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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What were Darwin's "General Principles of Expression" in terms of animal behavior?
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-ritualization
-evolution of emotion -evolution of communication |
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What is ethology?
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The study of the behavior of animals (including humans) under natural conditions
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Who were the early ethologists?
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Von Uexkull
Konrad Lorenz Niko Tinbergen Karl von Frisch Eibl-Eibesfeldt |
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Who was E.O. Wilson? What did he believe were the "most important discoveries in animal behavior?"
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A very famous sociobiologist--social behavior has developed from evolution
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-sign stimuli
-ritualization -multiple modalities of communication -precise manifestations of kin selection -neurological and endocrine foundations of many forms of behavior |
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What is the difference between the two contrasting early approaches to the study of behavior: comparative psychology and ethology?
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comparative psych: North American, psychology, white rat, learned behavior, laboratory control of variables
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Ethology: European
-Zoology -Birds, insects, fish -Instinctive behaviors -Careful field observations and experiments |
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What is the difference between the two contrasting early approaches to the study of behavior: comparative psychology and ethology?
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comparative psych: North American, psychology, white rat, learned behavior, laboratory control of variables
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Ethology: European
-Zoology -Birds, insects, fish -Instinctive behaviors -Careful field observations and experiments |
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Modern ethology and Tinbergen's 4 Whys: To fully understand behavior we need to as questions about...?
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-survival value or function ( why evolved--how does it enhance survival/reproduction_
-causation (proximate factors, stimuli that elicit behavior) -development (ontogeny) including learning -Phylogeny (evolutionary history - distribution among cloesly related species_ |
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What did Lorenz's study of water fowl show?
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Behavioral traits can be used to construct phylogenies
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What are the original ideas of ethology?
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-Understand how behvaior has evolved
-emphasis on inherited behavioral response, the "instinct" -analysis of unit of inherited behavior, the "fixed action pattern" |
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What are examples of fixed actions patterns?
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egg turning and retrieval behaviors
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What is an innate releasing mechanism according to Tinbergen?
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A special neurosensory mechanism that releases the reaction (FAP) and is responsible for selectivity to a special combination of stimuli, the releasers
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Example of super stimuli?
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Birds would select for eggs that resembled their own species but were larger
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What is stimulus filtering?
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Process of separating many stimuli in the environment to sign stimuli, which are more important than other stimuli to eliciting a response (ex. releaser of red headed bird)
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How is the gull beak spot is a releaser?
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the red dot is a releaser of the gull chick's begging behavior - the chick's nervous system has an innate releasing mechanism that responds to the releaser with a fixed action pattern (it's begging response)
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How does the cuckoo exploit reed warbler's instinct?
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Cuckoo lays it eggs in warbler's nest while it is away, when chick's hatch, will beg for food from its "foster parent," which the warbler will provide at great cost to itself and offspring
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What is required for pecking accuracy to improve over time? what is this an example of?
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-maturation
-experience |
the ontogeny of an instinct
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How did Tibergen use the hawk-goose silhouette in experiments?
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Used it to study the alarm response of geese and game-birds - the direction of movement of the silhouette determined the response
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What is Von Uexkull's concept of the "umwelt"?
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means environment or surrounding world - lies at the center of the study of animal communication and signification - translates to self-centered world (animals can share same environment and have different umwelts)
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What was the setup of Von Frisch's study of the sensory world of bees? What did it reveal?
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honey bees searched for food on a colored card - they could discriminate the color blue, but not red...revealing the spectral sensitivity of honeybee photoreceptors
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What are some recent ideas about imprinting?
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-Sexual imprinting and maternal imprinting don't occur at the same time in all species
-sensitive period not as restrited as originally thought -imprinting is reversible within the sensitive period, especially if the inital object is not a conspecific |
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