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22 Cards in this Set

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What are the steps of how brains are used?
SIDFE
1) Sense the environment
2) Integrate sensory info. from different modalities
3) Decide on a course of action
4) Formulate a motor plan
5) Enact a motor plan
How can e. coli be used as a simple model for a brain?
Sense resources/toxins, integrate info., compare with goals (hunger), adopt course of action (decision-making), act (swim or tumble)
What are brains for?
They allow us to actively seek out resources important for survival and reproduction and to avoid hazards
Who was Lamarck?
Came up with first complete theory of evolution--complex organisms arise from simple ones (1809)
Which aspects of evolution did Classical Greek philosophers touch on? How did this change in the Middle Ages?
Continuity of nature, adaptation, all species descent with modification (600-450 BC)
Judeo-Christian notions of permanence of species, Great Chain of Being
How did the view of evolution change in the 18th century?
Began questioning theory that species are fixed, idea that there is mystery force driving complexity, descent from common ancestor
What was the influence of geologist Charles Lyell on Darwin?
Principle of uniformitarianism (gradual transformation of Earth's surface by natural forces)--also Earth MUCH older than Biblical 6,000 yrs
What was the influence of economist Thomas Malthus on Darwin?
Notion that populations outgrow their food supply, leading to competition for resources
What was Darwin's contribution to evolutionary theory regarding natural selection?
There is infinite variation in nature--some is heritable. Organisms can increase in number, leading to competition for resources. Thus, some variants leave more offspring than others
What is the concept of sexual selection?
Based on differential success in mating, certain traits of one sex evolve because of advantages they confer in attracting mates
How does natural selection fit into evolutionary theory as a whole?
Natural selection leads to individuals becoming better adapted to their environments. Thus, populations change over time and new species emerge-- however, evolutionary change is RANDOM--cannot be predicted long-term
How did Darwin's work align with Mendel's?
During Darwin's time, the mechanism of inheritance remained unknown (genes)--Mendel was working at the same time but his work was not discovered until the 20th century
What was the Modern Synthesis that occurred in the 1930's? How did it add to the mechanisms of evolutionary change?
Combined Darwin's evo theory with Mendelian genetics, named genes the units of inheritance
Introduced concepts of genetic drift and genetic flow
What are the two definitions of biological evolution?
Microevolution--Changes in the genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next
Macroevolution--The gradual change of organisms from one form to others over time or the origin of new species by descent from ancestral forms
What are the two pieces of evidence (+ example) for adaptation?
Similar forms in similar environments in different species that represent different evolutionary events (ex. convergence--wings of bats [mammals] and birds)
Variant forms of a trait occur in related species in relation to environmental differences (ex. beaks of Darwin's finches)
What is directional selection? Stabilizing selection?
Mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to shift in one direction
When allele frequencies are shifting from both directions= no overall change
What are the modes of speciation? Some examples?
Allopatric (geographic)--occurs among populations with a barrier to gene flow
Parapatric--occurs among populations of organisms with adjacent ranges
Sympatric--occurs among populations with the same or overlapping geographic ranges
Allopatric--ex. isolated toucan populations due to rain forest contraction
Sympatric--ex. arrow and midas cichlids
What is character displacement? What principle does it stem from? Example?
Refers to phenomenon where differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-exist but are minimized where the species' distributions do not overlap
Competitive exclusion principle--For species to coexist in a stable environment they must differ in their ecological niche to avoid eliminating each other through competition (ex. Darwin's finches with varying beak sizes)
How does biological species concept define species? The ecological species concept?
A group of organisms that interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated
Emphasizes the role of natural selection in creating and maintaining species
What is reinforcement and how does it amplify the initial differences between two populations/lead to new species?
Hybrids have reduced viability, so selection favors adaptations that prevent mating between populations= greater reproductive isolation/reduced gene flow
How do ecologists use the term niche? How does it relate to speciation?
To describe how a population "makes a living"--includes kind of food eaten, as well as when/how the food is acquired
The rate of speciation is dependent on the number of ecological niches available
What is Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus responsible for?
Devising a hierarchical system of classifying plants and animals in the 18th century