Nbb New Material

Front 1

component of fitness

Back 1

survival to childhood
Fecundity
mating succes
offspring born
offspring survival

Front 2

how do you explain extravagant tales?

Back 2

costly
found in males
used in mating

Front 3

define fecundity

Back 3

potential reproductive capacity of an organism
under genetic and enviromental control
major measure of fitness

Front 4

sexual selection

Back 4

selection for traits that are attractive to mates or traits that concern competition for mates
inter vs. intra sexual selection

Front 5

intersexual selection

Back 5

mate choice

Front 6

intrasexual selection

Back 6

direct competition for members of one sex (usually male)

Front 7

greater variance in male or female reproductive success and why?

Back 7

in male reproductive sucess
seems like all females breed
but not all males breed. more competition for females by males? because males can mate multiple and multiple times, but females can only reproduce like 8 kids in their lifetime---limits how much they can mate vs. how much potential for mates exist. WAY BIGGER DEMAND!

Front 8

males can produce way more offspring than females

Back 8

True

Front 9

For females....

Back 9

few gametes
each mating is a LARGE % of lifetime reproductive success
RS depends on offspring that reach maturity.
Reproductive effort into parental effort

Front 10

For males....

Back 10

Many gametes =
each mating is SMALL % of lifetime reproductive success
RS depends number of females fertilized
Reproductive effort into mating effort

Front 11

what are the effects of societies where males are free from parental care?

Back 11

intense competition for mates
strong sexual selection
pronounced sexual dimorphism

Front 12

where males parental care is essential

Back 12

less intense male competition
weaker sexual selection
less prounounced sexual dimporphism

Front 13

mechanisms of sexual selection

Back 13

male contest (intrasexual)-
female choice (intersexual)-mate choice
female choice leads to bold male features while big horns, etc are result of male contest?

Front 14

intrasexual selection

Back 14

favors traits that affect ability of members of the same sex to compete with eachother for males
e.g big horns, teeth, pincers?

Front 15

intersexual selection

Back 15

favor traits that attract members of opposite sex

Front 16

results of intrasexual selection on males

Back 16

guarding behavior
sperm plugs
(For example, some males form sperm plugs where their semen coagulates into a plug that prevents other male sperm from getting into the female reproductive)
low threshold for mating attempts
monopolization of females
assaults on offspring of competitors

Front 17

results of female choice on male traits

Back 17

male ornaments (exageratted traits)
male resource holding potential (the ability to win a fight amongst competitor).

Front 18

how do females benefit from choosing particular males

Back 18

non genetic (direct) benefits
-better resources
-increased parental investment

indirect (genetic) benefits
-Fitter offpsring

Front 19

why do females prefer exagerated traits?

Back 19

costly (handicaps)
may be a reflection of male quality

(e.g. male peacock elaboration, horns)
long(er) tale increases nest size in males

Front 20

some traits can be exaggerated to be a super stimulus
9exaggerated traits + super stimilus)

Back 20

e.g noticeable in some male finches
when they get a white ornament on their head, it increases how appealing they are to females

Front 21

greater cost of reproduction for females

Back 21

True

Front 22

female is the more selective sex (sexual selection)

Back 22

true

Front 23

ideal mating system for male

Back 23

acquires as many females as possible
invests little in parental care

Front 24

ideal mating system for female

Back 24

selects fit male
leaves parental duties to him
acquires resources to produce more offspring

Front 25

mammals mating system

Back 25

internal gestation, lactation
over 90% species are polygnyous
male parental care is rare

Front 26

birds mating system

Back 26

eggs must be incubated
chicks must be fed
over 90% of species are monogamous
male parental care is often essential!

Front 27

females are scarce resource for males; why?

Back 27

fastest rate that female can reproduce is slower than male

Front 28

female RS is limited by------

Back 28

food and condition

Front 29

male reproductive success

Back 29

femals

Front 30

monogamy

Back 30

when enviromental demands require male and female parental support for offspring survival

Front 31

polygyny

Back 31

small groups of female and one male

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Promiscuity

Back 32

large group of females; cues of ovulation often lacking--too large for one male

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Polyandry

Back 33

when male reproductive output is limited by time/energy contrainsts or female behavior.

Front 34

the effect of a secondary mate on bird

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the secondary mate's offsrping have lower fledging success (a measure of bird productivity--how many birds can it raise that live long enough to leave the nest?)

Front 35

polyandry

Back 35

when male reproductive output is limited by time/energy constraints or female behavior
jarcana bird; mister mom--males do all the nest builiding; females leave the nest to go breed?= no participation in raising chicks! marmosets same kind of deal--male raise the offspring

Front 36

why are groups multimale?

Back 36

female group size or range too big for male to defend alone (babboons, macaques)
males may benefit from cooperating (chimps, lions)
*can arise through resource defense or female defense polygyny.

Front 37

alternative male mating strategies

Back 37

forced copulations
sneaked matings

Front 38

f

Back 38

f

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f

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f

Front 40

praying mantis

Back 40

sexual cannabilism

Front 41

Pair bonding

Back 41

birds
facultative polgyny-> monagamy-> polyandry
in polygny: less male parental care than female
in monagamy: about 50-50
polyandry:male parental care more than female
variance in pair bonding RS: low to negiligible. gradient extends from polygyny(low) to polyandry (negligible)

Front 42

Tournament

Back 42

Mammals
isolated female, polygyny (fem) group
male parental investment: gradient from none(isolated fem) to low (polygyny fem group)
high variance in reproductive sucess to lower? (isolated to polygny too)

Front 43

male contest

Back 43

INTRASEXUAL selection

Front 44

female choice

Back 44

INTERSEXUAL choice

Front 45

Butt...
breasts

Back 45

biological releaser?
for sex?

Front 46

cultural releasers

Back 46

lipstick and makeup

Front 47

RS higher in....

Back 47

Yanomamo people
"the fierce people?"

Front 48

variance in male and female childbirth

Back 48

more variance for males (4X!), even thought mean kids stays about the same for males and females. 4 msles have 0 kids whereas one female has 0 kids. one man has 23 kids! (there are outliers in terms of how many kids in males)

Front 49

amphibian sexual physiology

Back 49

Testosterone, Vasotocin, GnRH are activated by external sexual parameters
Corticosterone, GABA inhibit(inhibitory pathway iniated by stress)

Front 50

how are enviroment, hormones and behavior all tied together?

Back 50

FEM: ovary growth--steroidogenesis, influences male brain (because it affects female behavior through estogens,progestins influences male brain!) and female brain itself. Female brain also affected by male behavior.
MALE: produces spermogenesis. affects Fem brain thru male behavior effect by androgens (related to spermogenesis).

Front 51

Human difference

Back 51

humans are largely monagmous
but the difference...there's a large reproductive biological cost!

Front 52

Review: Sry gene

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On y chromosome
produces testis determing factor (TDF)

Front 53

sexually dimorphic nucleus of pre-optic area (rodents)

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waaaay greater in males than females
responsible for (or has hand in) male sexual behavior and male sexual competence (hetersosexual behavior); homosexual males have a smaller SDN-POA (indistinguishable with comparsion to female size);

Front 54

VMH (ventromedial hypothalmus)

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More influential in female sexual responsitivity b/c it is enriched in estrogen and progesterone receptors!

Front 55

Female Rat brain circuit

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*VMH, *PAG, Medullary Reticular Formation, Reticulospinal Tract
*affected by estrogen
= stimuli + circuit produce lordosis

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male rat brain circuit

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*mPOA
*medial amygdala
ventral midbrain
*andogren converted to estrogen and acts on these places.
= stimuli+circuit produces ejaculation

Front 57

rat brain sex centers

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Olfactory (tubercle?)
Nucleus accumbens
medial pre-optic area
anterior hypothalmic area

Front 58

limbic strrx

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fighting, fleeing, feeding, SEX

Front 59

orgasm

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high amplitude, slow waves appear in anterior and median septal areas

Front 60

increasing serotonin does what to sex

Back 60

COUNTERS SEX?
basis of SSRI antidepressants (they leave serotonin in your synapses longer....longer soak time!)

Front 61

Increasing nitric oxide....

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promotes erection (penile or clitoral)
basis for viagra action

Front 62

sex and the autonomic nervous system

Back 62

erection and lubrication:
parasympathetic
ejaculation: sympathetic

Front 63

androgens enable copulation

Back 63

when males are castrated....no T= low level of drive! replace with T therapy...increase copulation ability

Front 64

steroids review

Back 64

come from 4 ringed structure
come from cholesterol
include: cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone,
Gonadal steroids make all the difference

Front 65

behavioral estrus

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starts at the peak of estrogen and progesterone
ovulation occurs in this period
displays reproductibe behavior

Front 66

humans: peak libido?

Back 66

at ovulation?

Front 67

vasopressin in male sexual response?

Back 67

peaks during sexual arousal

Front 68

oxytocin in male sexual response

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peaks during ejaculation

Front 69

Estrogen receptor (ER) knockout miceq

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no lordosis

Front 70

AR mutations

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DEMASCULINIZE!

Front 71

fruitflies

Back 71

have genes for slow and fast mating.

Front 72

After age 15--90% males have bad mastaboratory experience

Back 72

TRUE!

Front 73

Female masterbation--

Back 73

depends on education!
as education inc, masturbatory experience increases in sample

Front 74

males masturbate more than females

Back 74

or just as frequently, but hardly never less

Front 75

T or F
no physiological difference between vaginal and clitoral orgasm?

Back 75

True!

Front 76

clitoral response

Back 76

embryonic homolog of head of penis
fxnl parallels

Front 77

male vs. female refractory behavior

Back 77

males: after every orgasm needs to be refractory period!
females--can have orgasm after orgasm. Not necesseraly a refractory period after every orgasm!

Front 78

same sex
T or F-there is NO continum for same sex or different sex orientation?
T or F; strong genetic component

Back 78

FALSE! there IS a continum!
T! strong genetic component

Front 79

cultural settings change___, but not _____

Back 79

change behavior but NOT identity!

Front 80

identity, attraction, and behavior vary

Back 80

INDEPENDENTLY!

Front 81

male-male same sex orientation is ____than female same sex

Back 81

twice times as likely

Front 82

homosexual males vs females

Back 82

Have waaaaay more partners (males)

Front 83

f

Back 83

f

Front 84

f

Back 84

f

Front 85

benefits to group living

Back 85

predator defense
foraging efficiency
resource defense
division of labor
facilitation of reproduction

Front 86

Predator defense

a) dilution effect
also breeding synchrony

Back 86

predator is LESS likely to eat you/select you if there are a large # of individ.

degree to which fertility periods of individual females overlap

more pigeons in a flock= see predator from farther away.

Front 87

predator defense
b)increased vigilance

Back 87

more eyes

Front 88

predator defense
group defense

Back 88

more fighters?

Front 89

increasing foraging efficiency

Back 89

information sharing
territorial defense
cooperative hunting

Front 90

division of labor

one of the benefits of group living

Back 90

castes in social insects
e.x. the leaf cutting ants-->have a working system divided by size (diff size = diff task). largest workers= colony defense!

Front 91

Facilitation of reproduction

Back 91

a)cooperative breeding
the concept of allo-mother; parental care provided by non-parental beings sometimes (or by father who forgoes additional parental opportunities to just focus on raising kids).
b) finding mates

Front 92

costs to group living

Back 92

increased competition (for food, mates).
predator attraction
disease transmission

Front 93

Criteria of sociality
(from low to high)

Back 93

# of animals that come together
length of time group remains together
amount of time spent in social behavior
division of labor/roles in the group
overlap of generations--parental care
aid giving/altruistic behavior

Front 94

explaining cooperative behavior

Back 94

mutualism (cooperation benefits both)

altruisim
-kin selection
-reciprocity

Front 95

5 kinds of social interactions

Back 95

a)mutualism
reproductive success--socal donor +; recipeient +
b)reciprocity
donor + (delayed); recipient (+)
c)altruism
donor -; reciepeint +
d)selfish
donore +; recipient -
e)spiteful
-,-

Front 96

what is inclusive fitness

Back 96

individuals's own fitness + that of its relatives;where fitness = ability to contribute to one generation the genotype compared to other (genotypes).
*social insects, naked mole rats

Front 97

wright coefficient of relatedness, "r"

Back 97

any randomly selected allele in individual has a copy by (identical by descent) in a related individual.

Front 98

Hamilton's kin selection rule

Back 98

rb-C>0
r= coeff of relatedness
B= benefit gained by reciepeint
C= cost to donor

Front 99

altruism between relatives

Back 99

honeybees-reproductive caste
defending hives by workers (female)
monkeys-->agnostic aiding
ground squirrels and prairie dogs
--alarm calls
---burrow defense
jackals, scrub jays, marmosets
"helpers at nests" (male parental help that raise kids? or non-breeder? like older sibling?)

Front 100

oligokyphus

Back 100

225 mya (one of the earliest mammals)
middle ear bones,homeothermy, ear, lactation
limbic system expansion
learning and play
"family" and separation call?

Front 101

eomaia

Back 101

dawn mother
on the way to placental mammals
increasing length of internal gestation
moving toward true placental circulation
125 mya

Front 102

oldest primate

Back 102

70 mya

Front 103

simians/prosimians

Back 103

45 mya

Front 104

cattarhhines and new world monkeys

Back 104

20 mya

Front 105

old world monkeys and apes

Back 105

6 mya

Front 106

eosimias

Back 106

dawn monkey
45 mya
fed on insects and fruit
pre cursor of simians(monkeys, apes, humans)

Front 107

man (higher primate)

Back 107

longer everything
(gestation, infancy, growth period, adulthood). the pt?

Front 108

cattarhine mother infant complex

Back 108

advanced placenta
single births
24 hr contact in first weeks
24 hr promixity until weaning
Day nursing (3x per hr)
weaning at 30% of age of sexual maturity
separation--protest, griefi
isolation--maladaptation

Front 109

functions of mother infant bond

Back 109

nutrition/homeostasis
protection from predator
optimal birth spacing (nursing?)
transfer of immunity (promixty?)
non-genetic transmission of behavior

Front 110

consequences of maternal deprivation

Back 110

severe maladaptation
impaired reproductive behavior
psychopathology
peer contact helps
individual differences matter
recovery possible, but incomplete

Front 111

sertonin transporter r and maternal deprivation

Back 111

rhesus monkeys with the shorter allele-more vulnerable to maternal deprivation
hyperaggresive and other abnormalities, even when peer reared

Front 112

attachment is...

Back 112

adaptive
not learned
tied to fear (flight to the protector)
emerges in infancy
shows life long contuinacy.

Front 113

kung san attachments

Back 113

reaches a peak 5-8 weeks
lowest at 64-77 weeks (and rises?)

Front 114

marsupial phase

Back 114

for the premie infants
instead of incubator, keep them on the stomach of the parents (mom) like a kangaroo.

Front 115

learning

Back 115

specific change or modification of behavior as a result of experience with an external event(s) in individ. lifetime.

Front 116

evolution of learning (benefits)

Back 116

adjust to local envrio
adapt to changed conditions
allow animals to learn from others

Front 117

evolution of learnng (costs)

Back 117

less than optimal behavior during acquisition
delayed reproduction while dependent on parent.

Front 118

outward learning different
6 categories!

Back 118

Habituation
Sensitization
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
operant (instrumental) conditions
cultural/observational learning
insight learning

Front 119

Habituation and individual learning

Back 119

-if individual hears it often-they are habitauted= less response
but if they don't hear it (or don't hear it from where they expect it---> large response).

Front 120

Pavlov

Back 120

CR (conditioned response-hiding)
CS (conditioned stimulus blue stick with cat odor)
Unconditioned Stimulis (cat odor)

Front 121

bees color perception

Back 121

classical conditioning
they saw the blue--discerned it and got used to food being there. (Cs= blue, us=food)

Front 122

classical conditioning

Back 122

contigency between stimulus and outcome

Front 123

operant/instrumental conditioning

Back 123

contigency between response and outcome

Front 124

Natural selection shapes learning

Back 124

example of selective learning
learn when nausea and sweet water go together
learn when pain and auditory stimulus goes together. BUT NOT WHEN pain and nausea and sweet water and auditory?

Front 125

bird song--example of programmed learning
features? functions?

Back 125

features: learning of song varies from species to species
functions: mate attraction, territorial defense

Front 126

bird song: programmed learnin

Back 126

song crystallization:
is getting the plastic song (with overproduction of syallables) closer the the species specific song of an adult); open ended vs. age limited; need to be able to hear yourself, hear father, and match song to template.

Front 127

some features of species specific song are innate?

Back 127

look at the graphs. isolated and trained pattern stays really close together

Front 128

social learning

Back 128

emo potato washing
wheat mining
play stones in japanaese monkey
type of learning because it increases with time (more monkeys learn how to play it)

Front 129

Imitation learning

Back 129

a type of social learning
produce novel resposne through observation of another individ. behavior
MOST DIFFICULT
goal directed psych. mechanism

Front 130

cultural variants

Back 130

pattern absent without ecological explanations in atleast one community but habitual or usual in the other

Front 131

enrichment effect in rats

Back 131

larger synapses
more dendritic branching
more spines per length of dendire
thicker visual cortex
better learning ability

Front 132

more epxerience

Back 132

= more synapses/neuron

Front 133

mother infant punishments

Back 133

more involved in unmothered mothers--they were meaner!

Front 134

isolate recovered monkeys

Back 134

peers can be mitigating factors for isolated, etc.
but when exposed to stress-they sit by themselves and rock and other normal monkeys cling to e/o.

Front 135

consequences of deprivation

Back 135

severe maladaptation
impaired reproductive behavior
psychopaths
peer contact is mitigating
individ differences matter
recovery possible but incomplete.

Front 136

early experience

Back 136

subtler effects of early experience determine culture (al) differences

Front 137

claims for animal culture

Back 137

dialects in california song sparrows
teaching hunting in cheetahs
patato washing japanese macaques
chimpanzee tool use, tool making and communication (non genetic regional variation)

Front 138

homo sapiens sapiens

Back 138

only one with true culture?
tripling of brain size?
recency of migration unifies human species!

Front 139

Humans only?

Back 139

cultural assimiliation
cultural accomodation
cultural coherence
contigently responsive
co-construction of knowledge (

Front 140

features of culture

Back 140

endless symbol proliferation
integrated symbol systems
grammatical language
teaching
cumulative change (sharedness of human culture= cumulative in character); once a certain invention has been made-it can jump from one mind to another(imitation), thus a whole population can acquire a new trait/

Front 141

female assesment of bower quality

Back 141

body size
ectoparasitic load

Front 142

female assesment of # of decorations (in a bower-male)

Back 142

size of body

Front 143

female assessment of male wing coverts UV brightness

Back 143

feather growth

Front 144

female assessment of rump UV light

Back 144

blood parasites
feather growth

Front 145

overall plumage color

Back 145

feather growth

Front 146

sexy son hypothesis

Back 146

females will choose males that can give them sexy sons (i.e. sons with the greatest chance of reproductive success). attractive sons=lots of grandchildren=genes are propogated!

Front 147

why helpers help?

Back 147

increases chances of their survival
likelihood of succesfful dispersal to breeding site is low
many males inherit all or part of their father's territory
helping increases survival of helper's parents
increases the production of siblings
may result in increase in territory size

Front 148

kin selected behaviors in primates

Back 148

grooming
agnostic aiding
group defense
allo-mothering
male emigration pattersn
spatial cohesion
male cooperative hunting

Front 149

why help?

Back 149

facultative helpers
(temprorary loss of direct fitness; but can gain fitness back along with personal reproduction)-ex: florida scrub jay helping at nest then gaining parental territory?

Reciprocity (delayed gain of direct fitness)-e.g. vampire bloods/bats

obligate altruism
they have to help because direct fitness lost permenantly
(honey bee workers foraging for colony)

mutualism
(shared gain of direct fitness)
prey capture of lion pride

Front 150

kin recognition mechanisms

Back 150

location (e.g nest or burrow)
association (relatives act in umambiguous social contexts-based on cues like odor) (e.x. imprinting)
Phenotype matching (assessment of phenotypes)

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people in love

Back 151

Activation in medial insula, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen
Deactivation in posterior cingulate cortex & amygdala
Right-lateralization in prefrontal, parietal, & middle temporal cortices