Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
411 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Mean arterial pressure
|
is equal to cardiac output multiplied by the total peripheral resistance
MAP=CO*TPR |
|
|
WHAT ARE COFACTORS OF ACETYLCOA CARBOXYLASE DURING FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS
|
BIOTIN AND VITAMIN B5
|
|
|
CALMODULIN FUNCTION
|
BINDS TO CALCIUM
ACTIVATES MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN KINASE, BUT DO NOT HYDROLYSE ATP. MYOSINE LIGHT CHAIN KINASE HYDROLYSES ATP TO CREATE CONTRACTION |
|
|
What is the tumor suppressor transcriptional factor
|
P 53
|
|
|
Functions of Glucacon
|
Increase:
Blood Glucose Fatty acid synthesis Amino Acid Synthesis Urea Synthesis It Is opposite to Insulin |
|
|
Ruffini recptors Functions?
|
Stretch Receptors
Constant pressure Receptor Located in dermis of hairy skin |
|
|
Pacinian Functions?
|
Vibration
Pressure Located in dermis , subcutaneous tissue, ligaments and Joins |
|
|
Messeiner Functions?
|
Mecano receptor
two point discrimination( each point is a seperate axon) Located in dermal papilla of skin |
|
|
Collagen formation
|
Synthesis of Alpha chains in rER
Hydroxylation of lysine and proline in rER Glycosylation of alpha chains in Golgi Apparatus Cleavage of N and C terminals by endopeptidase in Extra Cellular |
|
|
myoglobin ?
|
Stores not transport oxygen
has only one globin |
|
|
Entner Doudoroff pathway
|
accures in Aerobic Bacteria
leads to only one ATP, one Nad and one Fad |
|
|
Lipoprotein like HDL or LDL content
|
protein
cholesterol cholesterol esters triglycerids NO biles salts HDL make a reverse transport to Liver LDL transports to tissue |
|
|
Juxta glomerular cells location?
|
around afferent arteries of the glomerules
|
|
|
Alkaptenuria
|
Defect of Homogentisic oxidase
|
|
|
Purines and Pyrimidines fates
|
Purines catabolize to Uric Acid
Pyrimidines catabolize to co2 ,NH3, and Alanine |
|
|
LIpid metabolism and catabolism
|
β-Oxidation converts
acyl-CoA → acetyl-CoA in fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acids are converted to acyl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthetase. Carnitine serves as a cofactor in this reaction. Triglycerides are converted to fatty acids by various lipases. Acetyl-CoA is converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Biotin and vitamin B5 serve as cofactors in this reaction. Acetyl-CoA is condensed with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMGCoA by HMG-CoA synthase. |
|
|
DNA Motifs
|
The TATA box is a
portion of the DNA promoter region. The zinc finger is a motif that mediates the binding of regulatory proteins to DNA. snRNP is involved in mRNA splicing. The leucine zipper is a motif that mediates the binding of regulatory proteins to DNA. The helix-turn-helix is a motif that mediates the binding of regulatory proteins to DNA. |
|
|
Vitamine K
|
Major Role in Extrinseque pathway
Deficiency causes PT and PTT rising with normal platelets |
|
|
taste signals
|
Sour: Acid production of H + which closes K +
channels. Bitter : activating IP 3 which increases intracellu- lar Ca 2+ . Salt: Na + influx through passive ion channels. Glucose: activating cAMP which closes K + channels. |
|
|
Bone remodelling hormones
|
calcitonin.
osteoprotegerin: secretec by Osteoblast , inhibits Osteoclast parathyroid hormone. BMP-2: Bone morphogenic protein ATTENTION: Osteopontine is an extracellular protein in bone not an remodeling factor |
|
|
Bacteria have only
|
one chromosome
Multiple drug resistance related to plasmid |
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae
|
are diffenrentiated by distinct capsular polysaccarides
In general, cell wall is made of Peptido glycan and capsule is made of polysaccarides |
|
|
Action of antibiotics
|
last stage of cell wall synthesis: penicilling, cefalosporin
D alanil, D alanine: vancomycine DnA synthese: metronidazole, fluoroquinilone, ciprofloxacin. |
|
|
Folic acid inhibition( which antibiotic)
ribosomes inhibition mnemonics |
sulfonamides
Buy AT 30 , CCELL at 50 |
|
|
using broad spectrum antibiotics
|
interferes with indigenous Biota( normal flora)
|
|
|
Microcytic Hypochromic anemia is due to
|
chronic blood loss
|
|
|
Homozygote (valine to glutamic acid in hemoglobin) causes
|
sickle cell disease
|
|
|
Gram stain is based on
|
cell wall type (peptido glycan)
|
|
|
removal of the capsule to a bacteria facilitates?
|
phagocytosis
|
|
|
chronic passive congestion of the lung is characterized by
|
thickening of alveolar walls and hemosiderosis
|
|
|
what organism grow on Sabouraud medium and show dimorphisme
|
fungi
|
|
|
all Ricketsia infections are transmitted by
|
Ticks
|
|
|
Hepatitis A occurs mostly in
|
young people
|
|
|
Incubation period of Hapatitis B is
|
1 to 6 months
|
|
|
actinomyces israeli
|
causes cervico facial actinomycose
called Lumpy jaw abcess subcutaneous |
|
|
We see interferon production in the Body in response only to
|
Viruses
|
|
|
Hyaluronidase helps Streptococci
|
to spread through tissue
|
|
|
contact hypersensitivity is usually caused by
|
Hapten
Rememember the story of the poison in wikipedia |
|
|
opsonisation concerns whata microbe
|
bacteria
Remember, viruses are concerned by the humoral immunity |
|
|
the Alum adjuvant complex serves to what
|
induce an immume response
prolong the antigen release to the immune cells |
|
|
Reccurent Herpes Labialis occurs in
|
People who have the virus and developped anti body against it
|
|
|
what is the pathology that is most associated with gastrointestinal cancer
|
Villous Adenoma
|
|
|
appendicitis first sign
|
leukocytosis
|
|
|
First recongnition of Antigen is by
|
T cells
|
|
|
the most potent gaz for sterilisation is
|
Ethylene oxide Gaz , it alkylates nucleic acid and protein
Glutaraldehyde, liquid most used in hospital, alkylates the nucleic acid and proteins |
|
|
signs of syphilis stage 2
|
condylomata lata
mucous patches maculo papullar rash |
|
|
duodenal peptic ulcer include
|
Stenosis
Perforation with peritonitis |
|
|
infectious mononucleosis is characterised by
|
Atypical lymphocytes
Lymphocytic leukocytosis A positive Heteophile test |
|
|
most common cause of hemetemesis in alcoholic is eosophageal varices
|
Presence of HBS and anti HBs means the patient is a carrier
|
|
|
IgM is the first antibody that appears after immunisation
|
IgG is the antibody that appears after second exposition to antigen
|
|
|
Production of bone in scar tissue occurs by metaplasia
|
polio is the only disease where we give vaccine when the patient catches the virus
|
|
|
the oral Lesion that may appear as an ulcer , a nodule or a vegetative process and is often mistaken for squamous cell carcinomaa is
|
Histoplasmosis
|
|
|
First sign for patient with malignant lymphoma is
|
Lymphadenopathy
|
|
|
the most common alternative to penicillin allergic patients is
|
Erythromycin
|
|
|
Hemophilia A and B is sex Linked Recessive
|
Phage conversion is responsible for
Production of erythrogenic toxin by Streptococcus Pyogene |
|
|
Villous Adenoma is the most common cause of gastrointestival cancer
|
penicillin is most active in growing gram positive bacteria
|
|
|
Myasthenia gravis causes dysfunction of Myoneural junction
|
spors are not transmitted from person to person
|
|
|
Granulation tissue contains fiboblast for the collagen and Endothelial cells for te new vascularisation
Granulation is the normal healing process |
Granuloma: is the accumulation of macrophage, epithelioid cells and giant cells
Granuloma is when the white cells can not destroy the pathogen |
|
|
Staphylococcal infection in the orofacial region can manifest as
|
Brain abscess
Osteomyelitis Cavernous sinus thrombosis Localized tissue Abscesses |
|
|
Children are routinely vaccinated against
|
Bordetella pertussis
Corynebacterium Diphtheria Clostridium Tetani NOt Inflenza |
|
|
basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma share the following caracteristics
|
commonly occur in the oral cavity
are cured by early excision |
|
|
ascite may occur because of the decreased protein production of the liver diminishing the oncotic pressure resulting in a leakage in the peritoneum
Cirrhosis and portal hypertension may also cause that |
Right heart failure affects kidney by:
Renal Hypoxia Venous congestion Retention fo H2O and NACL Decreased glomerular filtration rate |
|
|
A soft tissue infection rather diffusely spread along madibule and floor of the mouth includes these pathogen
|
S.Aureus
Strep Pyogen Corrodens Anaerobius |
|
|
Bone metastasis comes from
|
Breast
Kidney Thyroid Prostate But not Tongue |
|
|
HTLV is the least pathogen to be transmitted in a dental office
|
SLE does not present Clubbing of the nails
|
|
|
Mucosis Fungoid is a form of Non Hodking Lymphoma in which we find
|
Pautrier Abcess
which are small pockets of tumor cells withing the epidermis |
|
|
If a male patient under 25 years old is cut and starts bleeding excessively the pathology is
|
Primary Hemostasis : Thrombocytopenia
or Secondary hemostasis: Hemophilia A |
|
|
Neomycin, Polymixin, Bacitracin are topical antibiotics
|
Neomycin:Aminoglycoside
Bacitracin: cell wall synthesis Polymyxin B: Cell membrane permeability |
|
|
Macrolides:
Erythromycin: narrow Azitromycin : broad Both are 50 S Ribosome inhibitors |
Disease Gene mutation:
Fibrillin: Marfan Syndrome VHL : Von Hippel Lindau Brca1/Brca2: Breast Cancer N myc/SRC: Neuroblastoma |
|
|
Neuroblastoma Gene mutation is : N myc/SRC
it metastatizes to the liver the marker is enolase Attention: C myc gene is =Burkitt lymphoma |
CEA: Adenocarcinoma
LSA: Lymphoma AFP: Heptoma hCG: Choriocarcinoma Desmin: Rhabdomyosarcoma |
|
|
NAISD for a long term causes Peptic ulcer
|
PMN and Eosinophil NEVER present antigen to T cells
|
|
|
Toxic shock syndrome =exotoxin release
Septic shock = endotoxin release after death of bacteria |
Relative polycytemia : decrease in plasma volume leading to increase of HB concentration
= Gaibock syndrome |
|
|
Diabetis insipidus nephrognic= kidney tubules are not sensitized to ADH
|
ADH may be NORMAL or Hign
|
|
|
Multiple Myeloma patients have anemia, bleed a lot because of thromboncitopenia, dont have white blood cells .
Have a lot of plasma cell=infections osteoclastic lesions |
Eosinophilic granuloma=Hystiocytosis X
more present in Mandibule than maxilla |
|
|
Lead causes
stippling of RBC peripheral neuropathy |
Klebsiella is always present in lung abcess from alcolism
|
|
|
Emphysema = decrease elastic recoil= obstruction
|
Elisa: detects Antigen Antibody complexe in a specimen
Precipitation: Soluble antigen or antibody in serum Radio immuno Assay: serum antigen or Hapten Immunofluorescence: Antigen in histologic section |
|
|
Fibroblast do not secrete TGF Beta
|
Infectious mononucleosis does not hav a vaccine:
It is self limiting within 3 weeks |
|
|
medullo blastoma=highly malignant cerebellar tumor
of neuroectodermal origin Glioblastoma=most common brain tumor is human Low grade astrocytoma=chidren posterior cranial fossa cancer |
Craniopharyngioma=benign cancer from Rathke pouch
Ependymoma= chidren cancer |
|
|
patients mouths are the biggest source of bacteria in the office
|
Rickettsialpox is a new Rickettsia with mouth manifestation
|
|
|
Keloid is the scar tissue that is healed,
contains a lot of collagen |
Periodontal disease is mainly due to collagenase contained in Bacteriodes species
|
|
|
Nasal staphylococcus and hospital staphylococcus have the same phage type
|
Tuberculosis(mycobacterium) does not produce neither Exotoxin nor endotoxin
|
|
|
Disseminated Tuberculosis spreads in stage 3 by way of blood stream
|
most common type of epithelial metaplasia is the replacement of columnar cells with stratified squamous cells
|
|
|
Cytopathogenic effect is related to viruses
|
The complement system may be activated at C1 and C3
|
|
|
Prolonged Streptomycin makes you deaph
|
the type of infection transmitted by transfusion is Non A , Non B Hepatitis.
|
|
|
Lymphocytic Lymphoma and Lymphocytic Leukemia are related
|
the same bacteria found in healthy sulcus are those that influence the periodontal disease
|
|
|
Hemophilia A and B are sex linked recessive
|
Broncho pneumonia , as opposed to lobar , is characterised by a patchy distribution
|
|
|
Histoplasmosis is the fungi caracterised by reticuloendothelial cells
|
Acute pancreatite is caracterised by elevated Lipase in serum
|
|
|
Behcet is the one that causes oral lesion, occular lesion and genital lesion
|
Displasia is a precancerous condition
|
|
|
Severe conbined immuno defisciency involves failure development of Stem cells (T and B)
|
Herpes stays latent in Sensory gonglion of Trigeminal
NOt Motor |
|
|
Nystatin + Amphotericin B bind to ergosterol
Clotrimazole +Ketoconazole +Fluconazole inhibit ergosterol synthesis |
Griseofulvin inhibits mitosis of Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum in Dermophytosis
|
|
|
Pheochromocytoma + Neuroblastoma are the only Adrenal gland tumors
|
Pathologies that give Infective Endocarditis are:
Tetralogy of Fallot Patent ductus Arteriosus Congenital aortic stenosis |
|
|
lactobacillus Casei and Streptococcus Mutans are the only aciduric Bacteria in the mouth
Strep.Mutan appears first lactobacillus apprears second |
I am the best
|
|
|
Skin and Tongue dont give a lot of seeding metastasis
Ovary , stomach and Large bowel give metastasis |
Salmonella is not an enteric bacteria naturally found in the the stomach
|
|
|
the ability of a virus to grow on the complex media is not useful for identifying viruses
|
CD8 T cells are not infected by Hiv
HIV can infect Neurons Macrophage CD4 |
|
|
epidural hematoma is the middle meningeal injury that manifest right or after hours of the injury
|
Streptococcus Pneumonia and Cryptococcus Neoformans share the Property:
Antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule |
|
|
T Lymphocytes are the white cells against Viruses and fungi
|
Acute biliary obstruction produces a rise in conjugated bilirubin in serum
|
|
|
Urinary reflux causes......
|
chronic pyelo nephrite
|
|
|
Scurvy causes the 4 H:
Hemmorage Hyperkeratosis Hematologic problems Hypochondrias |
Causes of Hemorrhage are:
Scurvy Acute leukemia Hepatic insufficiency Secondary thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Myxoma is the only tumor of connective tisuse origin
|
Tumors of mesenchymal origin are:
Leimyoma rhabdomyoma Lipoma Fibroma Chondroma |
|
|
Papilloma is derived from the epithelium
Adenoma is glandular APUDoma : derived from neural crest cells =tumor that secrets hormone |
Basal cell carcinoma= pearly papule on a bed of telengiectasic vessels
May ulcerate Because of its 75 percent frenquency, we suspect it first in non healing indurated ulcerative lesion of face |
|
|
Cervical cancer ressembles squamous cell carcinoma is it s behavior
|
Pharyngitis is caused mostly by viruses
|
|
|
hypersensitivity to Tuberculosis presents by large necrosis
|
Paget disease=osteitis deformans
Albers Schonberg Disease= Osteopetrosis |
|
|
Staphylococcus Protein A has these caracteristics
|
Antiphagocytic
Elicits Hypersensitivity Causes Platelets injury |
|
|
most intracellular pathogens elicits Cellular Immunity
|
if tip of the tongue is injured,
the Palatogloss muscle is least succeptible of injury |
|
|
Ingestion of tetracycline by pregnant mother in the second trimester affects all the primary teeth but no permanent teeth
|
the tooth that most likely have one or no pulp horn is the mandibular incisor
|
|
|
Tetralogy of Fallot:
Right ventricular hypertrophy Dextroposed aorta Ventricular septal defect Pulmonic Stenosis BUT NOT left VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY |
the cruciate ligament of the atlas attaches to the odontoid process of the axis
|
|
|
the generator potential of a receptor is graded according to the strengh of the stimulus
|
Maxillary first and second temporary molars have well developped marginal ridges
|
|
|
longest crown = either maxillary central or man canine
longest tooth = maxillary canine longest cusp = maxillary canine |
The structure that is located immidiately medial to the pterygoid muscle is the lingual nerve
|
|
|
SVE or Special visceral efferent fibers refer to the branchigenic nerves
5.7.9.10 ( also 11 carries SVE fibers) |
A natural Opiate synthetised by the central nervous system is the Enkephalin
|
|
|
Mandibular first molar would more frequently have a mesial concavity on it s crown
|
Speaking is a major function of the masticatory system
|
|
|
In intercuspal position, the cusp of Carabelli opposes the lingual portion of the central fossa of mandibular first molar
|
endogenous bacterial infection would be Actinomycosis
Attention: not candidiasis because candida is fungi |
|
|
PH= PKa+ LOG D-/HD
donc pour un ph de 7.4, si the PKa est 6.4 LOG D/DH est de 1 donc d/DH est 10 puissance 1 = 10 |
Two solutions : A is ph 7 and B is ph 6
Means A has 1/10 as many Hydrogen as B because B is more acidic |
|
|
the sympatic stimulation affect carbohydrate because epinephrine stimulates Glycogenolysis in the liver
|
to have sweat , sympatic activity must stimulate the sweat glands
|
|
|
In maxillary first molar, Distolingual groove originates and ends in pits
|
the etiology factor associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is Cigarette smoking
|
|
|
Hodking lymphoma forms:
Mixed cellularity Nodular sclerosis Lymphocitic depletion Lymphocytic Predominance( the best prognosis) |
the branches of the common hepatic artery are:
Right gastric Gastro duodenal hepatic proper |
|
|
Electrophoresis separates particles by charge but also weight
|
lingual convergence is important because it:
Reduces the size of the occlusal table on post teeth influences the size of the contact areas btw teeth allows propper arch form allows proper embrasure formation |
|
|
the structure that contains both asscending and descending collaterals of pain and thermal afferent axons( facilitating reflex activity ) are:
Dorsolateral tract of LIssauer |
the principal chief sensory nucleus of trigeminal is involved in touch
|
|
|
the biggest hydroxyapatite crystals are in enamel
|
the regulating agent of phospofructukinase is
Citrate |
|
|
Dysplasia is a precursor of malignancy
|
Metaplasia =replacement of one tissue with the other
Is often reversible |
|
|
the poison that causes peripheral neuropathy is
lead |
the site of production of Ketone bodies is the liver
|
|
|
all these help in identifying viruses:
Nature of viral nucleic acid Morpholocy of the viral protein Neutralization of the virus by antisera Ability of Ether and Chloroform to inactivate virus |
But not :
Ability of the virus to grow on complex media |
|
|
The muscle that will be totally denervated by the injury to spinal nerve 5 is:
|
Romboid Major
|
|
|
Major nerves plexuses
|
Cervical plexus: C1-C4
Brachial plexus: C5-T1 Lumbar plexus: L1-L4 Sacral Plexus: L4-L5, S1-S4 |
|
|
Lumbar plexus branches:L1-L4
Femoral nerve Obturator nerve |
Sacral plexus L4-L5,S1-S4 branches
Sciatic nerve Gluteal nerve Pelvic Splanchnic |
|
|
Hypoglossal nerve goes between the internal jugular and the internal carotid
|
Posterior branch of the brachial plexus gives
Radial Axillary nerve |
|
|
Axillary nerve innervates:
Triceps brachi long head Deltoid Teres minor |
When you stand still for long time, you lose consciousness because of the :
Peripheral pooling |
|
|
in the urea cycle:
one nitrogen comes from the excess nitrogen second nitrogen comes from aspartate and the carbon heart comes from CO2 |
Carbomyole phosphate synthase is the rate limiting step
Ornithine is the Amino acid required to the conversion of alpha amino mitrogen to urea |
|
|
urea cycle and ketone formation occurs in the liver
ends in urea arginine |
in starvation, kidney produces ketones
|
|
|
During muscle activity, the ATP is recycled to atp thanks to the Phosphocreatine
|
the atoms of purine are most directly derived from glucose PPP
|
|
|
phospho lipid are linked by the ester bond
|
in molars, the root canals usually join the pulp chamber within the cervical portion of the crown
|
|
|
the blood testis barrier is maintained by
|
Sertoli cells
|
|
|
Senstation from left face and teeth are interpreted by
|
Right parietal
|
|
|
the core of microvillus is made of
|
Microfilaments
NOt microtubules |
|
|
protein synthesis is made in the
|
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
Miosis occurs in
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
infesctions from the angle of the mouth spreads to
|
submanndibular lymphnodes
|
|
|
Preganglionic sympathic fibers to the head have their cells bodies in the
|
intermediolateral horns of the thoracic spinal cord
|
|
|
in the posterior mediastinum , the thoracic duct usually lies
|
posterior to the esophagus
|
|
|
the middle meningeal artery enters the cranial vault through
|
Foramen spinosum
|
|
|
the dermis is classified as
|
dense irregular collagenous tissue
|
|
|
Azygos vein travel in the posterior mediastinum accompagned by
|
Right vagus nerve
|
|
|
the theory of erruption is
|
Fibers of the pdl PULL the tooth toward the oral cavity
|
|
|
the primary supinator of the radio ulnar joint is
|
Biceps Brachi
|
|
Oxyphil cells are found in
|
the parathyroid
no function the functional cells are chief cells |
|
oxyntic cells are found in
|
fundic stomac
sercrete hcl , and intrinsec factor |
|
|
the spleen tymus and lymph nodes are similar in that they contain
|
lymphocytes
|
|
|
the organ that is nearer to the right kidney is the
|
colon
|
|
|
the connective tissue found in the feotus but not the adults is
|
Mesenchyme
|
|
|
the nerve of the pterygoid canal contains
|
sympatic and parasympatic fibers
|
|
|
Brachial plexus is made of what ramis of the brachial plexus
|
C8 -T1
|
|
|
the artery that run parallel to the median nerve is
|
Brachial artery
|
|
|
Post ganglionic fibers of superior cervical ganglion innervate what in the eye
|
Dilator pupilla
|
|
|
what nerve enters the gap between the superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx
|
Glosso pharyngien
|
|
|
the pyramids contain what fibers
|
upper motor neurons only
|
|
|
procordal plate is made of what
|
Ectoderm and endoderm of the roof of the yolk sac
|
|
|
what major elements are found in the infratemporal fossa
|
Mandibular division of the 5 and chorda tympani of the 7
|
|
|
whic of the glands is PURELY mucous
|
Palatine
Attention: the submetal in mainly mucus but has some serous function |
|
|
Gnarled enamel is mostly found in the
|
Cusps of the teeth
|
|
|
what is the substance that changes G actin to F actin
|
ATP
|
|
|
to turn zymogen like insulin into effective enzyme you need
|
to remove a segment of the polypeptide chain
|
|
|
GABA increases the permeability to what ion in order to hyperpolarize
|
CLore
|
|
|
Movement of calcium through the membrane of the cell involves what
|
CA++ - NA+ counterpart transport
|
|
|
the enzyme that regulates positively the synthesis of fatty acids is
|
CITRATE
Remember like citrate shttle |
|
|
what is the substrate of trombin
|
Fibrinogen
Attention Not protrombin |
|
|
what is the polyinsaturated fatty acid found in the cell membrane
|
LInoleic acid
|
|
|
in muscle, exitation contraction couple is mediated by what
|
Calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
a mucin is which type of protein
|
Glyco protein
|
|
|
the TCA cycle begins by what condensation
|
condensation of
Acetylcoa oxaloacetate |
|
|
anaerobic glycolisis gives
|
2 ATP and 2 Lactic acid
|
|
|
LIpids caracteristics are
|
Non polar
Carbon containing Amphipatic Hydrophobic |
|
|
the ability to concentrate urine is related to
|
the lengh of the loop of henle
|
|
|
all these appear in the glomerular filtrate:
Glucose, Amino acid Urea Plasma electrolyte but not........ |
Steroid hormones
|
|
|
insulin increases the activity of what enzyme
|
Phosphofructokinase
|
|
|
Most extra cholesterol in the liver is turned into
|
Cholic acid
|
|
|
The concentration of which of the following amino acids can be used to determine whether or not dentin has contaminated a purified enamel preparation?
1. Lysine 2. Proline 3. Hydroxyproline 4. Phosphotyrosine 5. Phosphoserine |
Ans:- Hydroxyproline.
|
|
|
Administration of what will remove plasma oedema
|
Plasm volume expdender
Because they contain albumin which is going to pull the extra water from tissues |
|
|
What non collagenous protein best describes dentin
|
Phosphophoryn
|
|
|
Coenzyme A participate in fatty acid synthesis so it activates what
|
Carboxyl group
Remember Carboxylation of Acethyl coa gives the fatty acid |
|
|
the first step in the catabolism of amino acid is
|
Transamination of the alpha amino to keto acid
|
|
|
what do collagen and elastin have in common
|
one third Glycine only
NOT triple helix |
|
|
active transport is different from the facilitated in that
|
it requires energy
|
|
|
bicarbonate is secreted from the
Colon mucosa Salivary glands Stomack mucosa |
But not chief cells
they only secrete pepsinogen |
|
|
what is necessary for the de novo synthsis of cholesterol
|
NAD PH
|
|
|
plasmid vectors suitable for cloning must ,,,,,,,
|
have at least two genes that confer antibiotic resistance
|
|
|
after prolonged acidosis you see what in the urine
|
Ammonia
|
|
|
Calcitonin effect
Decrease calcium Decrease phosphate |
PtH effects
Increase calcium Decrease Phosphate |
|
|
the step of collagen that is extra cellular is
|
intermolecular cross linkage
|
|
|
If isoelectric point of a molecular is greater than pH, the molecule will positively charge, and reverse is true.
|
it will go to the negative pole( cathode)
|
|
|
the sweetener that is non nutritive and non cariogenic
|
Saccharin
|
|
|
Epinephrine elevate C Amp which elevate
|
Glycogen phosphorylase
|
|
|
aldosterone is sensitive the level of kCl
|
Pancreas is activated by hormone( continues to function when transplanted)
Parotid is activated by nerve( does not function when transplanted) |
|
|
what is the hormone that is secrected more during absorptive state
|
Insulin
|
|
|
Bulging veins in the neck result from what
|
congestive heart failure
|
|
|
how many anomeric carbons are present in fructose molecule
|
1
|
|
|
in the michaelis menten , what does the Y intercept represent
|
the inverse of V max
|
|
|
normal clotting time and normal platelet time with prolonged bleeding time suggests
|
Excessive aspirin ingestion
|
|
|
Dry heat is
|
160 degre for 2 hours
171 for one hour |
|
|
Gardener syndrome = Polyps,+ skin tumors +bone tumors
|
autosomal dominant
like hypercholesterolemia like neurofibromatosis like achondroplasia |
|
|
rheumatic heart disease developp
|
valvular insufficsiency which gives congestive heart failure
|
|
|
phenotipic expression in both alleles in a gene pair is called
|
codominance
|
|
|
Hereditary angiodema is a result of what
|
deficiency on C1 esterase inhibitor
|
|
|
leionella pneumophilia is tranmitted by
|
aerosolization of organisms in air conditioning cooling towers
|
|
|
Heptitis A causes jaundice by causing
|
damage to the liver cells
not Fibrosis |
|
|
what is the virus that can incubate for more than 2 years
|
Rabies
|
|
|
uncomplicated healing of a second intention wound at three days shows what
|
ulceration of the epithelial surface
|
|
|
the most common finding from sudden death is
|
coronary thrombosis
|
|
|
the candidas that causes firmly adherent plaques is Chronic Hyperplastic
|
candida is treated with nystatin or clotrimazole
|
|
|
congestive heart failure causes
Dyspnea Cyanosis Ankle edema Passive congestion of the liver |
Never ANASACRA
|
|
|
the fungi that causes hypae aroung vessels is
|
Mucormycosis
|
|
|
Bacterial pili allows what
|
Adherence to the cell wall
|
|
|
Ricketsia has a huge tropism for
|
endothelial cells
|
|
|
ATTENTION
Steptococcus mutan capsule or glycocalyx is very important for |
Attachement to the teeth in the mouth
Not to escape phagocytosis like other bacteria |
|
|
what is the role of lactobaccili in caries
|
causes the progression of existing lesions
Is Aciduric Is the second to colonize after strep mutans |
|
|
Duodenal peptic ulcer has nothing to do with
|
Appendicitis
|
|
|
PMN are mostly incriminated in destruction of tissue like in
|
glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
what is the RNA virus that is oncogenic
|
Retro virus
|
|
|
HIV can develop 2 cancers
|
Kaposi sarcoma
Non hodking lymphoma |
|
|
Rhumatoid arthritis devoloppes very specific granulation tissue in joints called
|
Pannus
|
|
|
Rheumatic fever can be a sequella from
|
Scarlet fever
|
|
|
leukemia causes bleeding because of what
|
trombocytopenia
|
|
|
Panreatic carcinoma is the
|
poorest prognosis
|
|
|
asymptomatic carriers are highly contagious and a major hazard of
|
Typhoid Fever
|
|
|
the premolar that causes the biggest problem when root canal therapy is done is
|
maxi first premolar
|
|
|
TMJ ligaments main function is
|
protect surrounding and supporting tissues from damages
|
|
|
on a mandibular temporary first molar, the cemento enamel junction is most apical in
|
the mesial third
|
|
|
maxillary first and second premolars share this caracteristic
|
the lingual cusp tip is offset to the mesial
|
|
|
in molars, the root canals usually join the pulp chamber
|
Apical to the centoenamel junction
|
|
|
in a cross section , the root of the mandibular first molar exhibits
|
the largest area among molars
|
|
|
when you are asked about the innervation of the buccal mucosa of the floor of the mouth
It means the buccal which is innervated by the mental nerve( trigeminal) not the lingual nerve |
so
Buccual muccosa= trigeminal Lingual mucosa= lingual nerve |
|
|
circular folds (valves of Kerckring) =plicae circulares
Rugae are not located in the intestive but in the stomac |
so what increases the surface area of the small intestive:
Villi-Microvilli-Brush border-Circular folds But not Rugae |
|
|
all sympathic fibers to the head come from the Superior cervical ganglion
|
Even sympatic fibers of the pterygoid canal
|
|
|
what is the hall mark of the lymphatic vessels in the upper limb
|
they travel with the veins
They have no valves |
|
|
the naso lacrymal duct is located in
|
the anterior portion of the inferior nasal meatus
|
|
|
The sclerotome forms the vertebrae and the rib cartilage; the myotome forms the musculature of the back, the ribs and the limbs;
|
the syndetome forms the tendons and the dermatome forms the skin on the back. In addition, the somites specify the migration paths of neural crest cells and the axons of spinal nerves.
|
|
|
Ameloblasts will not differenciate from preameloblasts unless they
|
are touched by odontoblast process
|
|
|
Sclerotome contribute to form the vertebra with
|
Notochord, which is the back primitive spine
|
|
|
cement deposit during aging is cellular of acellular at the apex
|
cellular
|
|
|
Fenestrated capillaries are found where in the mouth
|
in the dental pulp
|
|
|
a pneumothorax limited to left lung will cause what
|
collapse of only left lung
|
|
|
what is babisky sign
what is tit related to |
it is an upper motor neuron damage
the big toe goes up when the the sole is stimulated |
|
|
where is hydrocephalus located
|
in the Ventricules
|
|
|
motor neurons to branchial muscles are located in what nucleus
|
Ambigus
|
|
|
the developing heart is located where
|
Anterior to the prochordal plate
|
|
|
the cephalic vein joins what
|
axillary vein
|
|
|
Free fatty acids and calcium are transported in blood with
|
albumin
|
|
|
to inhibit blood clotting,
Heparin combine with what |
Anti thrombin
|
|
|
Remember
Vitamine K is a coagulant |
the caracteristic of the aorta that is most responsible for maitaining the diastolic blood pressure is
The elastic distensibility |
|
|
Reduced renal blood flow can cause hypertension by means of what exclusively
|
Secretion of Renin
|
|
|
inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the kidney will cause what
|
diminution of reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule to fabricate bicarbonate sodium
|
|
|
the composition of dental plaque is most similar to
|
Oral Bacteria
|
|
|
what do the platelets secrete in order to stick together
|
Thromboxane A2
|
|
|
how do peptic hormones function
|
receptors on the cell membrane that alter the specific activity of certain enzymes
|
|
|
greater petrosal nerve carries gustatory(taste)fibers to the palatal mucosa-general visceral afferent fibers and
parasympathetic fibers. |
cushing syndrome causes
Hypocaliemy not hypercaliemy |
|
|
Pain in the oral facial region is transmitted by what kind of nerves
|
Small unmyelinated
|
|
|
Prostacyclin is the contrary of thromboxane because it makes the blood not aggregate while thromboxane makes it aggregate
|
an example of synergisme is the effect of growth hormone and thyroxine of skeletal growth
|
|
|
Stretch reflex is an example of what
|
monosynaptic reflexes
has 6 stages |
|
|
what has the most effect on stimulating respiration
|
increase in arterial PCo2
|
|
|
what inactivates catecholamines
|
Monoamine oxydase
|
|
|
What inactivates acethylcholine
|
acethylcholinesterase
|
|
|
what inactivates Cyclic AMP
|
phosphodiesterase
|
|
|
what is the lingual hight of contour located on the mandibular second premolar
|
occlusal third
|
|
|
what is the papilla that is found in the vestibule
|
parotide papilla
|
|
|
compare the roots of second maxillary molar to first molar
|
the roots are more distally inclined
Shorter the trunk is longer |
|
|
what mandibular teeth usually have one pulp horn
|
mandibular central ( may not have a horm at all)
First premolar |
|
|
the crown of the mandibular molars inclines where
|
mesially and lingually
|
|
|
what is the groove that does not originate in the central pit on the maxillary second molar
|
distolingual groove
|
|
|
where in the mouth is the lingual embrasure smaller facially than lingually
|
Between the mandibular first and second premolar
|
|
|
what is the groove that exists on the mandibular second molar but not on the mandibular first molar
|
Distolingual groove
|
|
|
descrive the maxillary first molar cervical line
|
irregularly onvex toward the apex
|
|
|
the plane of occlusion does not affect the dental arch form
|
mandibular molars incline lingually and mesially
maxillary molars incline buccaly |
|
|
what is the most common location of atherosclerotic induced aneurysm
|
abdominal aorta
|
|
|
polio is fecal oral transmisison
|
most infections are subclinical
paralysis is uncommon 3 types exist some damaged neurones may be repaired |
|
|
early HIv infection manifests as Mono nucleosis like syndrome
|
what is the virus that can be isolated from feces
Coxackie virus Remember, it s an enerovirus |
|
|
what is the mecanism of action of diphteria toxin
|
inhibits translation
|
|
|
what is the anaerobic organism that is cultured from the mouth that forms black molonies on hemin containing culture media
|
porphyromonas gingivalis
|
|
|
bacterial capsule is made of polysaccarides
|
bacterial cell wall is made of N acetyl glucosamine
and N acetyl muranic acid very thick in gram positive(contain techoic acid) thin in gram negative contains LPS |
|
|
osteogenesis imperfecta does not cause lytic lesions of the bones
|
lytic lesions are caused by :
Multipe Myeloma Metastatic carcinoma Hperparathyroidism Eosinophilic granuloma |
|
|
plasmid resitance is associated with:
Staph Aureus Neisseria gonorrhe Bordetella pertussis Haemophilus influenza |
not
Treptococcus pyogen |
|
|
the most radiosensitive cells are
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
Hyperpara thyroidism causes metastatic calcification
|
the term to name blood in the stool is
MELENA |
|
|
what does red hepatization refer to
|
Stage of lobar pneumonia
|
|
|
Rapid Dry Heat Sterilization
Can NOT be WET 12 minutes at 350 °F/177°C for Wrapped 6 minutes at 350 °F/177°C for Unwrapped |
sterile= no organism
aseptic= removal of harmful pathogen |
|
|
Composition of Peptidoglycan = glycan + what?
Peptidoglycan are part of bacterial wall The NAG-NAM backbone is ATTACKED by the enzyme lysozyme |
Peptide portion: short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids
Glycan portion: alternating units of amino sugars N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid |
|
|
enamel is very rich in proline and enamelin but does not have
|
hydroxyproline
|
|
|
15. Sternohyoid and sternothyroid – innervations?
|
s. hyoid 0 C1, C2, C3, ansa cervicalis,
S thyroid: C2, C3 (ansa cervicalis) |
|
|
Key intermediates in biosynthesis of cholesterol are:
Major enzyme is HmGcoa reductase |
• HMG CoA, mevaolonic acid, isopentyl pyrophosphate, and squalene
♦ NOT Cholic acids..cholic acid is what cholesterol is converted into in the liver |
|
|
17. Thenar Thenar muscles:
|
• Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis
• Innervated by the median nerve (don’t get clowned by the radial nerve) |
|
|
28. What keeps the trachea open - swallowing?
|
In swallowing, the larynx is elevated, respiration is inhibited, the epiglottis covers the trachea, & the eustachian tubes open – that’s why you give babies a bottle on the airplane or during other pressure changes.
|
|
|
The cricoarytenoid muscles are the only muscles to open the vocal cords. and the larynx
|
The principal buffer system in stimulated parotid saliva is carbonic acid/bicarbonate
|
|
|
Before swallowing can be initiated, afferent information must be received from
|
mucosal mehanoreceptors, indicating the consistency of soft bolus of food
|
|
|
Amelogenesis imperfecta can be transmitted by
|
- ENAM - autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive AMELX - X linked recessive (deletion). genetic deletion |
|
|
Mediated diffusion of substances across cell membranes differs from simple diffusion in that
|
mediated diffusion exhibits saturation kinetics
Because the carrier can become saturated by the presence of large solute concentrations |
|
|
Facilitated diffusion differs from active transport in that
|
facilitated diffusion requires a concentration gradient
|
|
|
What characterizes both active transport & facilitated diffusion?
|
Competitive inhibition
|
|
|
The process involving nonpenetrating solutes (e.g., proteins) best describes
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
|
where is elastin located inthe vein
|
adventia
|
|
|
Branches, division, cord – most proximal? -
|
robert taylor drinks cold beer -
roots trunks division cord branches |
|
|
BCC is most prevalent in?
(tongue, lips?) |
- upper face
|
|
|
Enamel Rods or Prism
? Fundamental morphologic primary unit ? Aligned perpendiculary to the DEJ (except in cervical regions of primaryteeth) |
• A chamfer or long bevel is commonly used as a gingival finish line in permanent tooth preparations because the direction of the enamel rods in the region of the CEJ is such that the rods deviate from the horizontal in an apical direction
|
|
|
The direction of enamel rods in primary teeth is inclined in an occlusal direction in the cervical 1/3 of the crown
|
5–12 million per crown
|
|
|
Rods increase in diameter as they flare outward “Tails” (from 4–8 microns)
|
As you move towards pulp from outer surface,
number of rods increases. Begin at the future cusp and spread down the cusp slope |
|
|
Hunter Schreger bands??
|
• Alternating light and dark bands seen in enamel that begin at DEJ and end before they hit the surface
• Represent areas of enamel rods cut in x-section dispersed between areas of rods cut longitudinally |
|
|
relay center between brain and elsewhere (pons, oblongata, cerebrum)
|
pons: relay between brain and medulla,
medulla: relay for motor neurons between brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
63. clenching causes which muscles to hurt?
|
ANS: massetter
|
|
|
Patients with emphysema have a very high lung compliance
|
alcohol causes
esophagite gastrite esophageal cancer |
|
|
chelitis is may be caused by pathogens as
Candidas Staphylo aureus strep alpha |
auriculo temporal nerve innervates:
temporal superficial region external acoustic meatus auricle tympanic membrane TMJ |
|
|
in fermentation, the final electron acceptor is
|
an organic compound
Attention: not inorgnic |
|
|
if you receive your thirdt tetanus vaccine,
you will developpp what antibody |
poor IgM
Very high IgG |
|
|
human papilloma virus is related to what cancer
|
Cervical cancer
|
|
|
What influences the lingual concavity of the maxillary anterior teeth and the groove direction of the posterior teeth
|
Shide shift of the mandible
Bennett Movement |
|
|
the crown of the primary maxillary first molar exhibit mesial suface compared to distal surface that is
|
larger
|
|
|
what are the capsular vaccines used for
|
Pneu Me
strep pneumonia Meningitis caused by : nisseria meningitis Heamophilus influenza |
|
|
the apex of the gothic arch relation is relative to what position
|
RC
|
|
|
in the contractile cycle, the dissociation of myosin and actin results from what
|
ATP replacing ADP on the myosin heads
|
|
|
why atropine causes saliva to decrease
|
because it prevent the actino of acetylcholine on the secreting cells
|
|
|
At 6 years, a child exhibits what dentition
|
four permanent molars and the temporary dentition
|
|
|
Virulence of pneumococcus is related to what
|
Capsular polysaccharide
Not pyrogenic exotoxin |
|
|
what is the branching , filamentous microorganism that is a normal inhabitant of the gingival crevice and tonsillar crypts
|
Actinomycess neaslundi
|
|
|
glucose can be made from :
lactate glycerol pyruvate fructose But not;;;;; |
it is impossible to use acetyl CoA to make carbohydrates.
Remember the fatty acids convert to acetyl coa but never glucose |
|
|
how do you describe the cross section of the root of the mandibular canine
|
ovoid but wider mesiodistally at the labial
|
|
|
Porphyromona gingivalis contains what in order to cause the degradation of tissues
|
collagenase
|
|
|
hormones that exert their effects through the activation of second messenger are
|
usually water soluble peptide protein hormones
|
|
|
what does the Pyruvate dehydrogenase to turn pyruvate into acetylcoa
|
Pyruvate +NAD= Acetyl coa +co2 + NADH
In presence of Thiamine pyrophosphate Riboflavine Niacin Panthotenate(coenzyme A) LIpoic acid |
|
|
choriocarcinoma is marked by a rise in plasma
|
Human chorionic gonadotropin
|
|
|
atretic follicles =
|
ovaries
|
|
|
LIngual height of contour on the mandibular first premolar is on the middle third
|
only exeption is the second premolar where it is in the occlusal third
|
|
|
Rifampines that is given in Tuberculosis inhibits what
|
Transcription
|
|
|
where are plasma cells located in the lymph node
|
Attention
In the medullary cords Not the germinal centers that are rich in B cells still not differentiated |
|
|
in case of swelling in the submandibular region , what muscle still can function normally
|
Medial pterygoid
|
|
|
pain from the gingiva of the molar inferior region is tranmitted through what
|
Buccal nerve, branch of the 5
Attention: not buccal nerve of the facial |
|
|
widom lower teeth drain to what lymph nodes
|
Deep cervical
|
|
|
when we say renal bicarbonate production
we mean excretion, so in asthma attack, there is hypercania, so there is |
diminution of production because of the reabsorption
|
|
|
where the pain of maxillary central incisor ends
|
The subnucleus oralis is associated with the transmission of discriminative (fine) tactile sense from the orofacial region. The subnucleus interpolaris is also associated with the transmission of tactile sense, as well as dental pain, whereas the subnucleus caudalis is associated with the transmission of nociception and thermal sensations from the head.
|
|
|
hypo glycemia crisis is marked by;
COMA DIZZINES CONFUSION convulsion |
But not Hyperventillation
|
|
|
Reactive Hypoglycemia, LIke in athletes is caused by which of the glut transporters
Remember the athlete story |
Glut 4 which is related to muscles and adipocyte
|
|
|
when mandibular bone is healing from fracture, there is a
|
new endochondral bone fromation
|
|
|
the fractured condyle usually goea where
|
in the infratemporal fossa
|
|
|
If the ligual cusp of tooth number 5 is broken off, what is the movement that causes it
|
left mesiotrusif
|
|
|
globular protein are rich in what amino acids
|
Leucine and valine
|
|
|
what is the coenzyme that is required for the pyrimidine synthesis
|
Folic acid
|
|
|
what are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk
|
Inferior thyroid
transverse cervical artery Suprascapular artery |
|
|
what is condylomata accuminata
|
it s a human papilloma virus genital wart
|
|
|
disadvantage of ethylene oxide
|
very toxic to human
|
|
|
where do osteoclasts originate from
|
monocyte
|
|
|
calcium bind to what to initiate contraction
|
troponin c
|
|
|
REmember,
for heat labile instruments( sensitive to heat) the sterilisation is done by |
Ethylene oxide, always,
Not Glutaraldehyde, But if you have only that choice for a cold sterilisation then , yes |
|
|
what regulates the breack down of glycogen in the liver
|
the phosphorilation of Phosphorilase B to phosphorilase A
|
|
|
a patient allergic to penicillin must receive
|
Erythromycin or
Azithromycin Not tetracycline |
|
|
insulin like growth factor is secreted by
|
by the liver induced by the increase in the Growth Hormone in the blood
|
|
|
what is the organ that does not present oedema
|
Pancreas
Remember: brain , lung ... present oedema |
|
|
what is the major effect of sickle cell anemia
|
Decreased solubility of deoxy form of hemoglobin
|
|
|
para neoplastic syndrome is when a cancer secretes hormones.
So what bronchogenic cancer that is mostly associated with that |
Small cell carcinoma(ACTH and ADH)
causing cushing syndrome and SIADH syndrome Remark, squamous cell causes PTH release |
|
|
active transport involves what kind of protein
|
lipoprotein
|
|
|
what does provide energy for the transport of Glucose in the intestine
Remember it s secondary active transport |
Na + gradient across the membrane
|
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa effect through it s exotoxin A
|
Inhibit protein synthesis
like diphteria But tuberculosis inhibits transcription |
|
|
where tonofibrils and desmosomes well developped
|
in keratinocytes
|
|
|
dentin forms most rapidly in the
|
floor and roof of the pulp chamber
|
|
|
the kidney dialysis machine is an example of
|
countercurrent
|
|
|
learn these:
taste and smell receptors are replaced regularly there are primary classes of taste and odor |
receptors are located on the cilia or microvillli
Molecules must be dissolved in saliva Attention: receptors do not initiate action potention |
|
|
protrusive movements are those that break the incisive boarder of inferior teeth
|
iodine deficiency will cause the increase of
thyroglobulin but decreases the tyroxine and the TSH stays the same |
|
|
the hyper PTH causes first in the condyles the disparition of what
|
proliferative zone
|
|
|
as this nerve innervates the middle ear, it is the one that tarnsmitts the ringing ear sensation
|
glosso pharagien
|
|
|
leukemia causes a severe anemia normocytic and normochromic called
|
Myelophthisic anemia
|
|
|
inferior molars drain where
|
deep cervical nodes
|
|
|
hypertension causes what
|
renal failure,
ischemic brain attacks cardiac failure left ventricular hyptrophy BUT NEVER LIVER FAILURE |
|
|
insulin may enhance bone resorption
|
all clotting factors are made in liver exept factor 8
|
|
|
Grade I: Slightly more than normal (<0.2mm horizontal movement)
Grade II: Moderately more than normal (1-2mm horizontal movement) |
Grade III: Severe mobility (>2mm horizontal or any vertical movement)
|
|
|
hepatitis C causes
|
Constipation
fatigue myalgia jaundice But never cold intolerance |
|
|
For the last time
Fluorosis gives Brownish color in teeth and motteling |
tetracycline gives dark staining
Ok? OK? OK? |
|
|
at 9 years old,
the child has 12 primary teeth |
and 12 permanent teeth
4 centrals 4 laterals 4 molars |
|
|
hemophilia is caracterised by
Increased PTT Normal PT Normal Bleeding time |
INR does not go down
|
|
|
Christmas disease is nothing but Hemophilia B
so it is x linked recessive and it s |
factor 9
|
|
|
rank the 5 cusps of the mand 1st molar in size from largest to smallest
mesiofacial, mesiolingual, distolingual, distofacial and distal |
NOTE for height tallest to shortest it goes
mesiolingual, distolingual, distofacial, mesiofacial, distal |
|
|
the biologically active conformation of trimeric G proteins requires
|
the alpha subunit to bind GTP
|
|
|
active transport in the cell involves what kind of transporter
|
A protein
NOt a lipoprotein |
|
|
Atherosclerosis causes hypertrophy of the
|
Tunica intima
not the tunica media |
|
|
the cells that will form the vertebrae have their origin in where
|
in two pairs of somites
that will form the sclerotome |
|
|
the most common variation in the mandibular first premolar is
|
bifurcation
|
|
|
the pterygoid plexus is usually formed by veins that are tributaries of the
|
Maxillary vein
|
|
|
Streptocycin inhibits what in prokaryotes
|
the initiation of protein syntesis( the translation)
Like the Diphteria toxin |
|
|
non polar molecule does not dissolve well in water
|
cholesterol is non polar
|
|
|
what is the boundary between the small and large intestine
|
ileocecal valve
|
|
|
what nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi
|
Thoracodorsal nerve
|
|
|
thoracic spanchnic nerves to the celiac ganglion consists of what fibers
|
Preganlionic visceral efferents
|
|
|
where the parietal and visceral pericardia are continuous
|
at the veins and arteries entering and leaving the heart
|
|
|
the demarcation between the free gingiva and attached gingiva is between
|
the bottom of the gingival sulcus and the free gingival groove
|
|
|
what is the most antigenic:
lipids haptens proteins nucleic acids carbohydrates |
proteins
|
|
|
heomophilia is caracterised by
|
prothrombin time normal + INR normal
partial tromboplastin time prolonged |
|
|
infective endocarditis might can come in these cases
|
patent ductus arteriosus
tetralogy of fallot congenital aortic stenosis Ventricular septal defect |
|
|
what occurs in the mitochondria
|
ketone formation
fatty acid break down(attention not lipid breack down wich is made in the adipocytes to glycerol and fatty acids) tca cycle |
|
|
aspartic acid and oxaloacetic acid are
|
interconvertible
|
|
|
what is the coenzyme that helps in mitochondrial respiration
|
thyamine pyrophosphate helps trun the pyruvate into acetylcoa
|
|
|
fluid moves from extracellular space to cappilaries by
|
diffusion
Attention: for the lymphatic,: ti moves by osmoes |
|
|
the portal vein passes where
|
anterior to the epiploic foramen in the free edge of the lesser omentum
|
|
|
content of the pterygoid canal
|
greater petrosal
deep petrosal |
|
|
neuroglia= all the cells that support the neurons=
astocytes microglia oligodentdricytes ependymal |
all of the neuroglia are ectodermal
exept the microglia that is mesodermal |
|
|
superior mediatinum content
PVT Left BATTLE |
phrenic+vagus+thoracic duct
left reccurent never the right Brachiocephalic trunck+aortic arch+thymus trachea+lymph nodes+eosophagus |
|
|
brain cancer in order of frequency
|
Glioblastoma
meningioma Schwannoma: pathognomonic for fibromtosis type 2 related to facial nerve |
|
|
what is the genera of bacteria that is used to attest the sterilisation of the autoclaves
|
Bacillus, stearothermo phyllus
|
|
|
BCG is what
|
live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine
|
|
|
what are the two bacteria that are acid fast
|
mycobacteria
neucardia |
|
|
what is the main caracteristic of flagella of bacteria
|
contain only protein
Attention: eukaryotes flagella contain the pattern 9+2 not bacteria |
|
|
hepatocellular cancer marker: ALpha feto protein
ovarian cancer: Ca 125 |
Pancreatic cancer: Ca 19-9
Prostate cancer: PSA |
|
|
what are the bacteriostatic antibiotic
|
all the antibiotics that cause protein synthesis inhibition:
buy AT 30 CELL at 50 |
|
|
what antibiotics are bacteriocidal:
|
all the membrane antibiotics
nucleic antibiotics |
|
|
Cefixime is a
|
cephalosporin
|
|
|
Crohn disease is related to
|
ileum and colon mostly
jewish ancestry |
|
|
infectious monosucleosis affects the liver and causes splenomegaly but does not affect the
|
renal function
|
|
|
all Macrolides end in Thromycin
|
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin Azithromycin 50 S |
|
|
bunya virus gives two subfamilies?
|
Hanta virus
california encephalitis |
|
|
rabies, from the rhabdovirus family causes
|
black bodies
|
