front 921

Contains hemoglobulin - which transports oxygen

Back 921

Erthrocytes

Front 922

No hemoglobulin and comes as granulocytes or agranulocytes

Back 922

Leukocytes

Front 923

7,000 to 10,000 per mm cu

Back 923

Leukocytes

Front 924

Produced from Megakaryocytes

Back 924

Thrombocytes or Platelets

Front 925

Function in transport, pH maintainance, Blood Osmotic pressure, Coagulation

Back 925

Plasma protein

Front 926

Lymph vessels empty into the

Back 926

Subclavian vein

Front 927

The normal operation of the lymphatic system

Back 927

Prevents edema

Front 928

System of vessels that channel back into circulation fluid and plasma protein that have leaked to interstitial tissue

Back 928

Lymphatic vessels

Front 929

Secreted in response to chemical stimulators or neurotransmitters

Back 929

Hormones

Front 930

Produce releasing and stimulating hormones which go by vessels to Anterior pituitary

Back 930

Neurons in the Hypothalamus

Front 931

Stores and releases the hormones ADH and Oxytocin

Back 931

Posterior Pituitary

Front 932

Secretes corticosteroids

Back 932

Adrenal cortex

Front 933

Two catergories of corticosteroids

Back 933

Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

Front 934

A mineralocorticoid

Back 934

Aldosterone

Front 935

a Glucocortoid

Back 935

Hydrocortisone

Front 936

Secretes small amounts of androgens

Back 936

Adrenal cortex

Front 937

Regulates the adrenal cortex

Back 937

Adrenocorticotrophic hormones

Front 938

What does the adrenal medulla secrete

Back 938

Catacholamine hormones

Front 939

Two main catacholamine hormones

Back 939

Epinephrine & NE

Front 940

Hormone secreted into blood upon stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 940

Catacholamines

Front 941

Hormone from the thalamus which causes the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary

Back 941

TRH

Front 942

When TSH reaches the thyroid gland it causes the release of

Back 942

T3 and T4 from the thyroid follicles

Front 943

Act as negative feedback on Anterior pituitary to decrease the release of TSH

Back 943

T3 and T4

Front 944

Islets of Langerhans secretes insulin through its

Back 944

Beta cells

Front 945

Islets of Langerhans secretes glucagon through its

Back 945

Alpha cells

Front 946

What will cause an increase of insulin and decrease in glucagon

Back 946

Increased glucose

Front 947

Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen

Back 947

Glucagon

Front 948

Sympathtetic nerve stimulation causes this secretion

Back 948

Glucagon

Front 949

Parasympathetic nerve stimualtion causes this secretion

Back 949

Insulin

Front 950

Leads to increase of lipogenesis, decreased lipolysis, decrease of ketogenesis

Back 950

Increased blood sugar which increases insulin

Front 951

Promotes protein synthesis and stimulates the release of FA from adipose tissue

Back 951

Growth hormones

Front 952

A fall in blood calcium level stimulates the secretion of

Back 952

Parathyroid hormone

Front 953

Increases in Ca+ levels via bone resorption, intestinal resorption and renal resorption

Back 953

Parathyroid hormone

Front 954

A prehormone that is formed in the skin or ingested in the diet

Back 954

Vitamin D

Front 955

Has the same effect as parathyroid hormone, but also causes reabsorption of renal

Back 955

Vitamin D

Front 956

Lowers Ca+ levels by reducing bone resorption and increases clearance of Ca+ and phosphate

Back 956

Tyrocalcitonin

Front 957

Gonadotrophins

Back 957

Leutenizing Hormone (LH) & Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Front 958

LH in females and FSH in males regulate

Back 958

Development of egg and sperm

Front 959

Stimulates growth and development of the gonads

Back 959

FSH

Front 960

Triggers ovulation as well as stimulate testerone production

Back 960

LH

Front 961

Prolactin levels rise, increases secretions on insulin, Aldosterone, Cortisol, and Thyroxin

Back 961

During pregnancy

Front 962

Stimulate breast development in preparation for nursing

Back 962

Prolactin, Estrogen, Progesterone

Front 963

Production and release of milk from the breast is largely controlled by

Back 963

Prolactin and Oxytocin

Front 964

Proteins are broken down in the stomach by

Back 964

Pepsin

Front 965

Which vascular system is not under autonmic control?

Back 965

Retina

Front 966

A band conists of what?

Back 966

Myosin and Actin

Front 967

The cell is bi-lobed and has granules stained red

Back 967

Eosinophils

Front 968

Cholesterol is carried to peripheral tissues by what?

Back 968

LDL

Front 969

What is the air expired after a strong inspiration>

Back 969

Tidal volume

Front 970

Bicarbonate to CO2 concentration ratio in blood is

Back 970

20

Front 971

The glomerulus is located in what part of the kidney

Back 971

Cortex

Front 972

This hormone has an ion channel and receptor located on one membrane complex unit

Back 972

Nicotinic

Front 973

Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Back 973

Pancreas

Front 974

What causes glomerular pressure to be so high?

Back 974

Capillaries

Front 975

Which part of the digestive tract has villi

Back 975

Small intestine

Front 976

Increased levels of ADH in the blood causes the tonicity of urine to

Back 976

Increase

Front 977

What is responsible for contraction of the inner and outer layer of a muslce as one unit

Back 977

T-tubule

Front 978

Cardiac output is equal to heart rate times

Back 978

Stroke volume

Front 979

Illusionary movement of an object in a dark room

Back 979

Autokinetic effect

Front 980

Cell bodies for the optic radiations are located where

Back 980

LGN

Front 981

Parvo cells of the LGN are responsible for

Back 981

Small objects, stable, foveal, high SF vision

Front 982

What are the units of luminous flux?

Back 982

Lumens

Front 983

A red screen is placed against a green screen, what comes out?

Back 983

No light comes out

Front 984

Look at a spiral spinning object and then it stops. What do you see?

Back 984

Spiral spinning in the opposite direction

Front 985

What VA is equivalent to 30cycles/degree?

Back 985

20/20

Front 986

Light deprived leads to

Back 986

Myopia

Front 987

Red chip and green chip appear equally bright in scoptopic conditions, but at photopic levels?

Back 987

Red chip appears brighter